Comparison of different egg albumen fractions as sources of ovomucin

Ovomucin was fractionated from whole egg albumen, thick egg albumen, liquid egg albumen, and a liquid egg albumen filtration byproduct by using the isoelectric precipitation method. The amounts of ovomucin measured in the above-mentioned fractions were 280, 340, 500, and 520 mg per 100 g of albumen, respectively. There was great variation between the beta-ovomucin contents of the different albumen fractions. Whole egg albumen contained about 25 mg of beta-ovomucin in 100 g of albumen, whereas thick egg albumen, liquid egg albumen, and the filtration byproduct contained about 1.5, 3, and 5 times more beta-ovomucin, respectively, as compared to whole egg albumen. The results indicate that both the liquid egg albumen fraction and especially the filtration byproduct fraction appear to be potential sources of ovomucin when it is used as an ingredient for functional foods.     

土壤有机/无机胶体凝聚的光散射研究

有机/无机复合体是土壤中最重要的物质形态。本文在不同浓度的CaCl2作用下,对黄壤、胡敏酸、黄壤/胡敏酸混合胶体的凝聚动力学和凝聚体结构特征进行了研究,结果表明:黄壤、胡敏酸、黄壤/胡敏酸混合胶体的凝聚与否均强烈地依赖于体系电解质CaCl2浓度,其临界絮凝浓度(Critical flocculation con-centration,CFC)分别为1.38 mmol L-1、45 mmol L-1、15 mmol L-1。当CaCl2浓度高于CFC时,3种胶体的凝聚均表现为快速的扩散控制团簇凝聚(Diffusion limited cluster-cluster aggregation,DLCA)机制,形成分形维数分别为1.45、1.76、1.46的疏松凝聚体;当CaCl2浓度低于CFC时,3种胶体的凝聚过程对电解质浓度非常敏感,表现为慢速的反应控制团簇凝聚(Reaction limited cluster-cluster aggregation,RLCA)机制,形成分形维数高至1.58、1.86、1.56的相对紧实的凝聚体。凝聚速率越快,形成的凝聚体越疏松。在悬液中黄壤胶体自凝聚形成的结构很疏松,但是非常不稳定,而胡敏酸自凝聚体的结构非常稳定。胡敏酸的参与没有改变黄壤胶体凝聚体的结构性质,但显著促进所形成的凝聚体结构的稳定。     

Separation of ovomucin subunits by gel filtration: enhanced resolution of subunits by using a dual-column system.

An improved procedure involving a dual-column gel-filtration system for the separation of ovomucin subunits is described. Ovomucin, prepared from thick egg albumin by precipitation, was separated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and beta-mercaptoethanol by using two Sephacryl S-400 HR gel-filtration columns connected in series. The separation resulted in the isolation of eight peaks. The amino acid compositions and SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoretic pattern of each peak were determined.     

Glycopeptide derived from hen egg ovomucin has the ability to bind enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7

Ovomucin glycopeptide (OGP) was prepared by size exclusion chromatography after Pronase digestion of hen egg ovomucin, and the binding of OGP to foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus,Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus) was investigaed. Binding assays with biotinylated bacteria as probes in microtiter plates showed that OGP bound to only E. coli O157:H7 among these foodborne pathogens. Periodate treatment markedly reduced the binding ability, indicating that E. coli O157:H7 bound to carbohydrate moieties of OGP. Lectin blot analysis with Maackia amurensis (MAA) and Sambucus nigra (SNA), which are specific for oligosaccharides containing sialic acid, revealed their binding sites in OGP were similar to the E. coli O157:H7 binding sites that were probed with biotinylated E. coli O157:H7 after Western blotting of OGP. Sialydase treatment of OGP abolished its ability to bind E. coli O157:H7, demonstrating that sialic acid played an important role in the binding. These results suggest that OGP has E. coli O157:H7-specific binding sites that consist of sialic acid. On the basis of these properties, OGP has the potential to be an ingredient with a protective effect against E. coli O157:H7 infection and to be a novel probe for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in the food hygiene field.     

