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《Plant Production Science》2013,16(1):104-107
AbstractWe analyzed the yield characters of field-grown transgenic potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) carrying a maize gene for sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), the key enzyme in sucrose synthesis. The SPS activity in the leaves of transgenic plants (line Ag1203) was 2 times that of the control (cv. May Queen). There was no difference in the photosynthetic CO2 uptake rates between Ag1203 and May Queen plants, and the leaf starch content of Ag1203 was lower. These observations indicate that the introduction of a foreign SPS gene improved the supply of photosynthate from source (leaves) to sink (tubers). Additionally, leaf senescence of the transgenic potato plants was delayed relative to that of May Queen. The average tuber weight and total yield of Ag1203 plants were at least 20% higher, and the tuber sucrose content, which is related to eating quality, was also higher. Increased translocation of photosynthate and longer period of photosynthetic activity in the leaves may have increased the yield of Ag1203. These results suggest that introduction of the SPS gene improved the yield characters and quality of potato tubers under field conditions. 相似文献
3.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is highly sensitive to soil drought and extracts less of the available water from the soil than other crops. Even a very
short period of water shortage has a negative effect on consumptive and technological properties of potato tubers. The cause
of the poorer properties of potato tubers might not only be water shortage itself but could also be the enhanced production
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanying practically every kind of stress, both biotic and abiotic. However, antioxidative
enzymes seem to counteract the ROS accumulation and, thus, might protect plants against the deleterious effects of environmental
stresses. Our research shows that increased activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase protects plants from
oxidative stress, and, consequently, against yield losses. 相似文献
4.
Potato is one of the most important crops worldwide. Genetic resources of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum) and related cultivated species are conserved through storage of tubers, in vitro plants and in cryopreservation. Cryopreservation,
storage in or above liquid nitrogen, is the best option to maintain vegetatively propagated plants in the long term. The present
review gives comprehensive information about various cryopreservation techniques for potato published from 1977 until the
present. It discusses factors that affect the process and success of cryopreservation, such as donor culture conditions, preculture,
cooling, warming and post-culture treatments. Studies are presented that analyse the histological and ultrastructural changes
after different cryopreservation steps and the morphological pathways during regeneration of plants after rewarming. The maintenance
of genetic stability in potato after cryopreservation has also been demonstrated by various phenotypic and molecular methods.
The first thermal analyses on potato shoot tips are presented using differential scanning calorimetry to analyse the state
of water during cooling and warming. Biochemical analyses of different compounds, such as soluble sugars and proteins, have
been performed to understand and improve existing cryogenic methods. Potato is an example where successful virus elimination
has been obtained via cryopreservation of shoot tips (cryotherapy). There are already cryopreserved collections of potato
shoot tips in Germany, Peru, Czech Republic, South Korea and USA, but additional experiments on fundamental aspects of potato
cryopreservation will help to improve understanding of the different cryopreservation methods, start new collections in other
countries and also build up existing cryocollections of potato. 相似文献
5.
Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ab gene confers resistance to potato againstHelicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
S. K. Chakrabarti A. D. Mandaokar A. Shukla D. Pattanayak P. S. Naik R. P. Sharma P. A. Kumar 《Potato Research》2000,43(2):143-152
Summary
Helicoverpa armigera is one of the important insect pests adversely affecting the yield of potatoes in India. A synthetic gene encoding the insecticidal
crystal protein (Cry1Ab) ofBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been introduced into five genotypes of potato usingAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Southern analysis of DNA from transgenic plants confirmed the integration and copy number of the transgene. Double-antibody
quantitative sandwich ELISA analysis demonstrated high levels of Cry1Ab protein expression in transgenic plants. Insect bioassays
on the leaves of transgenic plants showed considerable protection against the larvae ofH. armigera in terms of leaf area consumed and larval weight reduction. 相似文献
6.
Seyed Mozaffar Mansouri Seyed Ali Asghar Fathi Gadir Nouri-Ganbalani Jabraeil Razmjou Bahram Naseri Silvia I. Rondon 《American Journal of Potato Research》2013,90(6):533-540
The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is an important insect pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., both in storage and in the field. In this research, tubers of eight commercial potato cultivars and four Iranian selections with equal weight and dormancy were exposed to 10 pairs of adult P. operculella in a climate chamber set at 25?±?1 °C, 65?±?5 % RH and total darkness. In a free-choice situation, oviposition was lower on 397082–2, Khavaran and Morene compared to the other germplasm that were exposed to adults of P. operculella. Number of mines per tuber, length of mines per tuber, time of development of larvae, number of pre-pupae produced per tuber, weight of pre-pupae and number of eggs developed in ovaries per female were counted and/or measured on each commercial cultivar and selection. There were fewer and shorter mines on tubers of 397082–2, Khavaran and Morene compared to the other potato germplasm. The number of pre-pupae produced per tuber and the weight of pre-pupae were lower when P. operculella was reared on tubers of 397082–2, Khavaran and Morene. Also the development, survival and fecundity were lower when P. operculella was reared on those same germplasm. Flesh firmness was negatively correlated with larval survival (r 2?=?0.87); in addition, the percentage of starch and macronutrient composition was low on these three germplasm. Thus, tuber flesh firmness of these germplasm could delay larval penetration and lower establishment 397082–2, Khavaran and Morene showed promising traits that can be integral component of potato breeding for resistance to P. operculella and pest management programs. 相似文献
7.
