地理标志茶叶的传统技艺类非物质文化遗产保护

我国茶叶种植与饮茶起源久远,有丰富多彩的茶文化与茶类地理标志资源。从地理标志产品、地理标志商标、农产品地理标志等方面介绍了我国茶叶的地理标志知识产权保护概况,并分析了茶叶的传统技艺类非物质文化遗产保护,建议保护与传承茶叶传统制作技艺,加强茶叶非物质文化遗产中的传统技艺资料挖掘整理研究。     

16个竹柏种源在福建南平地区的苗期试验

16个竹柏种源在南平地区的苗期试验结果表明:竹柏不同种源苗木,在苗高和地径生长等方面存在着显著差异;竹柏苗木生长具有明显的种源效应,其中苗高、地径的生长速度与产地经纬度变化无明显相关,而是表现出典型的随机变异模式.本文通过多点试验、随机区组设计、方差分析、相关分析和聚类分析等方法,对1-3年生各种源苗木的生长,主要是苗高、地径的生长状况进行分析比较,初选出福建延平、浙江金华等5个表现突出的优良种源.     

Use of woodland resources within and across villages in a Zimbabwean communal area

A topical issue in natural resource management is that of scale, in particular, the organizational entry-point to community-based systems of natural resource management. This study investigated access to woodland resources from the perspective of the relevance of units (traditional villages) enjoying policy attention and the nature of boundaries of resource management units as espoused in academic debates. The relevance of the boundaries was investigated from the perspective of flow of resources across boundaries of the recommended units, and resource use relations among communities residing in contiguous units. The study used questionnaire surveys, informal interviews, and personal observations to explore woodland resource use patterns within and across the villages. People acquired woodland products from both within their own villages and from adjacent ones. Most people extracted resources from within residence villages but varying proportions of the people extracted various products from other villages. In general, members of the ruling clan – those holding exclusively ancestral beliefs, those with traditional main house types – were more likely to acquire resources from neighboring villages. People extracted lighter products like wild fruits, mushrooms, and medicinal herbs from other villages compared to bulkier products like fuel wood, kraal (cattle pens) and fence posts, wall and roof poles, and brushwood. The main reasons why people did not extract woodland products from other villages were availability of the products in their own villages, the long distances to walk to gather the resources from other villages, and, to a small extent, availability of substitutes and exclusion to some products by members of other villages. Overall, people did not deny woodland resource users from other villages access to resources in their own villages, although this applied less so in the case of extraction from areas under ritual designations or extraction for commercialization. The study argues that instead of aspiring for ``hard' or ``distinct' boundaries, policy needs to recognize ``diffuse and soft' product use boundaries as a given, so as to promote resource management formulations/options that are more in phase with the operational contexts. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Strategies to evaluate goodness of reference strips for in-season, field scale, irrigated corn nitrogen sufficiency

The nitrogen (N) sufficiency approach to assess plant N status for in-season N management requires a non-N-limiting reference to make N recommendations. Use of reference strips in fields with spatially variable soils and the impact this variability has within N enriched reference strips are not well understood. Consequently three strategies were investigated to evaluate the impact of spatially variable sandy soils within reference strips in two commercial center pivot-irrigated corn fields. Evaluation strategies were: (i) ignore soil spatial variability throughout the reference strips, (ii) account for soil variability in the reference strips based on second-order NRCS soil map units, and (iii) account for soil variability based on apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) data as a surrogate for soil texture differences in the reference strips. A sufficiency index (SI) calculated from radiometer measured canopy reflectance data (SI_sensor) and from SPAD chlorophyll meter data (SI_meter) at two growth stages during corn vegetative growth were used to assess N sufficiency within the N enriched reference strips. By ignoring soil spatial variability in the reference strips, corn in the sandier soils was designated N deficient. Accounting for soil spatial variability using NRCS soil mapping units improved N sufficiency designations of corn in the reference strip for the different soil types contained within the reference strip but tended to designate corn in lighter texture areas within a mapping unit as N deficient. Use of EC_a as a surrogate for soil texture typically performed best for classifying corn N sufficiency throughout the reference strip and is recommended as a method to obtain reference strip normalizing values in fields with spatially variable sandy soils.     

