土壤铜、硫含量对1年生苹果幼树生长的影响

为充分利用硫铁矿尾矿砂、确立硫铁矿尾矿砂为主要成分的矿山废弃地的调控利用措施,以不同铜(Cu)、硫(S)处理土壤中栽植的1年生苹果树为试材,研究了土壤中的不同Cu、S含量对1年生苹果幼树生长发育的影响。结果表明:土壤Cu含量为48.80mg/kg时,致使1年生苹果幼树死亡。当土壤有效S含量>1 006.0mg/kg时,1年生苹果幼树的生长开始受到抑制;土壤有效S含量>1 590.7mg/kg时,1年生苹果幼树新梢生长量呈现迅速下降趋势;土壤有效S含量为2 404.5mg/kg时,致使1年生苹果幼树死亡。粗根Cu含量≥9.64mg/kg,S含量≥3 060.2mg/kg,树干Cu含量≥4.74mg/kg,S含量≥2 629.6mg/kg,1年生苹果幼树就会受毒害死亡。1年生苹果幼树各器官Cu元素分布规律为:细根>叶片>粗根>新梢>树干,S元素分布规律为:叶片>细根>粗根>新梢>树干。利用尾矿砂垫地时,要将混合后的土壤含S量控制在1 500mg/kg以下,尾矿砂比例控制在1/5以内。     

不同表土利用方式对核桃幼树生长的影响

为确定太行山低山丘陵区核桃栽植过程中的有效整地方法,采用表土作埂和表土回填2种方式研究了整地过程中不同表土利用方式对核桃树体生长的影响,结果表明:表土回填和表土作埂的核桃幼树平均树高分别为106.8cm、63.6cm,平均单株长枝数量分别为10个、4个,均为表土回填极显著高于表土作埂的;表土回填和表土作埂的1a生核桃幼树平均基径分别为2.13cm、1.22cm,表土回填显著大于表土作埂的。在0~20cm土层中,表土回填和表土作埂的核桃幼树≤1mm的根系数量分别为77.7条、45.3条,表土回填极显著高于表土作埂的;1~3mm的根系数量分别为10条、6条,表土回填是表土作埂的1.67倍。在20~40cm土层中,表土回填和表土作埂的核桃幼树≤1mm的根系数量分别为126条、87.9条,3~5mm的根系数量分别为13条、8条,均为表土回填显著高于表土作埂的;在40~60cm土层中,表土回填和表土作埂的核桃幼树≤1mm的根系数量分别为134条、75条,表土回填极显著高于表土作埂的。因此,在整地的过程中,采用表土回填的土壤利用方式有利于核桃幼树和根系的生长。     

干旱山区杨树秋季带叶深栽技术

杨树秋季带叶深栽是一种有效的旱地造林方法,存活率和保存率分别达到95%和90%以上,比春季栽植可提高成活率20%。主要原因是秋季气温低,湿度大,蒸腾量小,栽植后当年能长出大量新根。据1998年秋调查,当气温降至10℃左右时,而地温保待在15～19℃时,正是杨树生根的理想温度。据调查,在这段时间内,小黑杨平均单株生根28条,最长的达9.5cm;北京杨平均单株生新根58条,最长的达40.5cm;小美杨平均单株生新根81.8条,最长的达21.8cm。春季栽植的杨树,发芽不久新梢停止生长,这段时间从5月上旬一直延续到6月下旬。原因是根部尚未恢复吸收能力,不能供给新梢…     

葡萄专用肥施用量对葡萄生长及产量的影响

以"红提"葡萄为试材,通过随机区组试验设计,分析了葡萄专用肥使用量对"红提"葡萄新梢生长和产量的影响。结果表明,葡萄专用有机肥施用量为6kg/株时,新梢长度及新梢节间长度达到了最大值,分别为92.34cm、15.56cm,分别比对照提高了19.39%、39.91%。对照新梢粗度最小为0.58cm,施肥量为8kg/株时,单粒质量、单穗质量、单位面积产量均达到了最大值,分别为11.43g、835.68g、32 696.64kg/hm~2,分别比对照提高45.60%、19.51%、30.22%。多重比较结果表明,当施肥量在6~8kg/株时,新梢生长及产量差异不显著,生产上建议葡萄专用有机肥施用量为6kg/株。     

花椒抗旱造林技术措施研究

通过正交试验表明,花椒抗旱造林技术措施最佳组合是泥浆 保水剂蘸根处理、栽植区塑料薄膜覆盖、鱼鳞坑整地,造林成活率可达到98%,第2年平均最长新梢生长量在45 cm以上,5年生花椒树平均单株产量在2.0 kg以上.     