Marker-assisted Breeding for Disease Resistance in Potato 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
A. Carrasco J. E. Chauvin B. Trognitz A. Pawlak O. Rubio-Covarruvias E. Zimnoch-Guzowska 《Potato Research》2009,52(3):245-248
Sub-project 5 of BIOEXPLOIT aims to design durable disease resistance through marker-assisted breeding by converting existing
markers for high-throughput application, developing and validating high-throughput marker technologies and pyramiding major
R genes and/or quantitative trait loci into elite material. Activities include (1) the fine mapping of the quantitative trait
locus PiXspg which accounts for a large proportion of the variation in late blight resistance, (2) converting SNP-based markers and an
AFLP marker to easy-to-use-markers, (3) testing of progenies with combined sources of late blight resistance for presence
of R genes and agronomic features, (4) backcrossing new sources of resistance to S. tuberosum and molecular screening of breeding materials with marker GP94 linked with gene Rpi-phu1 conferring late blight resistance, (5) evaluating potato clones with enhanced resistance against Phytophthora infestans under field conditions of Toluca (México), and (6) developing populations and marker-assisted breeding for disease resistance. 相似文献
8.
Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is the main target pest of transgenic maize expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) in Brazil. To optimize resistance management strategies, we evaluated the functional dominance of different aged larvae of Bt-resistant FAW on Vip3Aa20 maize. We measured the survival and development of Vip3Aa20-resistant, -heterozygote, and -susceptible strains on MIR162 (expressing Vip3Aa20) and Bt11 × MIR162 × GA21 (expressing Vip3Aa20 and Cry1Ab) maize. The resistant strain, from neonate to sixth instar, showed more than 72% survival on Vip3Aa20 maize. From surviving larvae, more than 64 and 54% developed to pupae and adults, respectively. In contrast, heterozygote and susceptible strains showed no larval survival up to fourth instar, and less than 25% larval survival in the fifth and sixth instar on Vip3Aa20 maize. These larvae produced less than 21% of pupae and adults. The development time of FAW strains from neonate-to-adult exposed to Vip3Aa20 maize was similar; however, the resistant strain showed an increase of ∼ 2 d when compared to those fed only non-Bt maize. In summary, the resistance of S. frugiperda to Vip3Aa20 maize is functionally recessive from neonate up to fourth instar larvae. However, high larval survival of resistant strain and some survival of heterozygote larvae in advanced instars on Vip3Aa20 maize were observed. These results will be important for designing insect resistance management to Bt maize plants expressing Vip3Aa20 protein in Brazil. 相似文献
9.
Nelson Marmiroli Caterina Agrimonti Giovanna Visioli Michele Colauzzi Giovanni Guarda Anna Zuppini 《Potato Research》2000,43(4):313-323
Summary We have evaluated the effect that the, silencing of two genes specifically expressed in conditions of dormancy (A2-1) and
sprouting (G1-1) had on tuber dormancy. For this purpose potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Désirée) were transformed with the antisense of the genes G1-1 and A2-1 under the control of constitutive 35S CaMV
promoter. A first generation of transgenic plants was propagated from axenic stem cuttings and a second generation by tuber
planting. The plants obtined were analyzed for the length of dormancy, plant morphology and agronomic characteristics. Statistical
analysis of dormancy in lines obtained from the original transformants for the antisense of G1-1 gene showed a significant
increase in length as compared with different types of control plants, with few effects on plant vegetative habit and tuber
production. In contrast, results obtained on A2-1 antisense transformed plants did not reveal any significant change on the
length of dormancy. Here we report small-scale field trials performed with the aim to select and regenerate commercially exploitable
potato plants with a stable transgene-dependent phenotype, affecting the length of dormancy. 相似文献
10.