中药的传统分类与无机元素关系的研究

本文测定了368味兽用中药的11种元素（Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Ca、Mg、P、K、Na、Li、Se），分析了12类中药间各元素含量的相关性。结果表明：各类中药被测元素的总均值是平肝药＞泻下药＞补益药＞解表药＞止咳平喘药＞活血化瘀药＞祛风湿药＞清热药＞利水渗湿药＞止血药＞理气药＞收涩药。多类中药均具有明显的元素谱证。作者认为，无机元素含量是影响中药传统分类的重要因素之一。     

不同灌溉方式对玉米生物量的影响

[目的]为了研究节水灌溉方式对玉米产量及构成的影响。[方法]2012年在武威荒漠生态与农业气象试验站设计了滴灌、喷灌、漫灌大田试验,并调查玉米整个生育期内的作物生长高度、叶面积指数、株子粒重等指标。[结果]滴灌条件下生物量高于喷灌和漫灌,拔节时差异最明显,滴灌比喷灌重48％、比漫灌重109％;滴灌叶面积指数最高,喷灌次之;在成熟期,滴灌、喷灌株高均较漫灌高22em;滴灌和喷灌百粒重分别重于漫灌11．88％、9．95％;滴灌、喷灌株子粒重分别重于漫灌24．8％、21．1％;滴灌理论产量大于喷灌22．59％,大于漫灌35．62％,喷灌大于漫灌10．63％;滴灌实际产量大于喷灌1．68％,大于漫灌6．52％,喷灌大于漫灌4．76％。[结论]3种灌溉技术条件下,滴灌效果最好,喷灌次之。     

非木质人造板的耐候性研究——蔗渣刨花板耐老化性

本文研究蔗渣刨花板的耐老化性以及与木质刨花板耐老化性的差别。结果表明,胶粘剂的种类和蔗渣的化学成分极大地决定着板材的老化特征,喷蒸和沸煮对性能影响最显著,浸泡水温与强度残留率关系密切,循环后期的干燥有利于性能的残留;性能降低幅度随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减少,加速老化对蔗渣刨花板的MDE影响比MDR的大;APAD-5、ASTM和CIN三个方法的条件剧烈程度相当,蔗渣刨花板的性能残留率比马尾松刨花板低0％～10％。     

CaCl2对干旱胁迫下甘蓝型油菜抗旱性相关的生理生化指标变化影响

分析了干旱诱导下抽薹期甘蓝型油菜的生化指标和蒸腾作用变化及Ca2 处理对其影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,甘蓝型油菜叶片中的脯氨酸、可溶性糖以及丙二醛含量明显增加,经Ca2 预处理其脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量明显高于仅用双蒸水处理的材料,而丙二醛含量则是蒸馏水处理的材料高于Ca2 预处理的材料;气孔导度日变化分析以及气孔观察显示,Ca2 预处理可以明显促使干旱过程中叶片表皮气孔关闭,进而使叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度降低,从而减少了干旱条件下水分的蒸发。     

三角鲂IGF-I基因的分子克隆及其序列分析

 采用RT-PCR技术首次从钱塘江三角鲂肝脏组织克隆了IGF-Ⅰ基因(GenBank No.AY247412)，序列分析表明钱塘江三角鲂IGF-ⅠcDNA序列由486个核苷酸组成，编码包括B、C、A、D和E 5个区域的161个氨基酸，为Ea-2亚型。同源性分析发现，钱塘江三角鲂IGF-ⅠcDNA与团头鲂、草鱼和鲤鱼的同源性分别为99.8%、88.8%和85.8%，钱塘江三角鲂IGF-Ⅰ前蛋白氨基酸序列与团头鲂、草鱼和鲤鱼的同源性分别为99.4%、88.8%和85.4%。在鲤科鱼类中，亲缘性越近鱼种，IGF-Ⅰ及其基因的同源性越高。试验结果为三角鲂种质研究和开发高效生物饲料添加剂提供基础资料。     