台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)结瘤固氮的研究

本文论述了从台湾引种到福建南亚热带山地赤红壤地区生长的台湾桤木(Alnusformosana),幼龄林生长情况、根系分布、结瘤特性和根瘤固氮酶活性以及年固氮量等试验研究结果。在国内首次报导了台湾桤木的结瘤固氮研究资料。其幼龄期表现出速生性状。3年生幼树平均树高达4.2m,胸径3.3cm。于8月份最高的根瘤固氮酶活性达到155.7μmolC_2H_4/g·hr还原值。3年生幼树单株结瘤量为39.1g,每公顷年固氮量为1427.8kg。4年生幼林达到1449.3kg。     

陇东山地核桃抗旱保墒试验初报

为了解决陇东山地核桃挂果晚、产量低、品质差的问题,2013—2014年连续2a于4—10月份在环县刘家塬项目区选择长势基本一致的3a生核桃幼树进行覆草、覆膜试验,定期、定点测定并记载土壤含水量和核桃树新梢生长量。结果表明:覆草较对照可提高土壤含水量12.70%,覆膜较对照可提高土壤含水量4.68%;通过对核桃树体生长量调查,覆草较对照树体年新梢生长量平均提高18.42%,覆膜较对照核桃年新梢生长量平均提高9.01%,其中覆草对土壤含水量和新梢生长量的影响最大。     

核桃林下间种牡丹栽植密度试验

【目的】核桃和‘凤丹’牡丹都是重要的木本油料作物，核桃幼树栽植后3～4年才能挂果有收益；‘凤丹’牡丹是小型灌木，且生长周期较短，单独栽培对土地的利用效率不高，因此可以通过核桃林下套种‘凤丹’牡丹的方式来提高土地利用率，以此增加短期产出，本试验为了探究核桃林下间种‘凤丹’的最适栽植密度，进而开展此试验。【方法】以核桃林下2年生‘凤丹’牡丹实生苗为试验材料，比较了其在35种不同栽植密度条件下(每种植密度小区面积为60 m²，随机区组)，不同栽植密度对牡丹生长量、牡丹结籽量及丹皮产量、牡丹籽千粒质量和丹皮质量、经济效益的影响差异。【结果】：1)随着株行距的增大，‘凤丹’牡丹实生苗植株的生长高度、分枝数量、新梢粗度、根条数量、根条长度、根粗和丹皮酚含量呈逐渐增大的趋势，但结籽量和丹皮单位产量变化趋势相反，当株行距增大到一定限度时，其对各生长指标的影响则又相对减缓；2)在株距大于30 cm，行距不低于40 cm时，即栽植密度为52 500株/hm²左右，牡丹的生长量可以达到较高水平；3)栽植密度达到33 345株/hm²，牡丹结籽...     

山区核桃高效栽培技术效益分析

为提高山区综合开发的经济效益,研究了山区采用隔坡沟状梯田整地、高标准种植早实薄皮核桃的效果及投入产出情况.结果表明,山区采用高规格隔坡沟状梯田整地后极大促进了核桃幼树的生长,栽植后第2年即开始结果,平均单株结果1.3个,树高达221.7 cm,地径5.7 cm;栽植后第3年全树主枝7.7个,单株结果33.3个;第4年地径11.9 cm,全树主枝10个,叶面积指数为5.14,单株结果191.5个,单株核桃坚果产量2.5 kg.采用这种山区治理方式,整地建园一次性投入108 900元/hm2,前5 a总投入180 900元/hm2,前5 a总产值195 624元/hm2,5 a后可收回全部投资且有盈余,经济效益显著.     

