香蕉果实后熟过程中活性氧代谢的变化

以巴西香蕉果实为材料 ,研究果实后熟过程中呼吸速率、活性氧、淀粉酶、膜脂过氧化和电导率的变化 ,结果表明 :活性氧、呼吸速率、淀粉酶活性高峰依次出现 ,并伴有膜脂过氧化及膜透性增大 ,初步证实活性氧 (尤其是O- ·2 )与香蕉果实衰老密切相关     

冷激处理对香蕉后熟软化及相关酶活性的影响

 以‘巴西’香蕉(Musa nana‘Baxi’) 为材料, 研究了冷激处理对果实常温下后熟软化的影响。结果表明, - 20 ℃冷空气处理2.5 h明显延迟了后熟软化; 同时也延缓了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和淀粉酶活性上升, 进而抑制了果胶和淀粉的降解, 对维持香蕉硬度起重要作用。     

香蕉优质新品种河谷青的选育

河谷青是我们在云南省玉溪市元江县从巴西蕉体细胞变异后代选出的香蕉优质新品种。果穗长圆柱形,紧凑,平均每个果穗7梳,每个果穗总果指169～182根;果形弯曲,果指长15.20cm、粗(周长)16.70 cm,单果重233.0 g;生果皮深绿色,催熟后金黄色;果肉象牙色,果肉质地实滑,淡甜香,品质优良;可溶性固形物含量20.10%,可溶性糖含量17.32%,可滴定酸含量0.44%,维生素C含量73.00 mg/kg;果实较耐贮藏,催熟后在室温条件下贮存约5天果皮无开裂,不易脱把,果皮基本无香蕉炭疽病斑;在云南省干热河谷地区,耐旱性较好,抗裂果能力较强,适合在云南省高原干热河谷地区种植;3月种植,翌年3月自然成熟。2011年通过云南省非主要农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种毒素解毒剂的筛选及对香蕉防御酶活性的影响

从15种候选解毒剂中筛选出对香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense)4号生理小种(简称Foc 4)毒素解毒效果最好的2种解毒剂——硫酸锌和井冈霉素。在2 g.L-1浓度下,硫酸锌和井冈霉素对Foc 4毒素的钝化率分别为76.67%和71.33%,而在5 g.L-1浓度下,它们的钝化率分别为90.33%和80.00%。探索了毒素—硫酸锌和毒素—井冈霉素处理体系在2 g.L-1和5 g.L-1浓度下对香蕉苗5种防御酶(PAL、POD、PPO、SOD和CAT)活性的影响。结果表明,在这个处理体系中,香蕉苗PAL和PPO酶活高峰出现的时间(PAL 36 h、PPO 36 h和48 h)较毒素单独处理(PAL 48 h、PPO 60 h)早;SOD和CAT酶活高峰出现的时间与对照基本一致;而POD酶活高峰出现的时间较复杂。总体上,这个处理体系的酶活高于毒素单独处理和无菌水对照。"毒素—硫酸锌处理体系"在PAL、SOD整体酶活上高于"毒素—井冈霉素处理体系",而后者在其他3种酶活上普遍高于前者。     

中熟青花菜新品种浙青75的选育

浙青75是利用小孢子培养技术和ogura雄性不育系技术选育的中熟青花菜杂交种,适合夏种秋收.移栽至收获77 d左右,株型中等、较开展.长势强,侧枝中等.羽叶,叶面蜡粉较多.花球蘑菇形、较紧实,花蕾绿色,蕾粒较匀,遇冷不易发紫.一级花梗较长、色绿,球茎不易空心.球径14 cm左右,单球质量约500 g,商品性佳,于2020年通过浙江省农作物品种认定委员会现场考察和认定.     

姬菇采后贮藏过程中几种酶活性变化的研究

姬菇子实体在5℃、25℃下贮藏6d，测定纤维素酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶活性，研究其在采后衰老软化过程中的生理生化变化规律。结果表明，姬菇子实体在25℃贮藏5～6d，其纤维素酶、淀粉酶活性较5℃处理的高；贮藏4d，其过氧化氢酶活性较5℃处理的低，清除自由基的能力较弱，从而使25℃处理组的菇体易快速衰老软化，而5℃处理组贮藏1～5d不软化。研究表明，姬菇子实体采后贮藏保鲜与纤维素酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶活性有关。     

羊肚菌液体培养过程中几种胞外酶活性变化研究

摘要测定了编号为M延-10羊肚菌在液体培养基中生长时,培养液pH值、胞外羧甲基纤维素酶、淀粉酶、漆酶、愈创木酚酶、蛋白酶酶活性及蛋白质、糖含量变化。结果表明,在整个培养期内5种酶活性有一定变化规律,但不同酶活性有较大差异,产酶高峰也不尽相同。培养过程中蛋白质、糖含量随时间变化,且与酶活力有关。     

香蕉果实贮藏冷害与NAD激酶活性变化的关系

 以‘巴西'香蕉果实为试材,研究了果实采后在22℃和6℃下贮藏期间NAD激酶(NADK)活性与冷害发生情况,膜渗透性,丙二醛(MDA)含量,多酚氧化酶(PPO)以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性变化的关系。结果表明,6℃下贮藏3d 时果实出现冷害症状, 11d时冷害加重,同时NAD激酶活性、膜渗透性、MDA含量和PPO活性均始终高于22℃贮藏的, 并在11d时达到高峰,而PAL活性则呈下降趋势,其活性始终低于22℃贮藏的。6℃下用NAD激酶激活剂氯化钙处理香蕉果实后,NADK受到激活,冷害程度加重,而用钙离子通道阻塞剂异博定（verapamil,Vp）处理后则抑制了NADK 活性,果实冷害症状延迟4 d 出现,冷害程度减弱,说明香蕉果实冷害发生与NADK 活性变化密切相关。     

香蕉枯萎病菌热带4号小种对番茄等3种模式植物的致病性分析

香蕉遗传转化体系效率低,难以满足大量鉴定基因的抗性功能的要求。为了借鉴模式植物成熟的遗传转化再生体系,对拟南芥、烟草、番茄3种模式植物的多个常用品种材料对强毒性香蕉枯萎病菌热带4号小种的敏感性进行评价。结果表明,仅番茄‘Money Maker’品种受侵染后表现出典型的枯萎病症状;从感病植株根颈附近茎段内部坏死组织可检测和再次分离出病原菌,说明病菌的致病性符合柯赫氏法则（Koch’s Rule）。进而以子叶为外植体建立了高效的Money Maker番茄不定芽再生体系。研究结果为借助模式植物番茄进行快速筛选鉴定抗香蕉枯萎病功能基因奠定了基础。     

Responses of banana fruit to pro-long coating at different times relative to the initiation of ripening

Coating banana fruit with Pro-long 24 h after initiation of ripening decreased their skin permeability to gases and depressed their O₂ content. Coating the fruit immediately before ripening initiation delayed the onset of rapid ethylene production, which normally begins as the fruit start to ripen. Coating slightly suppressed rapid C₂H₄ production when applied immediately after ripening initiation, and exerted a strong, temporary inhibition of C₂H₄ production when applied 24 h later. A climacteric rise in respiration was absent from fruit coated with Pro-long immediately before or after ripening initiation; delaying coating by a further 24 h arrested development of the climacteric in mid-rise. In mid-climacteric fruit, inhibition of C₂H₄ production by coating occurred more rapidly than inhibition of respiration. Coating the fruit delayed the chlorophyll loss which normally accompanies ripening, but the magnitude of this effect declined as the coating treatment was delayed relative to ripening initiation. The effects of coating on skin colour change and on respiration appeared to be largely independent of its effect on the fruit's C₂H₄ content.     

Identification of organic acid-related genes and their expression profiles in two pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars with difference in predominant acid type at fruit ripening stage

‘Yandangxueli’ is a pear cultivar with predominant citric acid in the ripe fruit, different from most of pear cultivars such as ‘Gengtouqing’ in which malic acid is the predominant acid type. It was found that ‘Yandangxueli’ accumulated citric acid for three times against that in ‘Gengtouqing’ at fruit ripening stage. To investigate the mechanism of citric acid accumulation in ‘Yandangxueli’, organic acids content, gene expression and enzyme activity were studied in both cultivars. Five genes, Pp:mtCs, Pp:cyAco, Pp:cyIdh, Pp:mtMdh and Pp:cyMe which encoded citric synthase (CS), cytosolic aconitase (cyACO), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) and NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME) respectively, were identified from pear fruit. Their expression profiles and the corresponding enzyme activities were determined throughout fruit development in both cultivars. Results from these enzymes indicated that there were no strict relationship between gene expression, enzyme activity and citric acid accumulation. Expression analysis for two Py:vVAtp genes encoding vacuolar H⁺-ATPase A subunit and one Py:vVpp gene encoding Vacuolar H⁺-pyrophosphatase showed that they were all with up-regulated expression at the later development stage of ‘Yandangxueli’ but with down-regulated expression in ‘Gengtouqing’. Therefore, it is concluded that the different ability in citric acid transportation and storage might be involved in the high citric acid content in ‘Yandangxueli’.     