不同培养液对蛹虫草多糖及虫草酸含量的影响

[目的]明确不同碳氮源培养液对蛹虫草多糖及虫草酸含量的影响。[方法]以不同碳氮源培养液振荡培养蛹虫草,用苯酚-硫酸法测定虫草多糖含量,用高碘酸钠法测定虫草酸含量。[结果]培养液中多糖含量以米蛹配方最高,为6.48mg/ml,其次为玉米糁蛹的5.87mg/ml;虫草酸含量以玉米糁蛹配方最高,为5.21mg/ml,其次为米蛹的4.94mg/ml;菌丝体中多糖含量以玉米糁蛹配方最高,为68.32mg/g,其次为米蛹的57.91mg/g;虫草酸以麦米蛹配方最高,达186.29mg/g,其次为小麦蛹的180.32mg/g。[结论]选择适宜碳氮源进行蛹虫草的液体培养,可获得多糖和虫草酸含量很高的培养物。     

Yeast genes that enhance the toxicity of a mutant huntingtin fragment or alpha-synuclein

Genome-wide screens were performed in yeast to identify genes that enhance the toxicity of a mutant huntingtin fragment or of alpha-synuclein. Of 4850 haploid mutants containing deletions of nonessential genes, 52 were identified that were sensitive to a mutant huntingtin fragment, 86 that were sensitive to alpha-synuclein, and only one mutant that was sensitive to both. Genes that enhanced toxicity of the mutant huntingtin fragment clustered in the functionally related cellular processes of response to stress, protein folding, and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, whereas genes that modified alpha-synuclein toxicity clustered in the processes of lipid metabolism and vesicle-mediated transport. Genes with human orthologs were overrepresented in our screens, suggesting that we may have discovered conserved and nonoverlapping sets of cell-autonomous genes and pathways that are relevant to Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.     

4个早熟砂梨引种筛选研究

[目的]为推进湖南省砂梨种植结构的合理化。[方法]对砂梨品种翠冠、清香、雪英、雪峰的田间生长性状、丰产性和果实品质进行测定,筛选适合湖南栽培的早熟砂梨品种。[结果]4个品种的生长性状在湖南的表现为雪峰>清香>雪英>翠冠。雪英的可溶性固形物含量最多,糖酸比最高,故品质最佳,翠冠、雪峰一般,清香最差。雪英的果数最多,丰产性表现最好,翠冠较好,清香一般,雪峰最差。方差分析表明雪英综合表现最佳,翠冠表现次之,清香表现一般,雪峰表现最差。采用多维价值理论进行合成"合理-满意度"的定性分析表明雪英表现最佳,复合合意度最高为0.72,翠冠表现较好,清香表现一般,雪峰表现较差。[结论]定量和定性分析均表明雪英综合表现最好,可以成为湖南早熟砂梨主栽品种。     

Animal research. Activists win big on rodent, bird rules

A federal judge last month ruled that animal-rights activists have the legal right to challenge U.S. Department of Agriculture rules that exempt the vast majority of research animals from federal regulation. Observers say that the ruling almost guarantees that the agency will extend regulations governing animal handling and housing to thousands of academic and industry laboratories that work with rodents and birds. Those new rules, say animal-care experts, could impose costly new requirements on labs that don't meet standards set by the private Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.     

矮化中间砧对红富士苹果果实品质的影响

为选择应用苹果矮化中间砧提供科学依据,以‘红富士’苹果为试材,研究了不同矮化中间砧对果实品质的影响。结果表明,以SH5和SH38为中间砧的红富士苹果,果实内在品质包括果实的含糖量、可溶性固形物含量、果实糖酸比值以及维生素C含量等方面,均显著优于以M26为中间砧的;从果实着色级数、色调级数、果面光洁度级数来看,以SH5为中间砧的红富士苹果,果实极显著优于其他中间砧的,以B9和M26为中间砧的红富士苹果果实相对较差,而中间砧SH38的果实也优于以B9和M26为中间砧的;从果实大小来看,以SH5为中间砧的果实最小,而以B9为中间砧的果实最大。     

