Structural changes in root tips of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to olive oil mill wastewater

Toxic effects of the wastewater were investigated ultrastructurally in root tips of Triticum aestivum. As a result, wall and nuclear degradations, disruptions in all cytoplasmic membranes, irregular nucleus shapes and cellular organization defects were densely detected. Besides, germination ratio, total protein contents, DNA contents and root-shoot growth were found to be decreased significantly when compared to the control group. Results were compared with those of recent studies regarding excessive Na+, Fe+2, P, polyphenols and acidic pH toxicity.     

几种植物激素对4种山茶属植物花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响

为了解不同山茶属植物花粉的生理特性,找到最佳的萌发时间和萌发条件,以便为提高杂交育种工作效率、合理搭配杂交组合提供有益借鉴.本研究以浙江红花油茶、越南油茶、山茶、小果油茶4种山茶属植物为材料,分别统计其单花雄蕊数及花粉粒数,并重点比较了3种不同植物激素6-BA、GA3、ABA处理对花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响.结果表明,...     

Fungicidal effect of hydroxytyrosol-rich preparations from olive mill wastewater against Verticillium dahliae

Verticillium dahliae cannot be reached by many fungicides during its parasitic phase inside the plants and few fungicides are available to cure plants once they are infected by this pathogen. A hydroxytyrosol-rich (29.27% weight/dry weight) olive mill wastewater (HROMW) and a hydroxytyrosol-rich (52.67% weight/dry weight) extract (HRE) were prepared from fresh olive mill wastewater (FOMW) using hydrolysis and post-hydrolysis purification processes, and were tested as bio-fungicides. The HROMW and HRE showed strong fungicidal activity in vitro against V. dahliae with minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of 28–56 mg L⁻¹ (dry weight). The HROMW and HRE at 15 g L⁻¹ (dry weight) resulted in a reduction in the viability of V. dahliae by >4 log units after 30 min of contact time according to European Standard EN 1275 (1997) standard method. In tomato pot growth experiments incorporation of HROMW and HRE into the soil reduced significantly Verticillium wilt disease incidence by 86 and 83% and wilt severity by 86 and 84.5%, respectively, compared to untreated plants.     

Efficacy of a hydroxytyrosol-rich preparation from olive mill wastewater for control of olive psyllid, Euphyllura olivina, infestations

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a problematic by-product in Mediterranean countries. Despite this, it is a raw material that is an unfailing source of bioactive molecules. A hydroxytyrosol-rich preparation (HRP) (49.6% weight:dry weight) was extracted from fresh OMW using a hydrolysis and post-hydrolysis purification process. The field efficacy of HRP as a spray treatment (2500 l ha⁻¹) against olive psyllid, Euphyllura olivina (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), was evaluated in 2008 and 2009 in a drip-irrigated olive orchard.The HRP showed strong insecticidal activity against E. olivina at a concentration of 2 g l⁻¹ hydroxytyrosol. Application of HRP resulted in 41.1 and 72.1% control of nymphs and adults, respectively. However, HRP application did not reduce egg hatch. Neither phytotoxicity nor toxicity to auxiliary-fauna was recorded with concentrations of 1.25 g l⁻¹ or 2 g l⁻¹ HRP. But, the 2.5 g l⁻¹ concentration was slightly phytotoxic, especially at the E and F floral phenological stages of the grapes. HRP offers a natural and effective extract for control of olive psyllid and opens a new opportunity for the reuse of OMW.     

牛角瓜花粉萌发及花粉管生长研究

运用方差分析、多重比较、正交实验和极差分析方法,对牛角瓜花粉的萌发和花粉管生长进行研究,结果表明,培养基内硼酸、硝酸钙、蔗糖、硫酸镁在一定浓度范围内,对花粉萌发及花粉管生长起促进作用,但浓度过高或过低时,则有抑制作用;钾对花粉萌发及花粉管生长影响不显著;蔗糖和硝酸钙对牛角瓜花粉萌发有显著影响,蔗糖和硫酸镁对牛角瓜花粉管生长有显著影响;牛角瓜最适花粉液体培养基为：15% 蔗糖＋350 mg/L Ca(NO3)2?4H2O＋60 mg/L H3BO3＋150 mg/L MgSO4?7H2O;在30～35℃温度条件下,牛角瓜花粉块萌发和花粉管生长最好。     