光散射技术在土壤胶体颗粒相互作用研究中的应用

由于测试手段的限制,目前对土壤中粒径为0·001～1μm的"超微粒子"之间相互作用的微观效应研究还未引起足够的重视。本文从散射角和悬液颗粒密度两个方面讨论了光散射技术在土壤胶体研究中的应用条件,探讨了土壤胶体颗粒凝聚动力学机制及形成的聚合体结构特征。结果表明:(1)对于本实验所用黄壤悬液,应用光散射准确测定的散射角范围为90°～135°,初始颗粒密度范围为1·90×10-3～0·119gL-1。(2)在自相关曲线平滑地衰减至基线且散射光强保持不变的条件下,可以用光散射技术准确测定土壤胶体颗粒凝聚过程中有效直径、最可几粒径及粒径分布的变化,反映凝聚动力学规律。(3)在298K、90mmolL-1KNO3体系中用动态光散射测得黄壤胶体颗粒凝聚动力学为扩散控制团簇聚集机制,用静态光散射测得形成的聚合体分形维数为1·56±0·02。     

Collagen fibril alignment and deformation during tensile strain of leather: a small-angle X-ray scattering study

The distribution and effect of applied strain on the collagen fibrils that make up leather may have an important bearing on the ultimate strength and other physical properties of the material. While sections of ovine and bovine leather were being subjected to tensile strain up to rupture, synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) spectra were recorded edge-on to the leather at points from the corium to the grain. Measurements of both fibril orientation and collagen d spacing showed that, initially, the fibers reorient under strain, becoming more aligned. As the strain increases (5-10% strain), further fibril reorientation diminishes until, at 37% strain, the d spacing increases by up to 0.56%, indicating that significant tensile forces are being transmitted to individual fibrils. These changes, however, are not uniform through the cross-section of leather and differ between leathers of different strengths. The stresses are taken up more evenly through the leather cross-section in stronger leathers in comparison to weaker leathers, where stresses tended to be concentrated during strain. These observations contribute to our understanding of the internal strains and structural changes that take place in leather under stress.     

弱光烟草幼苗低温后不同光强下叶片的光能利用特点

为探明我国北方烟草移栽期温度和光强等限制因素对烟草光合作用的影响,本试验通过模拟我国北方早春烟草移栽期的光温条件,分别设置低温+弱光(8±2℃,200μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))和低温+强光(8±2℃,1 000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))处理,以常温弱光(25℃,200μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))为对照(CK),研究了烟草叶片在低温胁迫后不同光强下的光合及叶绿素荧光参数光响应特点。结果表明,与CK相比,处理组烟草叶片的光合碳同化能力显著下降,表现为表观量子效率(AQY)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和光能利用生态幅降低以及光饱合时的最大净光合速率(Pmax)降低,其中,低温+强光处理对烟草叶片光合气体交换参数的抑制作用显著大于低温+弱光处理;烟草叶片吸收光能用于光化学反应的比例显著下降,但烟草叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)均维持在0.8以上。低温+弱光下烟草叶片主要通过将光能分配到依赖于类囊体膜两侧质子梯度的叶黄素循环(ФNPQ增加)以保护PSⅡ免受过剩光能的破坏,但低温+强光下烟草叶片的ФNPQ虽显著大于CK,但较低温+弱光处理却显著降低,此时,烟草叶片主要将过剩光能以荧光和热能的形式进行耗散(Фf,D增加)。综上所述,低温后强光是导致烟草叶片光合能力受到抑制的重要诱导因素之一。该研究结果为烤烟移栽期的合理调控提供了基础数据。     

