斜坡喷播绿化技术的研究

在斜坡喷播绿化大量实践、试验的基础上 ,总结了喷播绿化技术的特点 ,并对喷播立地条件的适宜性进行了调查和分析 ,同时筛选了适合深圳地区的喷播草种 ,其成果将有助于推动建设工程的水土保持生态环境建设     

喷播绿化技术在斜坡水土保持生态环境建设中的研究

在斜坡喷播绿化大量实践、试验的基础上,总结了喷播绿化技术在斜坡水土保持生态环境建设中的应用特点,对喷播立地条件的适宜性进行了调查和分析,同时筛选了适合深圳地区的喷播草种,其成果将有助于推动建设工程的水土保持生态环境建设。     

高速公路边坡快速绿化技术的应用与水土保持效果

研究液压喷播和喷混植生技术在高速公路边坡绿化中的应用，并对其水土保持效果进行分析评价。结果表明，液压喷播和喷混植生技术可以快速恢复坡面植被，水土保持护坡效果明显，应大力推广应用。     

客土喷播在边坡生态修复与防护中的应用

 为了推广客土喷播技术在边坡生态修复与防护中的应用,结合业已完成的客土喷播技术应用实例,对该技术的原理、技术要点、适用范围进行了较完整的介绍。客土喷播技术,融工程防护和生物防护为一体,其特点是,以高分子黏结剂代替水泥,重视生态保护,采取以柔性防护为主的措施等,以求自然生态景观得以恢复重建。     

CBJ-3.5草种喷播机的研制与试验

针对农、牧业草场的种植与改造,高尔夫球场、水利工程堤坝、高速公路边坡等面积较大、地势复杂、不易采用传统方法建植草皮的地况,研制了适合我国国情的草种喷播机.该机以内燃机为动力,机械式搅拌器、以水为载体的动力泵、车载式喷射(洒)播种植物种子.重点解决了液、固相混合物的搅拌、水力喷射及控制等关键技术.并对其无载空运转试验、静水压试验、负载试验及排空等试验的结果进行了分析.该设备的研制填补了我国草种喷播领域的空白.     

喷播机喷筒摆动频率的优化及试验

喷播机的落种范围存在重播区和漏播区,严重影响喷播均匀性。喷播均匀性受落种带宽、喷播机作业速度、喷筒摆动频率的影响,喷筒摆动频率是主要影响因素。为了提高喷播均匀性,该文利用Matlab软件以重漏播总面积最小为目标,对喷筒摆动频率进行了优化,得出在喷播包衣冰草种,单向喷幅外径20 m,单向喷幅内径9 m,前进速度为3 m/s时,喷筒最优摆动频率为9.5 min-1。通过喷播试验验证了优化程序的可靠性,由程序计算出不同作业速度下对应的最优摆动频率。该研究可为喷播机的设计提供参考。     

多阶梯边坡植被恢复技术在公路建设中的应用

以京承高速公路密云沙峪沟—市界段为例,介绍施工中采用的以客土喷播技术与基质喷附技术相结合的一种边坡植被恢复技术——多阶梯边坡植被恢复技术.该技术通过削坡机将陡坡修成一定高宽比的多阶梯状边坡,沿阶梯面铺设护坡网,将混有一定比例的植物种基质喷附在每一级坡面上;同时在各平台面客土进行乔灌木建植喷播等一系列施工流程,结合对坡面的养护管理,保证边坡的稳定性,提高植被恢复的成功率,达到坡面植被恢复与绿化的效果.多阶梯边坡植被恢复技术具有稳定边坡,减少水土流失,美化边坡环境等优点,可为同类边坡植被恢复施工提供参考.     

防卡喷播器喷播对丘陵山区水稻直播速度及均匀度的影响

以自主研制的防卡喷播器为播种器械,以耐低氧发芽的优质杂交水稻品种神9优28为材料,与机动喷播器喷播和人工撒播作对比研究,验证防卡喷播器喷播对水稻直播速度和均匀度的影响.结果表明,防卡喷播器喷播速度达0.56 hm2·h-1,比人工撒播快一倍,仅比机动喷播器喷播慢1/3;防卡喷播器的直播均匀度为72.8％,极显著高于人工...     

