Effects of 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin on weed seed germination

Telone C-35, a commercial formulation of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP), is one of the potential replacements to methyl bromide (MB) for soil fumigation. A laboratory dose–response study and two field trials in tomato were conducted to evaluate their weed control efficacy and their effect on tomato yield. Laboratory studies found that the seeds of Digitaria chinensis were the most sensitive to soil fumigation with Telone C-35, followed by Eleusina indica, Portulaca oleracea and Stellaria media with the LC₅₀ values between 3.35 and 11.68 mg kg⁻¹ soil. Field trials revealed that Telone C-35 applied to the field at 327, 243 and 164 L ha⁻¹ could suppress the percentage of germination weed seeds while maintaining high tomato marketable yields, with no significant differences between MB + CP and the higher two Telone C-35 rates. The yield data from both seasons indicated that all Telone C-35 treatments had a positive effect on tomato yield; there was a 32%–62% increase the mean marketable tomato yield. Our results indicated that Telone C-35 was an excellent MB alternative and could provide acceptable weed control efficacy. Based on our results, Telone C-35, in combination with other alternatives to MB, is recommended to achieve integrated pest management.     

激光辐照水对小麦种子萌发影响的研究

利用激光辐照水处理小麦种子,对种子萌发速度与萌发质量进行测定。用不同激光辐照条件作用过的水处理小麦种子,对其萌发情况进行了分析和讨论,着重研究了有利于小麦种子萌发的激光参数条件以及激光辐照水对其的保留效应与累积效应。实验结果表明激光技术在促进种子萌发方面有很好的应用前景。     

干旱胁迫对圆叶决明种子萌发的影响

通过聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）溶液模拟干旱条件,分别对圆叶决明CPI86134与CPI34721种子进行胁迫处理,测定不同胁迫梯度下,发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽势、胚根/胚芽比值等指标的变化情况,据此综合评定两者的抗旱性。结果表明,不同浓度的PEG胁迫环境对圆叶决明种子萌发有显著影响,随着干旱胁迫程度加大,对种子萌发的抑制作用明显增强,活力指数对PEG胁迫的反应更敏感。CPI34721与CPI86134种子萌发受干旱胁迫抑制的程度不同,其中CPI34721较弱,CPI86134相对较强。萌发初期,CPI34721的发芽率、相对发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽势、发芽指数等指标与CPI86134比较都表现出较高的数值。     

Effects of harvesting method and date on yield loss and seed quality of rapeseed

China is one of the major rapeseed production countries in the world,but harvesting mechanization was still backward,and high harvest loss was a key inhibiting factor for rapeseed production.To obtain optimum harvesting date for winter rape in the Yangtze River Valley of China,artificial simulated combine harvesting and artificial two-stage harvesting were adopted to find correlations between harvesting date,rape variety,seed oil content,protein content,grain moisture rate,rapeseed straw moisture content,rapeseed unthreshing rate,grain drop loss rate,thousand seeds weight(TSW),and harvesting economic coefficient(HEC).Analysis of variance showed that rapeseed oil content,protein content and TSW were correlated with rape variety;HEC was correlated with harvesting method and rape variety.Rape variety was the dominant factor of rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.Grain moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture content were correlated with harvesting method and date.Harvesting date was the dominant factor of rapeseed moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture rate.Single factor tests further proved that harvesting date had less impact on rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.It showed little correlation with rapeseed quality except grain moisture rate.The optimum harvesting date could be known by change in straw moisture content.The combined harvesting should be carried out during the grain moisture content of 15%-20%with TSW stabilized in the highest level.The twostage harvesting cutting should be carried out at the grain moisture content of 35%-40%.This research offered a reference to harvesting method and date for rape cultivated in the Yangtze River Valley.     