紫外光与脉冲强光照射麦角甾醇转化VD2研究

常规紫外照射处理在生成天然VD₂的同时伴随着速甾醇等副产物的生成,为降低后期VD₂的提纯难度,本研究采用脉冲强光(IPL)与短波段紫外光(UVC)两种照射对麦角甾醇标准液与食用菌麦角甾醇提取液分别进行VD₂转化,分析照射剂量及后期反应对VD₂转化效率和副反应的影响。结果表明,双孢菇麦角甾醇的提取优化工艺条件为:采用提取时间60 min、乙醇浓度100%、料液比1∶20 g·mL^-1、提取温度80℃,此条件下双孢菇麦角甾醇提取率为3.59 mg·g^-1。麦角甾醇标准液经1.108 J·cm^-2 IPL照射处理并充分反应后,VD₂得率为7.34%;经0.656 J·cm^-2 UVC照射处理并充分反应的VD₂得率为9.68%;但相比UVC照射处理,IPL处理组的副产物量显著降低。麦角甾醇在经过光化反应后生成VD₂前体,在室温下转化VD₂速度缓慢,通过80℃、30 min加热,贮藏24 h后转化基本完全。食用菌麦角甾醇提取液经两种方式照射处理,其VD₂得率均低于同等浓度麦角甾醇标准溶液得率,可能是因为食用菌麦角甾醇提取液中成分较为复杂,且其他非麦角甾醇类物质对光照有一定的屏蔽作用。IPL照射处理能够有效减少麦角甾醇转化VD₂过程中副产物的生成,有助于以食用菌为原材料获得VD₂的规模化的生产要求。     

寡照条件下补光频率对番茄幼苗叶片光合特性的影响

以番茄“粉冠”为试材,于2019年12月−2020年4月在南京信息工程大学试验温室内开展控制试验。设计持续补光300min为对照（CK）,每日补光两次每次150min、间隔120min为处理1（L1）;每日补光3次每次100min、间隔两次每次60min为处理2（L2）;每日补光4次每次75min、间隔3次每次40min为处理3（L3）;每日补光5次每次60min、间隔4次每次30min为处理4（L4）,光通量密度为600μmol·m⁻²·s ⁻¹,测定不同间隔频率的补光下番茄幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数、快速荧光诱导动力学参数和光谱特征。结果表明：（1）补光间隔频率的增加可以促进番茄幼苗叶片部分色素的合成,处理36d时,L4处理的叶绿素a比CK高出16.3%,类胡萝卜素含量比CK多出19.6%。（2）间歇补光下的番茄叶片3个红边参数λ_red、S_red和D_red随间隔频率的增加呈现出典型的“红移”现象,但在补光初期（9d）,叶片叶绿素变化与光谱规律有所差异。（3）长时间（36d）间歇补光下的番茄幼苗叶片光饱和点（LSP）、表观量子效率（AQE）和光补偿点（LCP）均高于连续光处理,且间隔频率越高,净光合速率越高,光合能力越强。但番茄叶片气孔会对光照波动产生延迟效应,而气孔延迟改变了叶片光合作用的光捕获过程,同时限制了气孔运动的蒸腾和碳交换过程。（4）间歇补光对PSII反应中心能量分配的影响表现为短期内降低叶片最大光化学效率,当处理天数增加时,反应中心捕获的量子产额（φ_Po）和用于电子传递的量子产额（φ_Eo）增加,用于热耗散的量子比率（φ_Ro）减少,其中L4变化幅度更大,L4的φ_Po相较于CK在9d时降低3.8%,36d时增加11.6%,φRo在L4处理下相较于CK在9d时增加4.8%,36d时降低6.9%。     