激光辐照水对小麦种子萌发影响的研究

利用激光辐照水处理小麦种子,对种子萌发速度与萌发质量进行测定。用不同激光辐照条件作用过的水处理小麦种子,对其萌发情况进行了分析和讨论,着重研究了有利于小麦种子萌发的激光参数条件以及激光辐照水对其的保留效应与累积效应。实验结果表明激光技术在促进种子萌发方面有很好的应用前景。     

普通油茶花粉形态及花粉管活体萌发的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜观察了3个普通油茶优良品系的花粉形态,并利用荧光显微镜观察普通油茶杂交授粉后不同时间段花粉管的生长状况,以求探讨普通油茶在山茶科中系统发育的地位以及花粉管在授粉后的动态发育过程。结果表明,普通油茶花粉形态一般为椭球或近球形,大小中等,具三沟,外壁纹饰为脑纹或桔皮状,符合山茶属花粉的种属特征,在山茶科系统发育中为较原始的类群;杂交授粉后0.5h,花粉管开始萌发,8 h花粉管生长端可达花柱中部,24 h穿过花柱基部进入子房,约48h即可完成受精过程;花粉萌发试验表明活体授粉的花粉萌发及生长量显著高于离体培养花粉。     

浅谈布袋除尘器技术在糖厂锅炉中的应用

阐述了布袋除尘器的基本原理及其在糖厂锅炉中的发展状况和运行情况,并结合75t/h蔗渣煤粉锅炉的应用实例,说明对其选型和应用的几个要点.     

Effects of saline irrigation water and heat waves on potato production in an arid environment

Production of spring potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Désirée) on a deep sandy soil in the central highland of the Negev desert of Israel under drip irrigation with saline water (up to 6.2 dS m⁻¹) was studied in the years 1992–1997. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of saline water irrigation on potato production in an arid environment with special focus on the interactions with weather conditions. Although yields were often high, salinity effects were evident in some years. Thus 1992 and 1996 yields were 6–7 kg m⁻² and showed no significant effect of salinity, while a pronounced drop in yield with increasing salinity was observed in 1993 and 1994. Analysis of weather data for 1993–1994 suggests that the decline in yield was due to interactions between saline irrigation and prolonged heat wave events occurring during crop development. Further experimental work (1997) revealed that tuber yield was most sensitive to combined salt and heat stress when heat waves occurred at 40–60 days after emergence. The combined stress apparently leads to the collapse of mechanisms for avoiding salt accumulation in young expanding leaves, resulting in failure of vegetative growth recovery and a consequent reduction in the leaf area index and canopy functioning. The relationship between tuber sink demand and available photoassimilate supply at certain stages of plant development is discussed with reference to the ability of the potato plant to recover from the combined stress.     

电场处理油葵种子在干旱胁迫下萌发及酶活性的变化

用电场处理油葵种子，研究其在干旱胁迫条件下种子的萌发及萌发种子和幼苗叶片中丙二醛含量，超氧化物歧化酶，过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酯酶的活性及脂肪酸组分的变化，结果表明，电场处理能提高油葵种子在干旱胁迫条件下的发芽率，发芽指数和活力指数，减缓萌发种子和幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶，过氧化氢酶及膜不饱和脂肪酸的下降程度及丙二醛含量和酸性磷酸酯酶活性的增加幅度，这些变化说明电场处理种子可以减轻发育过程中细胞膜对干旱胁迫的敏感性，降低膜脂过氧化和磷脂脱酯化作用，进而维持了细胞膜的稳定性和完整性。     

National risk assessment of irrigation on farmland near wastewater treatment plants in Korea

There are more than 130 agricultural water sources that are located near wastewater treatment plants (WWTPS) in Korea. The majority of the stream flow in these farmlands is dependent on effluent from the WWTPS during the dry season. This explains the indirect or direct reuse of effluent from WWTPs. Most of the farm workers use the effluent without any additional treatment because they have a lack of knowledge regarding water reuse. In addition, insufficient consideration is given to health and hygiene safety. This study reviewed the safety issues in these farmlands. A total of 53 farmlands located near WWTPs were investigated to determine if farm workers used effluent as irrigation water on their paddy rice fields. Total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and the concentration of some heavy metals in paddy water and soils were measured. Quantitative microbial and toxic risk assessment methods were used to review the safety of wastewater irrigation. E. coli concentrations were used to estimate the microbial risk of enteric disease in the paddy fields. The microbial risk was 5.9 × 10^?4, which did not satisfy the minimum safety standards. Carcinogenic risk was 3.99 × 10^?5 and non-carcinogenic risk was 6.34 × 10^?1. These values were too high to be considered safe, even though the measurements of E. coli and some toxic metals were of short duration.     

Effects of germination and cooking on polyphenols and in vitro protein digestibility of horse gram and moth bean

Changes in polyphenols and in vitro protein digestibility due to germination and cooking were studied in horse gram and moth bean. Horse gram had higher amounts of polyphenols than moth bean. Polyphenol content in horse gram decreased from 1.6% to 1.1% at 48h germination, but in moth bean there was a reduction in polyphenol content from 1.3% to 1.0% at 24 h germination with a significant increase from 1.0% to 1.7% at 36 h germination. Seeds germinated for 48 h also exhibited higher amounts of polyphenols than in raw moth bean. The germination had no effect on total protein content, but a progressive increase in free amino acid content was observed in both legumes. In the ungerminated form, horse gram protein was more digestible than moth bean protein. The in vitro protein digestibility of both the legumes increased during germination. Cooking decreased the protein digestibility of horse gram either in ungerminated or germinated form, but such a decrease was noticed in moth bean at only 36 h germination. Moth bean either in raw form or germinated for 24 h did not exhibit a decrease in in vitro protein digestibility after cooking. Cooking decreased polyphenol content by 20%–50%. The apparent decrease in polyphenols in moth bean and horse gram due to cooking has been attributed to a decrease in assayable polyphenols.     

污水灌溉对小麦幼苗生理特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

用不同浓度的污水分别对小麦幼苗进行处理,测定其根系活力、细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量。研究了污水对小麦生理特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：随着污水处理浓度的提高,根系活力不断降低,细胞膜透性不断升高, SOD、CAT及POD活性均表现为先升后降的趋势, MDA的含量呈逐渐上升的趋势。     

Quantitative risk assessment for reclaimed wastewater irrigation on paddy rice field in Korea

Water shortage has become an important issue for Korean agriculture. Korea suffers from a limited agricultural water supply, and wastewater reuse has been recommended as an alternative solution. This study examined the concentrations of toxic heavy metals and Escherichia coli in a paddy rice field irrigated with reclaimed wastewater to evaluate the risk to farmers. Most epidemiological studies have been based on upland fields, and therefore may not be directly applicable to paddy fields. In this study, a Beta-Poisson model was used to estimate the microbial risk of pathogen ingestion. The risk value increased significantly after irrigation and precipitation. The results of the microbial risk assessment showed that risk values of groundwater and reclaimed wastewater irrigation were lower than the values of effluent directly from wastewater treatment plants. The monitoring results of heavy metals for each irrigated paddy fields did not show specific tendency. A risk assessment for toxic heavy metals was performed according to various exposure pathways; however, the results of the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk estimation showed that the risk from reclaimed wastewater-irrigated paddy fields was the lowest.     

Effects of irrigation, nitrogen and gypsum on yield, nitrogen accumulation and water use by wheat

Responses of wheat grown on a heavy clay soil in the Goulburn-Murray Irrigation Region of south-eastern Australia to a factorial combination of three irrigation treatments and nitrogen and gypsum application were investigated.Irrigation treatments included a rainfed control (treatment R_F) and irrigation on either a weekly (treatment I_w) or fortnightly (treatmnt I_F) basis beginning in spring and maintained until physiological maturity. Nitrogen was applied at 0 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ (treatments N₀ and N₁₅₀, respectively) and gypsum at 0 and 5 t ha⁻¹. Nitrogen and gypsum treatments were applied at sowing.

Yield increased from a mean of 4 t ha⁻¹ treatment R_F to 6.6 t ha⁻¹ in treatments I_F and I_W, largely because of promotive effects of irrigation on kernel weight (increase from 31 mg to 42 mg kernel⁻¹ and kernel spikelet⁻¹ (1.4 as compared with 1.7). Seasonal conditions and the relative fertility of the site were sufficient to maximise spike number and spikelet spike⁻¹. Nitrogen increased kernel spikelet⁻¹ but effects on yield were not significant because of a decrease in kernel weight. Effects of gypsum on yield were not significant.