Leaf pruning intensities at flowering of banana (Musa AAA,cv. Grande Naine) did not influence fruit green and yellow life and quality

This study examined the effects of leaf pruning intensities at flowering on the green and yellow life and fruit quality of bananas (Musa AAA, cv. Grande Naine). The fruit from banana plants that retained 7, 9, 11 and 13 leaves after pruning were packed in carton boxes of 13.7 kg and stored in a cold room at 14 °C for 21 days to simulate transportation conditions. During this period, eight visual evaluations of fruit peel colour were made. Next, fruits were induced to commercial ripening using ethylene at 100 μl/ml. Four evaluations (every 2 days) on fruit firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, fruit weight and peel colour were made to assess fruit yellow life. No interaction between evaluations and number of leaves retained was found for pulp firmness, soluble solid percentage, fruit acidity, fruit weight and maturation grade. The fruit green life and peel colour was similar for plants retaining different number of leaves. After the application of ethylene, there were no differences in fruit firmness (P > 0.62), percentage of soluble solids (P > 0.24) nor in the percentage of acidity (P > 0.32). No difference in fruit weight (P > 0.07) and ripening grade (P > 0.17) were observed among plants retaining different number of leaves. The results suggest that in tropical commercial banana plantations, producing for international markets, it is possible to defoliate the banana plants to seven leaves at flowering without causing a reduction on the green and yellow life and quality of fruit.     

Changes in enzymes involved in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes in the fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica during growth and ripening

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the abundance of a number of enzymes in the peel, core and seeds of fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller during development. The enzymes studied were phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC: 4.1.1.31), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO; EC: 4.1.1.39), aldolase (EC: 4.1.2.13), pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK; EC: 2.7.9.1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; EC: 4.1.1.49) and aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT; EC: 2.6.1.1). To detect these enzymes, antibodies specific for each enzyme were used to probe Western blots of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels. Fruit weight increased throughout development, and during ripening there was both an accumulation of total soluble solids and a decrease in both total titratable acidity and chlorophyll content. In the early stages of its growth the polypeptide pattern and enzyme composition of the fruit chlorenchyma was similar to that of the cladode. In the peel of the fruit PEPC, RUBISCO, plastidic aldolase and PPDK decreased to undetectable amounts as ripening progressed. PEPCK was not detected in either the chlorenchyma of the fruit or cladode. This showed that O. ficus-indica is not a PEPCK type CAM plant and that in this fruit PEPCK is not involved in the metabolism of organic acids. Cytosolic aldolase and AspAT were present in both the peel and core throughout development. The seeds accumulated storage proteins before the fruit ripened, and the abundance of all the enzymes studied declined once the accumulation of storage proteins was complete.     

奶瓜嫁接黄瓜防病增产及抗热效果研究

黄瓜嫁接以奶瓜作砧木,可起到与黑籽南瓜砧类似的防病增产作用,并具有独特的抗热效果。津杂2号、津研4号、津春4号的奶瓜嫁接苗对枯萎病、霜霉病防效达94．4％、86．5％、95．3％,防效与黑籽南瓜嫁接苗的相当。三个接穗品种前期产量奶瓜嫁接苗比黑籽南瓜嫁接苗分别低8．0％、12．8％、32．4％,而总产量则分别高6．5％、10．8％、8．6％。经电导率测定,三个接穗品种奶瓜嫁接苗抗热性比黑籽南瓜嫁接苗分别高出15．3％、20.0％、13．6％。     

Physiological and biochemical changes with special reference to mangiferin and oxidative enzymes level in malformation resistant and susceptible cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Changes in biophysical attributes, mangiferin and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase and peroxidase activities in malformation resistant mango cultivar Elaichi were studied at various stages of flower development and compared with susceptible cvs. Amrapali, Beauty Mc-lin and Dashehari. Accumulation of mangiferin was maximum (96.0 and 108.0 mg g⁻¹ FW) in Elaichi prior to flower bud differentiation (September) and at full bloom (February), while these were minimum (59.0 and 74.0 mg g⁻¹ FW) in susceptible cv. Beauty Mc-lin. Mangiferin promoted vegetative growth and exhibited inhibitory role on the occurrence of malformation. It was also found that the resistant cultivar had highest activity of PPO as compared to susceptible ones. There was no significant difference in the enzymes catalase and peroxidase activity at early stage of flower differentiation but at flower bud burst stage the catalase activity was enhanced significantly in cv. Elaichi (25.28 unit min⁻¹ g⁻¹ FW) in comparison to Amrapali (16.20 unit min⁻¹ g⁻¹ FW), Beauty Mc-lin (18.39 unit min⁻¹ g⁻¹ FW) and Dashehari (17.50 unit min⁻¹ g⁻¹ FW). The resistant cultivar had high leaf temperature (30.30 °C) and diffusion resistance (476.14 m mol m⁻² s⁻¹) during the flowering but the rate of transpiration and relative humidity (RH) were high in susceptible cultivars. Results of the present study clearly indicate that level of mangiferin could be considered as a potential biochemical indicator for screening mango genotypes to malformation.