消光系数估算方法对玉米冠层光能利用模拟的影响

以玉米品种大叶矮小型的矮单268（AD268）和小叶高大型的先玉335（XY335）为供试材料,设置低（3株·m⁻²）、中（6株·m⁻²）、高（9株·m⁻²）3个种植密度,综合利用冠层光合有效辐射（PAR）垂直分布数据、冠层三维模型与冠层光合模型,分析了对数法和回归法估算出的消光系数（k_log和k_nls）对品种和种植密度的响应及其差异,评估消光系数估算方法对冠层光能利用模拟的影响。结果表明：k_log与k_nls存在差异,这种差异在大叶矮小型品种AD268下表现更加明显,且差异随着种植密度的增加而加剧,基于k_nls对冠层光分布的拟合效果（R²=0.86）优于k_log（R²=0.77）;基于k_log和k_nls的玉米冠层光能利用特征对种植密度的响应规律在不同品种间存在明显差异,以k_log和k_nls模拟的AD268的日CO₂同化量、地上部干物质日积累量和光能利用效率在低密度下无明显差异,但在中高密度下差异较大,二者差异开始变大的临界密度为0.7～2.5株·m⁻²。     

Evaluation of aggregate stability of Haplic Stagnosols using dynamic light scattering,phase analysis light scattering and color coordinates

Dynamic light scattering and phase analysis light scattering have been used to study organo-clay complexes and aggregate stability of Haplic Stagnosols depending on land use. The study of agricultural soils afforested for 45 years showed that the value of the effective diameter of organo-clay complexes slightly decreased compared to that in arable soil but remains still higher than that in the forest soil. Multiple linear regression statistical models were developed to predict the effective diameter of the particles. The best model (r = 0.95), where all parameters were significant (P < 0.05), included the clay content, clay carbon concentration, total iron (Fe_t) and soil color coordinates (L*, a*, b*). In the upper horizons, the effective diameter depends on the organic matter content, whereas iron oxides with surfaced position play the main role in the underlying horizons. Intensive tillage moves the colloidal system to coagulation and after withdrawal of arable Haplic Stagnosol from the agricultural production, the colloidal system tends to restore its peptization stability. However, it should be noted that the afforestation period (45 years) of arable Haplic Stagnosols is not enough for a full recovery of organo-clay complexes peptization stability.     

不同光强下红蓝光配比对樱桃萝卜生长与产量的影响

采用LED光源在室内可控环境下设置3种光照强度（180、240、300μmol·m^-2·s^-1）和2种红蓝光配比（1R:1B、2R:1B）,以研究不同光强和红蓝光配比组合对樱桃萝卜真叶数、叶绿素含量、肉质根形态以及干鲜重的影响。结果表明,光强为180μmol·m^-2·s-1时,2R:1B处理的新叶叶绿素含量略高于1R:1B处理,但地上部鲜重却略低于1R:1B处理,其它生长指标不同光质处理间无显著差异。光强为240μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,相比1R:1B 处理,2R:1B处理显著提高了樱桃萝卜的新叶叶绿素含量、地上部干鲜重、根直径、根体积、肉质根干鲜重以及干鲜根冠比（P＜0.05）。光强300μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,2R:1B处理的新叶叶绿素含量略低于1R:1B处理,但地上部干鲜重显著高于1R:1B处理（P＜0.05）,其它指标无显著差异。相同红蓝光配比下,樱桃萝卜新叶叶绿素含量、根直径、根体积、肉质根干鲜重及根冠比均随着光强的增加而增加。地上部干鲜重随光强增加的变化因光质而异。总之,一定强度的LED红蓝光质是植物工厂樱桃萝卜高产的光环境基础,并且光强高于一定水平时适宜的红蓝光配比对其生长具有显著促进作用。     

弱光条件下光质和光周期对水培生菜生长与品质的影响

在弱光条件的人工光植物生长室中,设置两种不同红蓝光比例光质和两种不同光周期,水培盆栽红叶生菜（R）、绿叶生菜（G）和紫叶生菜（P）,采收后测定3种生菜的生物量指标以及抗氧化物、可溶性糖等营养品质指标,以研究弱光条件下光质和光周期对3种叶色水培生菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明：（1）生菜产量主要受光周期影响,营养品质指标受光质和光周期的综合影响。光照时间延长显著增加了3种生菜叶面积。绿叶生菜和红叶生菜单位叶面积鲜重在不同光质及光周期下无显著差异。紫叶生菜单位叶面积鲜重对光周期变化的反应则因光质环境而异。延长光周期使3种叶色生菜地上部鲜重提高一倍多,但3种生菜地上部鲜重受光质影响不显著。（2）延长光照时长对3种生菜营养品质的影响因光质而异。在红蓝1:2光质下,延长光照时长降低了绿叶生菜总酚和类黄酮相对含量以及抗坏血酸和可溶性蛋白含量,提高了红叶生菜花青素和可溶性糖含量,但降低了抗坏血酸和可溶性蛋白含量,紫叶生菜总酚相对含量得到提高,但抗坏血酸含量显著降低。在红蓝2:1光质下,延长光照时长显著提高了绿叶生菜总酚和类黄酮相对含量,抗坏血酸含量有所降低,红叶生菜总酚和类黄酮相对含量、抗坏血酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低,紫叶生菜总酚含量显著提高。说明在弱光条件下延长光照时长可以显著提高3种不同叶色生菜产量。在红蓝1:2光质下,延长光照时长使红叶生菜的花青素含量和可溶性糖含量得到显著提高。在红蓝2:1光质下,延长光照时长可以提高绿叶生菜和紫叶生菜营养品质。     

Collagen fibril orientation in ovine and bovine leather affects strength: a small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) study

There is a large difference in strength between ovine and bovine leather. The structure and arrangement of fibrous collagen in leather and the relationship between collagen structure and leather strength has until now been poorly understood. Synchrotron based SAXS is used to characterize the fibrous collagen structure in a series of ovine and bovine leathers and to relate it to tear strength. SAXS gives quantitative information on the amount of fibrous collagen, the orientation (direction and spread) of the collagen microfibrils, and the d-spacing of the collagen. The amount of collagen varies through the thickness of the leather from the grain to the corium, with a greater concentration of crystalline collagen measured toward the corium side. The orientation index (OI) is correlated strongly with strength in ovine leather and between ovine and bovine leathers. Stronger leather has the fibrils arranged mostly parallel to the plane of the leather surface (high OI), while weaker leather has more out-of-plane fibrils (low OI). With the measurement taken parallel to the animal's backbone, weak (19.9 N/mm) ovine leather has an OI of 0.422 (0.033), stronger (39.5 N/mm) ovine leather has an OI of 0.452 (0.033), and bovine leather with a strength of (61.5 N/mm) has an OI of 0.493 (0.016). The d-spacing profile through leather thickness also varies according to leather strength, with little variation being detected in weak ovine leather (average=64.3 (0.5) nm), but with strong ovine leather and bovine leather (which is even stronger) exhibiting a dip in d-spacing (from 64.5 nm at the edges dropping to 62 nm in the center). This work provides a clear understanding of a nanostructural characteristic of ovine and bovine leather that leads to differences in strength.     

冬小麦光合作用的光响应曲线的拟合

测定了田间冬小麦叶片光合作用速度及其相应的气象要素，分别用直角双曲线和非直角双曲线方程拟合了光合作用对光强的响应。指出在田间条件下，用直角双曲线拟合得到的初始量子效率（α）偏高。由于非直角双曲线中引入了反映光合曲线弯曲程度的参数（凸度），使得α值政党，在高光强下光合作用趋于光饱和，拟合结果更加符合生理意义。     