Summary A joint Chilean, Italian, and United States potato (Solanum tuberosum) germplasm collecting expedition was conducted in the Guaitecas and Chonos Archipelagos, south of Chiloé Island, between
March 4 – March 21, 1990. The expedition resulted in 30 collections ofSolanum tuberosum and 1 collection ofFragaria chiloensis L. Twenty-three of the potato collections were along the salt-water-swept shores of the islands. These beach populations,
unlike the indigenous landraces in southern Chile, are self-perpetuating populations and provide useful new germplasm for
researchers interested in the origin of cultivated potatoes and in the origin ofSolanum tuberosum in Chile. 相似文献
11.
Potato viruses in China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Biao Wang Yanli Ma Zhibo Zhang Zhanmin Wu Yunfeng Wu Qiaochun Wang Mingfu Li 《Crop Protection》2011,30(9):1117-1123
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is globally the fourth largest staple crop after rice, wheat and maize. China is the largest potato producer worldwide, accounting for 26.3% and 22.2% of the global total area and yield, respectively. Viral diseases have been a limiting factor for sustainable production of potato in China. This article provides update and comprehensive information on the most important viruses, their effect on yield and their control in China. Meristem culture is currently the most widely used technique for production of virus-free potato plants and these plants are used as nuclear stock for the production of certified seed tubers. Although a significant increase in tuber yield has been achieved using certified seed potatoes, lack of application of a national seed potato production scheme has hindered progress. Conventional breeding using virus-resistant cultivars introduced from other countries as parents has already led to the production of Chinese cultivars. Use of virus-resistant wild Solanum species and genetic transformation techniques will provide new virus-resistant varieties in the future to further enhance control of potato viruses in China. 相似文献
12.
An Outlook on the Localisation and Structure-Function Relationships of R Proteins in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum</Emphasis> 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Erik Slootweg Wladimir Tameling Jan Roosien Ewa Lukasik Matthieu Joosten Frank Takken Jaap Bakker Aska Goverse 《Potato Research》2009,52(3):229-235
The co-evolution of plants and plant-pathogens shaped a multi-layered defence system in plants, in which Resistance proteins
(R proteins) play a significant role. A fundamental understanding of the functioning of these R proteins and their position
in the broader defence system of the plant is essential. Sub-project 3 of the BIOEXPLOIT programme studies how R proteins
are activated upon effector recognition and how recognition is conveyed in resistance signalling pathways, using the solanaceous
R proteins Rx1 (from S. tuberosum spp. andigena; conferring extreme resistance against Potato Virus X), I-2 (from S. lycopersicon; mediating resistance to Fusarium oxysporum) and Mi-1.2 (from S. lycopersicon; conferring resistance to Meloidogyne incognita) as model systems. The results obtained in this project will serve as a model for other R proteins and will be translated
to potential applications or alternative strategies for disease resistance. These include the modification of the recognition
specificity of R proteins with the aim to obtain broad spectrum resistance to major pathogens in potato. 相似文献
13.
Summary Foliar sprays of calonyctin, a natural plant growth regulator extracted from the leaves ofCalonyction aculeatum (L.) House, at a concentration 0.05 activity units, increased the tuber yield of six potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars by 7–19% (mean 15%) during 1993 and 1994. Physiological differences between calonyctin-treated and untreated
potato plants were usually detected 30–40 days after spraying them with calonyctin. The chlorophyll content of treated potato
leaves increased, and the chlorophyll a:b ratio decreased. By 40 days after treatment the root oxidizability and soluble protein
contents of different parts of the plants also increased. Their subsequent decline as the plants aged was inhibited by calonyctin.
It is concluded that calonyctin delayed the senescence of potato plants and increased tuber growth at later stages of development. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):91-111
SUMMARY Experiments, which have investigated the effect of elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 on the physiology, growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), are reviewed. These studies were conducted in controlled environment chambers, in glasshouses, in open top field chambers as well as using free air carbon dioxide (FACE) exposure systems. In general, photosynthesis is stimulated by elevated CO2 initially although long-term exposure leads to acclimation. The stomata of potato leaves partially close in response to elevated CO2 and starch granules build up in the chloroplasts. Although above- and below-ground biomass production is stimulated, accelerated senescence limits growth towards the end of the growing season exposure to elevated CO2 stimulates tuber yield, the magnitude of which depends on agronomic practise, cultivar choice and growing conditions. The beneficial effects of elevated CO2 may be reduced by interaction with other components of climate change, such as drought stress. Modelling of the effects of climate change on potato yield has predicted an increase in yields in northern Europe with little change in central and southern Europe. It is suggested that further research is needed to understand the reasons for photosynthetic acclimation, field trials are also needed to understand and quantify the interaction between elevated CO2 and drought stress. 相似文献
15.