液压喷播植草护坡技术研究

液压喷播植草护坡机械化程度高、速度快、效果好、适用性广,是一种快速建立绿化草坪、治理水土流失的植草护坡方法。在广东省清远市进行的喷播试验表明,喷播植草护坡的成坪速度主要受草种的生态学特性、萌芽条件及生长环境等因素的影响,在当地百幕达比地毯草成坪速度快、护坡效果好。喷播前用0.01％赤霉素溶液浸泡24h可使草种发芽率提高约15％。     

运用液压喷播技术进行植草护坡的研究

液压喷播植草护坡机械化程度高、速度快、效果好、适应性广,是一种快速建立绿化草坪的植草护坡方法。选择广东省飞来峡水利枢纽工程开挖的典型坡面为试验区,研究了液压喷播技术在植草护坡中的应用。结果表明,液压喷播植草护坡的成坪速度主要受草籽的生态学特性、种子萌芽条件及生长环境等因子的影响,即与草籽种类、植物生长调节试剂及土壤状况与气候条件等因子密切相关。     

Integration of arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation in hydroseeding technology: effects on plant growth and inter‐species competition

Hydroseeding is a technique increasingly used to establish vegetation on large degraded areas, such as large‐scale road construction sites and quarries. Native grasses and legume species are used on rehabilitation and restoration projects as a first step in the recovery of such places, prior to the establishment of native forbs and shrubs that occurs at a slower pace. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on the development of nine species of grasses and legumes that can be potentially used in restoration processes in the Mediterranean area was studied, in microcosm experiments under greenhouse conditions. The effect of adding arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculum to a hydroseeding mixture was also investigated in greenhouse and in field conditions. In the hydroseeding experiments the mycorrhizal inoculum was added to the seed slurry in a jet agitated hydroseeding machine and sprayed to the soil surface with a pressurised spray in a one‐step application. The study shows that Glomus intraradices Schenk & Smith BEG72 is able to establish the symbiosis when applied at sowing while Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe BEG116 is not. It also confirms that legumes are more highly mycotrophic than grasses. The results of the hydroseeding experiments demonstrate the establishment of the symbiosis using this technology, both in the greenhouse and in the field. Mycorrhizal inoculation improved above ground plant growth and increased the legumes/grasses ratio. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Restoration of Gypsicolous Vegetation on Quarry Slopes: Guidance for Hydroseeding under Contrasting Inclination and Aspect

The establishment of gypsicolous vegetation of high conservation value on land impacted by quarrying requires restoration measures to overcome constraints imposed by the new landforms created in the process. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of three standard hydroseeding methods to restore gypsicolous vegetation on quarry spoil slopes under a dry Mediterranean climate. The treatments were as follows: paper cellulose mulch, paper cellulose mulch + organic blanket, and wood fibre mulch, compared against a control. These treatments were tested on two slopes (10–15% vs 60–65%) and two contrasting aspects (north vs south). We evaluated the cover of all plant species 2·8 years after treatment, assessing both target gypsicolous species and non‐target species. Our results showed strong compositional and cover differences between hydroseeded and control plots. Control plots had a low cover of target species with a vegetation composed of early‐successional species that had the potential to hinder target species establishment over time. All hydroseeding treatments improved target vegetation cover, with wood fibre performing best in most situations studied here, alternatives being the cheaper but less effective paper mulch on shallow slopes, or the more expensive paper mulch + blanket on steep slopes in case of high erosion risk. Shallow and southern‐steep slopes were more suitable for the recovery of gypsum vegetation by hydroseeding, compared to northern‐steep slopes where non‐target species developed more readily outcompeting target species. These results will help to guide management decisions to restore gypsicolous vegetation by hydroseeding in disturbed gypsum habitats. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evolution of the Soil and Vegetation Cover on Road Embankments after the Application of Sewage Sludge

This research study used sewage sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants to restore road embankments. The results have been used to propose a series of basic principles for the application of sludge in this context. In the study, six experimental plots (each composed of one cut slope and one fill slope) were set up on a highway located in the province of Jaen (Spain). The soil and vegetation in the plots were restored by a conventional hydroseeding process, with each plot receiving a different sludge dosage. A control plot did not receive any treatment at all, whereas another plot was hydroseeded, but without any sludge added to the slurry mix. In the plots, soil evolution was controlled from the moment that the embankment was created and hydroseeded until the present. As part of the soil monitoring process, agronomic parameters and the heavy metal content of the soil were analyzed in the laboratory. Another parameter of analysis was the vegetation cover, which was studied on the basis of on-site visual inspections and the rasterization of images with a view to calculate the percentage of vegetation cover on each plot. Results showed the effectiveness of sewage sludge as an organic complement in the restoration of road embankments. Its viability is enhanced by the fact that the sludge can be applied with the same methods used in public highway construction. The results also showed the optimal sludge dosage to be used in the slurry mix during the hydroseeding process.     

SOIL DEVELOPMENT AT THE ROADSIDE: A CASE STUDY OF A NOVEL ECOSYSTEM

Over the last few decades, road construction has increased dramatically, and new surfaces have appeared in most landscapes. Standard roadside reclamation practices often fail, because vegetation establishment appears to be limited by microsite availability. We considered soil properties as a key factor driving vegetation establishment on roadslopes over time. We address the following questions: (i) Are soil features conditioned by type of roadslope, position thereupon or applied hydroseeding? (ii) Is there any evidence of soil development at the roadside four years after road construction? (iii) Do mutual interactions exist between soil features and vegetation cover? We designed an experimental set‐up on a highway in Central Spain (Madrid). We selected 15 roadslopes (nine roadcuts and six embankments) with three hydroseeding treatments (commercial, alternative and untreated). Four years after the road construction, we considered three roadslope positions (top, middle and bottom) to take into account the geomorphological gradient. We monitored soil features and vegetation cover over 4 years after the road construction. Soil chemical differences were found between roadslope types, mainly resulted from topsoil spreading on embankments and the weathering of the newly exposed materials on roadcuts. Applied amendments do not affect soil fertility or vegetation cover. In the course of time, vegetation establishment and geomorphological gradients operate differentially on roadcuts and embankments. Accordingly, cycling back of organic compounds or geomorphological processes differs between roadslopes types. Restoration efforts should be directed to guarantee key ecological processes and support soil formation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Early-successional vegetation changes after roadside prairie restoration modify processes related with soil functioning by changing microbial functional diversity

Because of their rapidly changing vegetation dynamics and harsh environmental conditions, roadside prairies in semi-arid regions represent an exceptional study system in which to investigate the effects of plant-soil interactions on ecosystem functioning. We conducted a two-year field experiment on two roadside embankments in semi-arid central Spain differing in construction age to answer the following questions: (i) do commonly used restoration treatments (hydroseeding, fertilization and irrigation) affect soil microbial functional diversity and processes related to soil functioning (basal respiration, total N and P and in situ N availability rate)? (ii) what portion of plant effects on processes related to soil functioning is mediated indirectly by microbial functional diversity? Except for a small and negative irrigation effect on the microbial functional diversity in the three-year old site, the restoration treatments employed did not affect this variable. Fertilization increased plant diversity, an effect likely mediated by the enhanced soil nutrient availability with this treatment at early stages of secondary succession. In contrast, hydroseeding did not affect processes related to soil functioning. The total effect of the plant community on these processes was higher than that of the microbial functional diversity alone, suggesting that the studied slopes are to the greater extent regulated by plants. However, soil microbes are a key proximate influence in the system, as the indirect effects of plant community on soil functioning processes mediated by soil microbes represented 37-41% of the total plant effects observed. Our results indicate that the restoration of recently built slopes can potentially be improved with treatments that promote plant compositional shifts, such as fertilization, or alter soil function, such as the enhancement of soil microbial functional diversity. They also highlight that plant-soil interactions are an important process that can be manipulated for restoration purposes in early-successional stages, especially in nutrient-poor semi-arid ecosystems.     

Evaluation of two soil conditioners for limiting post‐fire erosion as part of a soil conservation strategy

Soil conservation is a major concern for catchments affected by forest fires. The lack of vegetation cover and the development of soil water repellency increase the risk of topsoil erosion. This paper evaluates two soil conditioners (a wetting agent and a polyvinyl acetate) for limiting overland flow and erosion in inter‐rill areas. Unburned and burned soil samples were treated with one or both soil conditioners. The effects of these treatments on run‐off, water retention, erosion and plant growth were assessed using laboratory rainfall simulations. Polyvinyl acetate had little impact on water retention but was effective in reducing soil loss. The surfactant had little impact on water run‐off or soil loss but substantially improved water retention and plant biomass production. Application of soil conditioners on post‐fire areas could be a valuable technique in a soil conservation strategy. To maximize their benefits, soil conditioners could be applied with seeding using hydroseeding techniques and be limited to particular areas, such as paths and roadsides. Laboratory results indicate that field testing should also be carried out.     

Comparative study of the capacity of germination and of adhesion of various hydrocolloids used for revegetalization by hydroseeding

In order to optimize the revegetalization of damaged natural sites, it is sometimes necessary to employ hydroseeding techniques which use colloidal compounds in order to favour the creation of a vegetative cover. To facilitate the choice of the colloids to be used, we have tested the capacity of adhesion and germination of herbaceous seeds mixed with colloidal compounds belonging to diverse chemical families in both the laboratory and outdoor conditions. Three commonly used species of herbaceous seeds usually found in the revegetalization mixture were used for the tests. Most of the compounds tested showed positive action. With the laboratory experiments, the alginates were most effective in improving germination and adhesion. With the outdoor experiments, the cellulosis compounds proved to be the most effective for seeds adhesion, germination and to prevent erosion. An empirical mathematical relationship was proposed between the viscosity of the solution and the capacity of adhesion. The suggested tests are simple and may help in the choice of the most suitable colloids for the revegetalization process. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil Nutrient and Fescue (Festuca spp.) Responses To Compost and Hydroseed on a Disturbed Roadside

Inadequate nutrients and poor soil quality pose challenges for turfgrass establishment on disturbed soils. Compost amendment has been shown to mitigate poor soil quality. This research was conducted to compare surface applications of compost to standard hydroseeding for improving soil chemical properties and turfgrass establishment. Plots established with either hydroseed or compost in spring 2007 were evaluated for soil pH, Mehlich-I extractable K, Mg, Zn, P, total N, organic C, and percent ground cover, fescue coverage and biomass production of tall (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and chewing's fescue [Festuca rubra L. ssp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman]. Two years after plot establishment, the compost treatment had significantly increased Mehlich-I extractable soil P, K and Zn. Phosphorus increased 566% in the compost soil but only 17% in the hydroseeded soil. Higher percentages of ground coverage were reported in the compost than the hydroseed treatments with coverage in treatments declining from 2008 to 2009. Although the surface additions of compost initially enhanced the establishment and growth of fescue, vegetation may be limited in the long run by soil conditions in the root zone and competing broadleaf weeds.     

稳定分析预测：长江三峡新滩废墟将再次暴发滑坡灾难

经实地调查，新滩滑坡的地质条件、滑坡前兆、滑坡特征及其带来的涌浪和危害，总结了它们的规律，提出了涌浪衰减的经验公式。通过滑动面长期强度的力学计算和稳定分析结果证明，新滩滑坡具备了发生滑移的条件，并对该滑坡进一步发展的趋势作了预测：不久将再次暴发滑坡灾难，要不断地监视，采取防治措施。     

甘肃陇西黄土高原旱作区土壤水分变化规律及有效利用程度研究

运用陇西黄土高原6个农业气象基本观测站土壤湿度资料(1982~2000年),分析了该地域土壤水分构成特征及0~200cm土壤水分运行、变化规律,拟合了100cm土层内土壤贮水及水分累积耗散曲线,分季节评述了区域内各地水分有效利用程度。