H2O2浸种对低温胁迫下花生种子萌发的调控作用

为了研究H2O2浸种对低温胁迫下花生种子萌发的调控作用,本研究以白沙1016和花育9122两个花生品 种为材料,通过种子萌发试验,设置（22±1）℃常温对照和（12±1）℃低温处理,首先采用不同浓度的H2O2进行浸种预 处理,分析了H2O2浸种对花生种子低温萌发相关指标的影响,筛选最适H2O2浸种浓度,然后采用最适H2O2浸种处 理后,测定其对发芽花生种子胚中氧化损伤和活性氧含量、脯氨酸代谢相关指标的影响。结果表明,低温显著降低 两个品种花生的相对发芽率、芽长/种长比、发芽指数及种子的活力指数,延长了平均露白时间,H2O2浸种预处理可 显著缓解低温对花生种子萌发的抑制,以1% H2O2浸种效果最好。同时,H2O2浸种预处理还显著降低了H2O2的积累 以及膜脂过氧化程度,促进了脯氨酸的积累,提高了脯氨酸合成酶鸟氨酸转移酶（OAT）和△1-吡咯琳-5-羧酸合成 酶（P5CS）活性,抑制了脯氨酸降解限速酶脯氨酸脱氢酶（ProDH）活性。表明H2O2浸种预处理可通过调控脯氨酸代 谢途径,促进低温条件下萌发花生种子内脯氨酸的积累,缓解氧化损伤,从而增强花生种子的低温萌发能力。     

硅对盐胁迫下麻疯树种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

添加外源硅溶液后,研究盐胁迫下麻疯树种子萌发和幼苗生长,测定种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、丙二醛(MDA)含量和酶活性(包括SOD、POD和CAT)等指标,调查硅对盐胁迫下麻疯树的生理影响。结果表明,盐胁迫下外源硅处理可显著提高麻疯树种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数。水培营养液中施加外源硅可降低盐胁迫下幼苗叶片的MDA含量,显著提高了SOD和POD活性,部分提高CAT活性(但不显著)。外源硅缓解了盐胁迫的生长抑制作用。外源硅的缓解效应存在浓度差异,终浓度3mmol/L硅的生长缓解作用最好。     

3种植物生长调节剂对棉种萌发及棉苗生长的影响

采用药剂浸种回干技术,分析了稀土微量元素、芸薹素、甲哌3种植物生长调节剂浸种处理对棉花种子萌发、出苗及幼钅翁苗生长的影响,以期为棉花生产提供参考.结果表明:1000 mg·L-1稀土微量元素、0.01 mg·L-1芸薹素、50 mg·L-1甲哌对棉花种子萌发和幼苗促生效果较好.     

关于棉种发芽率快速测定初探

种子的发芽率是衡量种子质量的一项重要指标，棉种的发芽试验，按GB／13543．4-1995标准一般需要12d，而在实际操作时，即便是发芽力强的种子，至少需要6～8d，这在种子紧缺年份，无疑会影响调种进度。从而导致经营者错失商机。为此。笔者对棉种发芽率的快速测定进行了初步探讨。     

紫毛野牡丹种子萌发的研究

观察紫毛野牡丹种子的形态特征并测定其基本参数。结果表明：紫毛野牡丹种子的萌发需要光照条件,全黑暗条件下种子发芽受到限制;低浓度（0-20 mg.L-1）的6-BA可提高紫毛野牡丹种子的发芽率和发芽势,浓度为10 mg.L-1时,效果最为显著。IAA抑制紫毛野牡丹种子的萌发,在一定范围内,发芽率随着IAA浓度的提高而降低。     

Flowering and true seed production in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). 1. Effects of inflorescence position,nitrogen treatment,and harvest date of berries

Summary Flowering and true seed production from different order inflorescences in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were evaluated in two experiments. The number of flowers per inflorescence, berry set, berry weight, number of seeds per berry and seed weight generally decreased from primary inflorescences to tertiary inflorescences and inflorescences on lateral stems. The possible relation with carbohydrate distribution is discussed. Quality of the seeds produced from the different orders of inflorescences was a function of seed size; larger seeds showed better germination, emergence and seedling growth. Late harvest of berries increased berry weight and number of seeds per berry from primary inflorescences. Application of additional nitrogen during the flowering period did not affect flowering or differences between inflorescence positions in seed production, but it significantly decreased the number of seeds per berry. The practical implications of these results for true seed production are discussed.     