重回缩与拉枝对成龄‘绿岭’核桃新梢数量、产量和根系活力的影响

为了确定早实核桃成龄树的适宜修剪方法,以10a生早实核桃‘绿岭’为试材,研究了重回缩、拉枝、既重回缩又拉枝和放任生长4种不同修剪方式的核桃树单株新梢发生数量、产量和根系活力。结果表明:在果实成熟期,重回缩、拉枝、既重回缩又拉枝和放任生长4种修剪方式的‘绿岭’核桃每株新梢发生数量分别为32.33条、22.67条、26.67条和12.67条,重回缩处理的新梢发生数量最多;单果重分别为11.16g、10.53g、12.22g和11.58g,既重回缩又拉枝处理的单果重最高;每667m2地产量分别为129.36kg、154.44kg、155.32kg和97.24kg,既重回缩又拉枝处理的产量最高,其次为拉枝;生长季末期,4种修剪方式的根系活力分别为193.22μg/(g·h)、181.53μg/(g·h)、231.65μg/(g·h)和150.60μg/(g·h),既重回缩又拉枝处理的根系活力最高。     

Growth of Young Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and the Effect of Simulated Browsing, Staking and Treeshelters

Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) 1 + 1 transplantswere grown at 1 x 1 m for 3 years with 100 per cent chemicalweed control on a very fertile site. Treatments were control,firm staking, staked with 15 cm diameter netting with simulatedbrowsing, staked with simulated browsing to 15 cm diameter crown,1.2 m treeshelter, 1.2 treeshelter with holes and no browsing.No leaders were browsed. Trees were assessed for annual heightgrowth, stem diameter at 0.5 m and 1.0 m, total above and belowground biomass, root:shoot ratio, root plate diameter, rootdepth and root volume. No 3-year heights were significantlydifferent but third-year increments were; the greatest finalheight was in the control at 200.7 cm. All other tree parametershad significant treatment differences demonstrating the needto select carefully the criteria of success in experiments.Treatments which restricted the horizontal development of thecanopy either physically or by simulated browsing seriouslyreduced stem diameter and root development. The controls hada root:shoot ratio of 0.418; treeshelter treatments had thesmallest root:shoot ratio of 0.238; staked trees were 0.379while staked browsed trees had the highest value at 0.447. Acceptanceof browsing or use of shelters or guards to protect trees frombrowsing may seriously reduce growth.     

香椿材用林丰产栽培试验初报

本文开展了香椿材用林不同品种、密度与施肥量的栽培试验。研究结果表明:香椿造林第二年以九江种源地径增长最快,年均达2.016 cm;而树高增长以中密度2 m×2 m最大,年均增长0.606 m;复合肥株施0.75 kg对香椿后期地径、树高与冠幅增长效果最佳。提出江西省香椿材用林培育采用九江种源、初植密度2 m×1.5 m与株施0.75 kg复合肥有利于幼林生长。研究结果可为江西省香椿材用林培育提供科学依据。     

栽植密度对黄檗苗期生物量的影响

以黄檗3 a生幼树为材料,对不同栽植密度的生物量进行研究,结果表明:栽植当年和翌年秋季的成活率与保存率分别为92%和91%。不同株距树高、地径生长量均达到极显著差异(P0.01),树高、地径生长量从大到小顺序依次为株距0.5 m1 m0.3 m1.5 m;而不同行距对树高、地径生长量均无影响。采用一元生物量模型计算生物量,总生物量最大的种植密度为33 300株·hm~(-2)(株行距0.3 m×1.0 m),可产生干物质3 930.06 kg·hm~(-2);最小的为3 300株·hm~(-2)(株行距1.5 m×2.0 m),干物质仅为344.08 kg·hm~(-2)。     

微红梢斑螟蛀害对马尾松幼林生长的影响及剪梢防治技术研究

通过标准地调查研究了微红梢斑螟蛀害对马尾松幼林生长的影响,并对剪梢防治微红梢斑螟的方法进行了简述.结果表明:微红梢斑螟蛀害对马尾松幼林生长产生了显著影响,受害后主梢当年生长量损失27.23%,树高下降13%,而地径增长7.23%.马尾松受害后除影响当年梢生长外还影响其次年梢生长.树高在141～180 cm左右的马尾松受...     