The potato (Solarium tuberosum L.tuberosum) breeding line B6603-12 was shown to be resistant to Potato Carlavirus S (PVS) on the basis of non detection of PVS by ELISA in plants that were: 1) either graft or mechanically inoculated with composite isolates of PVS; and 2) interplanted among PVS infected cultivars in fields for twelve growing seasons. 相似文献
16.
Summary Infection withClavibacter michiganensis subsp.sepedonicus reduced transpiration and xylem function in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) prior to and during wilting. Transpiration depression and subsequent wilting of infected plants appears to result from reduced
xylem function. 相似文献
17.
In regions with short growth seasons, it is of great importance to use potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seed tubers with a high growth vigour and a short growth cycle. Such qualities may be obtained by treatments advancing the physiological age of the seed tubers. In this study, we have exposed tubers from four cultivars to various combinations of temperature and light conditions (green-sprouting) for 3–7 months in controlled climate. Subsequent sprout quality, seed tuber health and performance were studied in laboratory, greenhouse and field trials. Satisfactory short, sturdy and leafy sprouts were produced even after 7 months storage at 15 °C under light exposure. An assay of black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) on the tuber skin showed that light exposure significantly reduced the occurrence compared with dark-stored tubers, while the average effect of storage temperatures was insignificant. In general, green-sprouting advanced emergence and plant growth by 1–2 weeks, and showed early tuber initiation and growth, compared to untreated material. Yields, 107 days after planting in the field trial, did not deviate significantly from untreated tubers. However, plant development at harvest was in accordance with general responses to physiological ageing of potato seed tubers, i.e. still tall and immature plants from untreated tubers, and short and mature plants from aged tubers. Results demonstrated the possibility of successful long-term storage of potato seed tubers in light at elevated temperatures and a potential for earlier harvests and higher early yields from such treatments. 相似文献
18.
《Field Crops Research》1988,19(3):183-200
Nine experiments were run at three hot tropical sites (5–12°S, 180–800 m) within Peru to quantify the influence of plant population on soil temperature and growth and yield of the potato.Radiation interception was greatest at the highest plant populations and soil cooling was directly proportional to the amount of crop cover over the soil, but no appreciable effect on the timing of tuber initiation was apparent. More stems per unit land area leading to a higher leaf area index (lai) were primarily responsible for greater interception of radiation at the higher plant populations, although some compensation in stem number per unit land area and in lai at lower populations was evident later in the season.In general, tuber yield increased linearly with increases in planted population over the range studied (2.7–12.5 plants m−2, and in one experiment to 31.7 plants m−2), and was proportional to increases in the amount of intercepted radiation. Tuber yields ranged from 8 to 60 t ha−1 over sites and populations. Vigorous clones with Solanum tuberosum spp. andigena in their genetic background constituted the exceptions to this linear trend, and for these clones yields declined at the highest populations, particularly when the rectangularity of planting vastly deviated from square patterns. Tuber yield of Solanum tuberosum spp. tuberosum and Neotuberosum (S. tuberosum spp. andigena selected for tuberization under long-day conditions) clones did not respond to variations in rectangularity of planting and, probably due to their small stature and early maturity, did not demonstrate signs of intense between-plant competition for tuber yield as measured with the Kira competition density index. In contrast, for clones with Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena in their genetic background, maximum tuber yield at populations greater than 5.5 plants m−2 was dependent on the rectangularity of planting, and declined as the latter deviated from squareness.Since the proportion of marketable tubers was scarcely affected by the planting densities, plant population of S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum clones planted in hot climates should be as close as possible without limiting the amount of soil available for hilling-up. 相似文献
19.
Ana C. Fulladolsa Kyle E. LaPlant Russell L. Groves Amy O. Charkowski 《American Journal of Potato Research》2018,95(1):45-53
Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important virus in North American seed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production. Planting virus-free minitubers in place of field-grown seed, which usually has a low PVY incidence, reduces initial PVY inoculum in the field. However, plants grown from minitubers are smaller and emerge later than those grown from conventional seed, which could make them more likely to become infected with PVY. We tested the effects of seed type of three potato cultivars (Dark Red Norland, Goldrush, and Red La Soda) on PVY incidence, tuber yield, and flowering time. The incidence of PVY in plants grown from minitubers did not differ from that of plants grown from conventional seed. Minituber-grown plants produced lower tuber yields than plants grown from conventional seed. Plants from minitubers also emerged and flowered later, but this did not increase their incidence of PVY. Cultivar-specific differences were observed in tuber yield and flowering times, suggesting that this variation may influence PVY incidence more than seed type. 相似文献
20.
Controlled environment studies with potato frequently assume responses from single-stem potato plants can be extrapolated
to the field where multiple-stemmed plants are common. Controlled environment studies were conducted to characterize differences
in canopy growth, development, and dry matter production between single- and multiple-stemmed potted potatoes. