国外甜高粱品种的性状及利用

为丰富甜高粱品种资源,加快甜高粱的育种研究,从美国、印度及墨西哥等对甜高粱研究较多的国家引进了甜高粱品种67份.对不同国家甜高粱品种的性状分析表明,各国甜高粱品种具有丰富的遗传基础,变异类型较多,且具有很多优异变异,主要表现在分蘖较多、茎秆较粗、单株较重、株高较高、单穗较重及含糖量较高等方面.在甜高粱的种质创新和杂交种选育中可根据育种目标有目的地对这些优良性状加以利用.     

142份甜高粱品种的分子身份证构建

从分布在高粱染色体10个连锁群上的103对SSR引物中,筛选出41对多态性引物, 并用其扩增国内外142份甜高粱种质资源, 检测到189个多态性片段, 每对引物的等位基因数在2~11之间,平均为4.6个。引物位点的多态信息含量指数(PIC)变幅为0.089~0.850,平均为0.543。品种间特异指数差异较大,介于109.1~454.7之间,平均为189.0。结果表明, 根据引物的等位基因数确定11对引物(Xtxp329、Xtxp258、Xtxp113、Xtxp303、Xtxp61、Xtxp201、Xtxp14、Xtxp91、Xtxp47、Xtxp217和Xtxp67)组合, 并用于构建142份品种资源的分子身份证, 有效地区分了各品种。     

几个甜高粱品种麦后复播种植比较试验

本文以不同甜高粱品种为试验材料,采用田间种植试验和室内考种方法进行了甜高粱麦后复播试验,结果表明:不同甜高粱品种在麦后复播条件下其适应性不同,表现出的农艺形状也不同;不同甜高粱品种在麦后复播条件下,其籽粒产量和生物产量之间存在差异,辽甜1号和早熟1号等品种籽粒产量高,生物产量低,而大力士品种无籽粒产量,但生物产量最高,因此,在生产上应按需选用复播品种。     

不同品种甜高粱苗期耐寒性分析研究

低温胁迫是影响甜高粱产量和品质的主要非生物因素之一,为更好地了解低温胁迫下苗期甜高粱耐低温的机制,并服务于甜高粱耐低温品种的选育,本研究以6 个甜高粱品种为材料,对其在低温胁迫及恢复处理后苗期叶片中的各项生理指标进行测定,并以各项指标的抗冻系数作为衡量抗冻性的指标,采用主成分分析法以及聚类分析对抗寒性做出综合评价。研究表明,低温胁迫后,6 个甜高粱品种Pro 含量均不同程度上升;而SOD、POD、CAT活性以及可溶性糖含量却呈现不同的变化趋势,部分品种表现为下降趋势。通过主成分分析以及聚类分析最终将6 个品种分为3 类,‘BJ0603’和‘EN-11’为强抗寒类型,‘EN-12’、‘IMP-2’和‘KFJT-1’为中度抗寒类型,‘BJ0602’为弱抗寒类型。本研究结果为甜高粱抗寒品种的选育提供了一定的理论依据。     

不同品种甜高粱幼苗耐受渗透胁迫能力的研究

以BJ-17、BJ-18、M-00110 3个甜高粱品系为试验材料,对不同浓度乙二醇(PEG)处理下甜高粱幼苗的质膜透性、叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛等生理指标含量变化进行了研究.结果表明:渗透胁迫下甜高粱幼苗的质膜透性增大,叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛等含量升高.3个品系相比,BJ-18耐渗透胁迫的能力最强,BJ-17次之,M-00110最差.为甜高粱抗逆栽培和品种选育提供理论依据.     

陕南山区甜高粱种质资源特性分析

对征集自陕南秦巴山区的２５份甜高粱品种研究表明,该区甜高粱生育期长,植株高大、繁茂,生物学产量高,茎秆含糖量高,但籽粒丰产性、食用营养品质和品种抗逆性较差。采用模糊聚类法可将甜高粱分为３种类型。     

苏打盐碱胁迫对甜高粱种子萌发的影响及品种耐性综合评价

将NaHCO3和Na2CO3按5:1混合,在不同盐碱浓度处理下对7个不同甜高粱品种的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、相对活力指数、平均根长、平均发芽率和盐害率进行比较研究,并采用隶属函数法对各品种耐性进行评价.结果表明:7个甜高粱种子耐盐碱性由强到弱的综合排序为:MN 3739＞ M-81 E＞贝利＞Rio＞ ES 725＞ 3222＞雷伊.     

甜高粱生物燃料相关特性研究进展

旨在为中国甜高粱生物燃料的快速生产、深入研究与发展提供借鉴与参考。笔者总结了近几年甜高粱生物燃料相关特性的研究状况;综述了根、叶、茎、株高、分蘖、花,QTL等的分子研究水平,收获后贮藏及生物转化效率的研究进展等;最后提出几点研究建议:针对不同生境确定适宜的、特异的选育目标,培养极具优势的品系或材料;注重主要性状间QTL尤其是胁迫下的关联性、相关性、协同性的研究;加强产业循环链中关键和薄弱环节的研发,使其可用价值和效益达最大化。     

喷施多效唑对甜高粱生长及生理特性的影响

为了研究多效唑对甜高粱生长发育与生理特性的影响,采用不同浓度的多效唑在苗期和抽穗期对甜高粱进行叶面喷施处理。结果表明,适宜浓度的多效唑处理可以有效提高甜高粱叶片的可溶性糖、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质等的含量,显著增强了甜高粱叶片的蔗糖合成酶活性、蒸腾速率和净光合速率,有效降低了甜高粱的株高和茎长,而对茎秆的增粗有促进作用,从而提高了甜高粱的抗倒伏能力,最终使茎秆产量提高。多效唑比较适宜的使用浓度为0.75g/L。     

Genetic protection of wheat from rusts and development of resistant varieties in Russia and Ukraine

Leaf rust represents the major threat to wheat production in Russia and Ukraine. It has been present for many years and epidemics of the pathogen occur in different regions on both winter and spring wheat. In some regions there is evidence of more frequent epidemics, probably due to higher precipitation as a result of climate change. There is evidence that the virulence of the leaf rust population in Ukraine and European Russia and on winter wheat and spring wheat is similar. The pathogen population structure in Western Siberia is also similar to the European part, although there are some significant differences based on the genes employed in different regions. Ukrainian wheat breeders mostly rely on major resistance genes from wide crosses and have succeeded in developing resistant varieties. The North Caucasus winter wheat breeding programs apply the strategy of deploying varieties with different types of resistance and genes. This approach resulted in decreased leaf rust incidence in the region. Genes Lr23 and Lr19 deployed in spring wheat in the Volga region were rapidly overcome by the pathogen. There are continuing efforts to incorporate resistance from wild species. The first spring wheat leaf rust resistant varieties released in Western Siberia possessed gene LrTR which protected the crop for 10–15 years, but was eventually broken in 2007. Slow rusting is being utilized in several breeding programs in Russia and Ukraine, but has not become a major strategy.     

中国甜高粱茎秆制取乙醇的研究进展

介绍了甜高粱茎秆制取乙醇的关键技术及其主要研究内容,重点介绍了国内甜高粱育种及栽培、茎秆贮藏、乙醇发酵和发酵副产物综合利用的研究现状,分析了甜高粱茎秆制取乙醇在原料供应、发酵和副产物综合利用等关键技术研究中可能存在的问题并提出了建议。     

S-genotyping of sweet cherry varieties from Spain and S-locus diversity in Europe

Sweet cherry is a traditional fruit crop in Spain. The introduction of modern cultivars is replacing the local varieties and genetic diversity is lost. To conserve this plant material, local varieties are being collected and characterized. As part of this objective we investigated the S-genotype of 73 local varieties. S-locus analysis was carried out by PCR analysis of S-RNase and SFB genes. PCR was done using conserved primers and fragments detection was carried out by capillary electrophoresis. Fifty-six cultivars were S-genotyped for first time and 17 had been S-RNase typed previously. The S-genotype of the 73 varieties was unambiguously determined. Ten different S-haplotypes were identified: S ₁ , S ₂ , S ₃ , S ₄ , S ₅ , S ₆ , S ₉ , S ₁₃ , S ₁₆ and S ₂₂ . The varieties were assigned to 17 incompatibility groups, to Group ‘0’ of universal donors, and to Group ‘SC’ of self-compatible varieties. The results provide cross-compatibility information for cross design and orchard management. The results also reveal the S-locus diversity of this plant material. S-haplotypes S ₃ , S ₆ and S ₂₂ were the most frequent and S ₁₆ was only found in the Balearic Islands. Comparison of S-haplotype frequencies worldwide and within Europe showed that S ₂₂ is almost exclusive of southern Europe. Other S-haplotypes that are common in northern Europe, like S ₂ , S ₄ , S ₅ , were rare in the southern plant material. This geographic distribution of S-haplotypes across Europe may indicate a common origin or genetic relationship of varieties from close areas. Alternatively, there may be an association of certain S-haplotypes with adaptive traits correlated to climatic conditions in the different areas.     

发展甜高粱生产几个问题的思考

作为新的替代能源,乙醇汽油的发展日渐引起了人们的广泛关注.甜高粱作为乙醇生产的重要原料,由于它是以作物茎秆为原料,另外还可以收到一定数量的粮食,从目前生产上应用的品种来看,无论是常规品种还是杂交种,均为粮秆兼用型,因而完全符合"乙醇的生产以非粮物质为原料"的要求.除此之外,还由于高粱作物在我国栽培历史悠久、种植经验丰富,且该作物适应性广、抗逆性强,特别是在耐盐碱、抗旱、耐涝性方面具有一定的优势,因而成为当今的热门作物之一.然而,作为可再生能源并具有多汁高糖特点的作物,虽然在我国种植历史悠久,分布广泛,但大面积栽种的时间并不长,在诸多方面尚缺乏经验(如品种、栽培技术、收获、贮藏、加工等方面),从目前国内的生产发展现状来看.甜高粱生产有几个问题值得思考.     

Improving sweet sorghum for enhanced juice traits and biomass

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is a prospective bioethanol feedstock source. Four high-biomass and sweet sorghum male lines and three grain sorghum female lines were intercrossed using Design II mating. Parents and hybrids were evaluated to (a) identify genetic sources to improve biofuel traits, and (b) determine the inheritance of biofuel and morpho-agronomic traits. Total soluble sugars (TSS) per plant were determined using juice weight (JW) and Brix (°Bx). Plant height (PH), biomass (BM) and stalk diameter (SD) were also measured. Mean hybrid performance for PH, JW, TSS and BM was higher than the male parent means. Three male parents exhibited positive and significant general combining ability (GCA) for at least three traits. Among males, PI185672 showed the highest GCA for PH, °Bx and BM, while No. 08 exhibited the greatest GCA for JW and TSS. Most hybrids exhibited overdominance-driven high-parent heterosis for all traits except SD. Trait broad-sense heritability ranged from 0.71 (BM) to 0.93 (PH). Results revealed that biofuel traits could be substantially improved through breeding, which will contribute to enhanced bioethanol production.     

高淀粉高粱种质筛选及其研究利用

选择5份高粱不育系、16份高粱恢复系、及所配制的部分高粱杂交种,化验分析淀粉含量,不育系淀粉含量变幅在72.58%～77.84%之间,恢复系淀粉含量变幅在72.33%～79.93%之间,杂交种淀粉含量变幅在74.66%～77.61%之间。研究表明,淀粉性状在F1代具有明显的杂种优势,高粱籽粒淀粉含量在杂种一代多数介于双亲之间,有的倾向于高亲含量,有的倾向于低亲含量,有的杂种一代淀粉含量超过高亲,有的杂种一代淀粉含量低于低亲,利用高淀粉双亲,可以选育出高淀粉高粱杂交种。     

彩色甜椒品种比较试验

为筛选获得适合广东大棚栽培种植的优良彩色甜椒品种,采用随机区组设计方法对引进的5个彩色甜椒品种‘锦紫’、‘锦玉’、‘锦黄’、‘锦红’和‘锦桂’进行品种比较试验。品种间植物学性状、产量、商品性和果实品质分析的结果表明：品种间植株生长势差异显著;‘锦紫’和‘锦红’单株产量和小区产量高,但‘锦紫’果实品质差;‘锦红’和‘锦黄’维生素C含量高、含糖量高、口感好、商品性最好,可作为广东大棚大面积推广的优质品种。     

甜高粱常规种与杂交种比较研究

对甜高粱常规种与杂交种进行了比较研究．结果表明：甜高粱杂交种生育性状、主要农艺性状、生长势均比甜高梁常规种高。但含糖量比较低；选用甜高粱常规种还是杂交种要因地因时制宜。在甜高粱育种中杂交种应以提高含糖量、缩短生育日数为主；甜高粱常规种应以增强生长势、保持或提高糖含量为首要。     

旱稻新品种引进与利用研究初报

引进了中早7号等9个早稻品种，在建阳市安排了三重复对比试验，通过试验筛选出中旱7号，旱稻522，早稻8号，中旱11号等4个品种，表现高产，抗旱，抗病，可继续引进扩大多点试验。     

俄引水稻种质的直播特性研究

为获得具有优良直播特性的种质,以俄罗斯引进的10份水稻资源为材料,研究中胚轴长度、低温发芽能力和淹水条件下发芽率等与水稻直播相关的特性。结果表明:‘LIDER’、‘ATLANT’和‘OLIMP’低温条件下萌发速度最快,‘LIDER’、‘OLIMP’、‘ATLANT’、‘NATASHA’、‘ISTOK’和‘PARTNER’具有较好的低温发芽能力;‘ATLANT’、‘ISTOK’、‘RAPANZ’、‘GAMMA’、‘OLIMP’和‘SONET’的中胚轴长度与‘绿香粳28’在5%水平上达显著差异;在缺氧条件下,所有的品种间的发芽率均达极显著差异,但俄罗斯品种均优于对照。在所有引进的俄罗斯10品种中,‘ATLANT’与直播相关的综合性状最为突出,中胚轴长度、低温发芽能力和淹水条件下发芽率均极显著优于对照品种。