Seasonal patterns of radial root growth and starch dynamics in plantation-grown Sitka spruce trees of different ages

Seasonal patterns of radial root growth within 1 m of tree stems were examined in Scottish plantations of Sitka spruce trees aged 9, 15 and 20 years. Results were compared with parallel measurements of shoot extension, radial growth of stems and amounts of starch stored in tissues external to root wood. Youngest trees produced the largest annual increments in root cross-sectional area and numbers of new cells along radial files of tracheids. Irrespective of tree age, new cells were present in roots before bud burst and the onset of radial growth occurred progressively later with increasing distances from the stems. At ages 15 and 20, both stem cross-sectional area and radial root growth up to 0.5 m from the stem base had a minor peak of activity preceding and a major peak following shoot elongation. Further than 0.5 m from the stem, root growth was frequently restricted to the period following shoot extension. Starch storage in the roots reached a maximum in April and May, which was greatest for 9-year-old trees and least for 20-year-old trees. At all ages, radial root growth in early spring occurred concurrently with increased starch storage. Later in the season starch reserves declined rapidly during the period of shoot elongation and root growth occurred whilst reserves were low. At all ages for positions on the root at the base of the stem and 0.25 m from it, starch depletion, at its maximum rate during June, accounted for less than the measured increment of root wood growth at that point. This indicates a substantial translocation of substrates to these zones during growth. At the same time, the reduction in starch concentrations at more distal points from the stem far exceeded that required for local root thickening.     

Effects of Seedbed Density on One-Year-Old <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fraxinus angustifolia</Emphasis> Seedling Characteristics and Outplanting Performance

To assess the effects of seedling spacing on one-year-old seedling morphology in the nursery, seeds of three provenances of Fraxinus angustifolia were sown at five different seedling spacings within rows of two different spacings in the seedbed. Subsequent growth performance of one-year-old seedlings was assessed by planting in the forest. Within row spacings were: 4.3, 5.0, 6.3, 8.3, and 12.5 cm, and there were five rows at 20 cm apart, or three rows at 33 cm apart across the 1.2 m wide seedbeds. Both spacings within and between rows significantly affected shoot height, root collar diameter, root dry weight and shoot dry weight, but not root/shoot ratio. Wider spacings produced larger seedlings, but only the wider spacing within rows significantly increased fine and coarse root mass. Provenances showed significant differences in diameter, root/shoot ratio, and fine and coarse roots, and they also showed interactions with row spacings in height and diameter measurements. One year after outplanting, diameter growth was significantly related to provenance, and diameter growth was 88% greater for trees from 33 cm nursery row spacing than those from 20 cm nursery row spacing.     

杉木萌芽更新技术与调查分析

通过对杉木萌芽更新林分1～15年生长观测分析,结果表明:1～4年幼树阶段平均树高、地径分别达4.1m、9.5 cm,是同林龄实生幼林的241.2%、351.9%;10年生杉木萌芽更新林分平均胸径、树高、蓄积量分别达11.4 cm、7.8 m、97.9 m3/hm2,是同林龄实生林的142.5%、116.4%、159.2%;15年生杉木萌芽更新林分平均胸径、树高、蓄积量分别达15.6 cm、10.3 m、192.8 m3/hm2,是同林龄实生林的126.8%、103.0%、118.4%;从杉木萌芽更新和实生苗造林前期成本投入来看,前者是后者成本的60.8%。可见,杉木萌芽更新是投入少、技术简单、生长快、轮伐期短的更新方式。     

化学调控剂在巨尾桉扦插育苗上应用与推广

化学调控剂在巨尾桉组培苗嫩梢扦插育苗上的应用结果表明,化学调控剂能明显延缓或抑制巨尾桉扦插苗高生长,促进地茎生长,在抑制主根生长的同时强烈促进侧根生长。施用1.0 g.m-2的化学调控剂60 d内高生长仅增加3 cm,地茎增长0.12 cm,生根条数达20~30条,出圃率达95%;而不施药的苗木60 d内高生长增加17.6 cm,地茎增长0.05 cm,生根条数仅8~12条,出圃率只有85%。应用化学调控剂能提高苗木质量和产量,起到了贮存苗木作用,使用方法简便,成本低,效果好。