Effects of fungicide seed treatments on germination, population, and yield of maize grown from seed infected with fungal pathogens

Seedborne fungi can reduce survival, growth, and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Laboratory, field, and growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the seed treatment fungicides fludioxonil, mefenoxam, and azoxystrobin on germination, plant population, and grain yield of maize grown from low-quality hybrid seed infected with seedborne fungal pathogens. Study I used seed of four hybrids infected at 0-54% incidence with Fusarium spp., Stenocarpella maydis, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., and/or Aspergillus spp. Study II used three seed lots for each of two hybrids infected at 7-37% incidence with S. maydis. Warm and cold germination for untreated seed varied among hybrids in both studies. Warm germination of the seed lot with the highest incidence of S. maydis in study II treated with azoxystrobin and fludioxonil was significantly greater (+7%) than the nontreated control. Plant population in study I was significantly affected by seed treatment, hybrid, and their interactions. Populations were greater (≥9%) for fludioxonil, fludioxonil + mefenoxam, and fludioxonil + mefenoxam + azoxystrobin treatments compared to controls. In growth chamber experiments with pasteurized soil, emergence (≥5%) and plant dry weight (≥14%) were both greater than controls only with the triple seed treatment. Plant populations in study II for all seed treatments except mefenoxam and azoxystrobin alone were greater (≥4%) than controls. Yield in study I was significantly affected by hybrid and seed treatment. Yield for one hybrid was higher (≥20%) than the control with all seed treatments except fludioxonil, whereas yield with another hybrid was consistently greater (≥26%) only with the triple seed treatment. Yield in study II was significantly affected by hybrid, seed treatment, and their interactions. Yield was greater (≥8%) than the controls for all seed treatments with one hybrid and with all (≥5%) except azoxystrobin for the other hybrid. Highest yields occurred with the triple seed treatment. Results indicate that fludioxonil and azoxystrobin can increase germination, population, and yield of maize grown from seed infected by S. maydis and other fungi.     

缺氧对甘蓝型黄籽与黑籽油菜发芽的影响

随机选取甘蓝型黄籽、黑籽油菜各20个品系,将萌发中的种子进行淹水缺氧处理,观察黄籽、黑籽品系耐湿性表现.结果表明,甘蓝型黄籽油菜的相对成苗率、相对苗高、相对苗重、活力指数低于黑籽油菜,单位电导率高于黑籽油菜.无论是黄籽油菜还是黑籽油菜,品种间的耐湿性差异都很大.电导率与活力指数之间有极显著的负相关,可用来快速筛选油菜耐湿性材料.     

The influence of sowing date, harvest date and seed rate on the yield of forage peas

A series of preliminary trials is described to assess the potential and some of the cultural requirements of new cultivars of forage peas grown as pure stands in the west of Scotland. Optimum sowing date was late March for harvesting 15 weeks later to leave sufficient of the growing season for a catch crop or the establishment of a grass sward. Yield of dry matter (DM) at harvest was approximately 6 t ha^-1 but DM concentration varied greatly with season. The digestibility of the organic matter was of the order of 0·700 and the crude protein concentration in the DM 170 g kg^-1. DM yield increased with increasing seed rate up to 200 kg ha^-1 the maximum rate tested.     

外源抗坏血酸对油菜种子在海水胁迫下萌发生长的影响

种植抗盐耐海水植物是合理利用和开发海涂资源的有效措施之一。研究了不同浓度抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,AsA)对30%海水胁迫下油菜种子的萌发和幼苗的生长状况以及某些相关生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,30%海水明显抑制了油菜的生长;而在海水中添加外源抗坏血酸可明显改善油菜种子的萌发及幼苗的生长,且叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸含量都有所增加,并可维持较高水平超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、抗坏血酸氧化酶（APX）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性;可见外源AsA能够有效缓解海水对油菜幼苗的毒害,且20mg&;#8226;L-1浓度下的缓解效果最好。     

多效唑浸种对盐胁迫下麻疯树幼苗光合作用的影响

研究了200mmol.L-1NaCl处理(10d)下不同浓度(0、200、400、600、800、1 000mg.L-1)多效唑(PP333)浸种处理对麻疯树南油1号幼苗生长和光合作用的影响。结果表明:在盐胁迫下,不同浓度的PP333浸种处理均显著提高了盐胁迫下的植株干物质积累速率、根冠比和叶绿素含量,提高了净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔限制值(Ls),降低了细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci),其中600mg.L-1PP333浸种处理效果最好。可见,多效唑浸种能促进盐胁迫下麻疯树南油1号幼苗的生长,缓解盐胁迫对麻疯树幼苗的非气孔限制,改善光合作用,减缓盐胁迫的伤害。     

Influence of planting date on growth, artemisinin yield, seed and oil yield of Artemisia annua L. under temperate climatic conditions

Artemisia annua L. is an annual aromatic antibacterial herb, with effective antimalarial properties due to the presence of artemisinin. The intention of the present study was to establish plant survival, growth attributes, yield attributes and artemisinin yield of A. annua cv CIM - Arogya with different transplanting months in two cropping seasons (March 2005-February 2006 and March 2006-February 2007) under temperate climatic conditions of Himalaya, India. Artemisinin yield in the dried leaves was found maximum amongst the plants that were transplanted in March (24.39 kg ha⁻¹) and minimum in those transplanted in November (3.39 kg ha⁻¹).     

贮藏时间和温度对甘蓝型油菜种子活力及脂肪酸含量的影响

研究了甘蓝型油菜种子在低温和常温干燥条件下,密闭贮藏过程中种子脂肪酸组成分含量、含油量及发芽能力的变化。结果表明:随着贮藏年限增加,甘蓝型油菜种子油酸、二十碳烯酸、芥酸的含量逐渐增加,亚麻酸、亚油酸含量则逐渐下降,棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量变化不明显;在冷藏1～5年里脂肪酸成分含量变化较快,之后变化缓慢;低芥酸材料在贮藏过程中芥酸含量增加速率高于高芥酸材料。随着贮藏时间延长,种子含油量逐渐下降,含油量高的材料下降更快;种子发芽率和发芽势均下降,后者下降幅度大;在同样冷藏条件下,套帐自交的种子比开放授粉种子的发芽率和发芽势下降均快且幅度大,而常温贮藏的开放授粉种子发芽能力下降速度明显比冷藏的快,6年后发芽率几近于零。     

Effect of sowing date on the growth and seed yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in highland environments

Evaluations of common bean cultivars in the highlands of Mexico indicated that land races from that region experience less reduction in seed yield and seed size in late sowings than do lines from other regions. Introduced materials are of interest as sources of increased disease and pest resistance and tolerance to edaphic constraints, however. To quantify effects of sowing date and determine possible underlying causes, germplasm of diverse origins was evaluated at two sites in the highlands using multiple sowing dates. In all trials, seed yield, seed weight, harvest index and canopy dry weight decreased with late sowings. Large effects of sowing date, cultivar and their interaction were found for the four traits. The possible importance of phenology per se and of weather conditions was first examined using regression analyses. Variation in seed yield, seed weight, harvest index and canopy dry weight was more closely associated with time to maturity than with time to flowering. Of three weather variables examined, minimum temperature during seed filling revealed the strongest relations with the four traits. Few interactions of any parameter with line were significant, indicating that the cultivars did not have a strong differential response to a specific weather condition such as night temperature. Simulation analyses comparing photoperiod-sensitive and day-neutral cultivars indicated that radiation and temperature explained part of the yield reduction with late sowings. Daylength also had an influence, however, even in the day-neutral cultivar. Given that phenology had a strong effect on yield and that its inheritance is better understood than that of other physiological traits, priority should be given to understanding the genetic basis of the response of cultivar phenology to sowing date in the region.