Water-use efficiency of both rainfed and irrigated treatments was ca. 1.25 g grain kg⁻¹ H₂O. However, transpirational water-use efficiency, calculated after allowing 110 mm water for soil evaporation, fell from 2 g kg⁻¹ in treatment R_F to 1.7 and 1.5 g kg⁻¹ in treatments I_F and I_W, respectively. The decrease was ascribed, in part, to lodging and soil evaporative losses may have been in excess of 110 mm with more frequent irrigation. Effects of N on water use could not be distinguished, again because of the initial fertility of the site, which supported rapid growth and resulted in complete canopy closure.

Nitrogen and irrigation treatments had independent effects on the concentration of N in the grain (%N_G) which increased by a mean of 0.6% with N treatment despite a decrease in N harvest index (HI_N) from 0.77 to .70. Irrigation decreased %N_G by approximately 0.5%. Approximately 90 kg pN ha⁻¹ was found in the grain of treatments R_FN₀, I_WN₀, I_wN₀ and R_FN₁₅₀ and differences in %N_G in these treatments attributed to a ‘dilution’ effect mediated by the increase in yield effected by irrigation. The grain accounted for approximately 115 kg N ha⁻¹ in treatments I_FN₁₅₀ and I_WN₁₅₀, countering the inverse relationship between %N_g and yield despite the increase in HI_N index caused by N application.     

SRI as a methodology for raising crop and water productivity: productive adaptations in rice agronomy and irrigation water management

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI), developed in Madagascar almost 30 years ago, modifies certain practices for managing plants, soil, water, and nutrients with the effect of raising the productivity of the land, labor, and capital devoted to rice production. Certain production inputs are reduced—seeds, inorganic fertilizer, water, and fuel where water is pumped—with increased yield as a result. This paper introduces the subject of SRI, which is then addressed variously in the articles that follow. SRI is gaining interest and application in over 40 countries around the world. Its practices make soil conditions more aerobic and promote greater root growth, as well as larger, more diverse communities of beneficial soil biota. These below-ground changes support more productive phenotypes above-ground for practically all rice genotypes (cultivars) tested so far, with supportive evidence accumulating both from scientific institutions and field applications. SRI methodology remains controversial in some circles, however, because of the transformational change it introductions into traditional lowland rice production systems. This issue of PAWE brings together the results of formal research on SRI in a number of countries (Part I) and also reports on initiatives by government agencies, NGOs, universities, or the private sector, bringing knowledge of SRI to farmers in a wide range of agroecological circumstances (Part II). This introduction presents the basic principles that underlie SRI and discusses the nature of this innovation as well as considers some of the issues in contention. SRI continues to evolve and expand, being a work in progress. Its concepts and methods are being extended also to upland (rainfed) rice production, as well to other crops. Accordingly, SRI should not be regarded or evaluated in conventional terms as if it were a typical component technology. It is understood more appropriately in terms of a paradigm shift for rice production. In particular, it calls into question the long-standing belief that rice is best produced under continuously flooded conditions.     

灌水对大豆产量及化学品质的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究灌水对高油大豆和高蛋白大豆品种产量和品质的影响.试验结果表明,灌水使高油大豆的产量略有提高,较对照增产1.9%,对高蛋白大豆产量未表现出增产效果.灌水对不同品质的大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量影响不同,灌水可提高高油大豆品种脂肪含量,降低蛋白质含量.相反,灌水提高高蛋白大豆品种蛋白质含量,降低脂肪含量.     

Effect of saline irrigation and water deficit on tuber quality

Summary The effect of salinity and water dificit on the quality of tubers for processing was investigated. Total tuber yield was not affected by the treatments, while the percentage of non-marketable tubers was significantly reduced by high salinity (EC_i=6dS m⁻¹) and by water reduction. Accumulation of dry matter in the tubers was increased by all the treatments, that of proline by salinity only and the content of reducing sugars was increased only by water deficit. The colour of the french fries was similar in tubers from the various treatments.