Light penetration in soil and particulate minerals

Knowledge of light penetration in soils is of particular interest for photolytic degradation of pesticides, for laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and remote sensing, and for understanding better the germination of seeds. To date little information has been available in the literature on this topic. In this paper light penetration in soils is determined successfully using diffuse reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy and the relatively simple Kubelka–Munk model. Using the latter model of light propagation in turbid media, the optical properties of kaolinite, montmorillonite, barium sulphate, goethite and 19 different soils were determined in the wavelength range 275–700 nm. In particular, the light absorption coefficient, k, and light scattering coefficient, s, were determined. The depth at which the light intensity at the surface is reduced by 99% (light penetration depth) and the depth of the sample contributing to the measured reflected radiation (information depth) could also be calculated from k and s. For kaolinite, the light penetration depth ranged between 10 and 200 µm for wavelengths between 275 and 700 nm, respectively; the information depth was between 5 and 80 µm. For soils, the penetration depth was in the range 17–110 µm at 275 nm and 120–300 µm at 700 nm, and the information depth was in the range 8–60 µm at 275 nm and 60–175 µm at 700 nm. Hence, the information depth is about half the penetration depth for media with reflectance smaller than 0.7 (e.g. soils). For dry soils, an empirical relationship was established between the light absorption coefficient and the amount of particle-size fractions. The effect of water content was also investigated: addition of water to kaolinite reduced its scattering coefficients, whereas the absorption coefficient was hardly affected. For the soils, addition of water had a more complex mode of action affecting both absorption and scattering coefficients. With the measured optical properties of dry minerals and soils it is possible to calculate light intensity profiles with depth and to quantify photochemical processes occurring in these media.     

线辣椒/玉米带状套作的光能截获和利用特征

太阳辐射的有效利用是间套作种植模式呈现产量优势的根本原因。本试验研究了线辣椒/玉米带状套作群体的叶面积指数(LAI)动态变化趋势及光合有效辐射(PAR)的截获和利用规律。试验设线辣椒单作(SC)、线辣椒/玉米套作(IMC)、玉米单作(SM)3个处理。研究结果表明:线辣椒和玉米的叶面积指数在生育期内均呈单峰型曲线变化,单作线辣椒和单作玉米的LAI均稍大于各自的套作;套作线辣椒的消光系数低于单作。玉米、线辣椒单作与套作整个生育期内的PAR截获量差异显著,带状套作的PAR截获量比按套作比例(0.788:0.222)对单作PRA截获量加权的平均值高42.25%。线辣椒/玉米带状套作的PAR利用效率比按套作比例对单作PAR利用效率加权的平均值高39.51%。套作玉米的干物质积累速率大于单作,套作线辣椒的干物质积累速率低于单作。套作线辣椒的干物质向茎、枝的分配比例显著低于单作,而向果实、根的分配比例分别比单作高2.8%和2.6%;套作玉米的干物质向各器官最终分配比例与单作无显著差异。与单作相比,线辣椒/玉米带状套作模式的产量优势归功于PAR截获量和利用率的提高。合理的套作可以使作物对PAR的截获和利用在时间和空间上达到互补。     

高速水稻插秧机车架的轻量化设计

以某型号高速水稻插秧机车架为研究对象,利用三维建模软件UG对其参数化建模,并导入有限元分析软件ANSYS Workbench中对水稻插秧机车架进行有限元分析。该文进行了车架的应力计算,并对主要变形部位进行应力试验测量,将计算结果与田间试验数据进行对比,验证了有限元计算的正确性。以有限元分析结果为依据,建立了车架优化设计模型,通过计算提出较为合理的车架轻量化设计方案,经优化及结构改进,车架质量降幅达16.77%,证明了该优化方案的经济性和可行性。     

不同红光远红光配比对冰草生长发育、光合特性及品质的影响

为探明人工光植物工厂中红光远红光配比对水培冰草产量和品质的影响,本研究在光合有效辐射强度200 μmol·m-2·s-1的条件下,以白光LED作为CK(R/FR=5.5),在CK基础上添加不同强度远红光,分别设置FR1(R/FR=1.2)和FR2(R/FR=0.8),研究不同光质组合处理下冰草的生长发育、光合特性及营养...