安邦河湿地浮游植物现状分析

对安邦河湿地浮游植物现状进行调查,结果表明,浮游植物数量和生物量空间变化趋势相似,均为上游高于下游,边缘区高于核心区。经方差分析表明,种数、数量和生物量在季节间以及站位间都差异显著(P<0.001),与季节水温变化和站位营养盐差异相关。     

冬虫夏草寄主幼虫不同产地主要食料的营养成分比较分析

对重庆(渝)和四川(川)产珠芽蓼根茎的营养成分进行了对比分析。结果表明,渝产珠芽蓼根茎的灰分和总糖含量显著高于川产珠芽蓼根茎,水分和粗脂肪显著低于川产珠芽蓼根茎;渝产珠芽蓼根茎的K元素含量显著高于川产珠芽蓼根茎,Mg、Fe和Mn 3种元素的含量显著低于川产珠芽蓼根茎;K、Ca、Mg3种含量最多的元素排序中,渝产珠芽蓼为"K>Ca>Mg",川产珠芽蓼为"Mg>K>Ca"。渝产珠芽蓼根茎的水解精氨酸、组氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量分别高于川产珠芽蓼根茎,并且差异显著(P<0.05);渝产珠芽蓼根茎的游离精氨酸和游离谷氨酸的含量分别低于川产珠芽蓼根茎,并且差异显著(P<0.05);渝产珠芽蓼的精氨酸和蛋氨酸的总含量分别高于川产珠芽蓼,并且差异显著(P<0.05)。以上分析结果可能是渝产珠芽蓼饲养效果优于川产珠芽蓼的原因之一。这一结果为人工饲料的配制研究提供了理论基础。     

黄粉虫粪和蚕沙的常规营养成分分析

采用饲料常规养分分析方法对黄粉虫粪和蚕沙非常规饲料样品中的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷含量进行测定,并将黄粉虫粪与玉米粉、鱼粉,蚕沙与玉米粉、豆粕的营养成分进行比较。结果表明:黄粉虫粪粗灰分比鱼粉低,显著高于玉米粉;粗蛋白含量显著低于鱼粉,但显著高于玉米粉;粗脂肪含量显著低于鱼粉;钙含量比玉米粉和鱼粉均高;磷含量显著高于鱼粉和玉米粉;干物质含量显著低于鱼粉。蚕沙粗灰分含量显著高于豆粕和玉米粉;粗蛋白含量显著高于玉米粉,低于豆粕;粗脂肪含量显著高于豆粕;钙含量显著高于玉米粉和豆粕;磷含量显著低于豆粕;干物质含量均显著高于玉米粉和豆粕。     

Uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles by an inorganic phosphate transporter

Previous work has identified two families of proteins that transport classical neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles, but the protein responsible for vesicular transport of the principal excitatory transmitter glutamate has remained unknown. We demonstrate that a protein that is unrelated to any known neurotransmitter transporters and that was previously suggested to mediate the Na(+)-dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate across the plasma membrane transports glutamate into synaptic vesicles. In addition, we show that this vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1, exhibits a conductance for chloride that is blocked by glutamate.     

Triploblastic animals more than 1 billion years ago: trace fossil evidence from india

Some intriguing bedding plane features that were observed in the Mesoproterozoic Chorhat Sandstone are biological and can be interpreted as the burrows of wormlike undermat miners (that is, infaunal animals that excavated tunnels underneath microbial mats). These burrows suggest that triploblastic animals existed more than a billion years ago. They also suggest that the diversification of animal designs proceeded very slowly before the appearance of organisms with hard skeletons, which was probably the key event in the Cambrian evolutionary explosion, and before the ecological changes that accompanied that event.     

洋葱不同栽培模式对产量影响的研究

通过田间试验研究施肥量、栽培定植密度对产量的影响,结果表明,对洋葱鳞茎增长具有重要影响因素的是钾肥施用量,定植密度和氮肥施用量为次主要因素,磷肥施用量是次要因素。对产量具有主要影响因素的是氮肥施用量,定植密度和钾肥施用量为次主要因素,磷肥施用量是次要因素。经综合平衡法分析后,得出最优的栽培措施是A2B2C3D1。采用此栽培措施,洋葱产量最高。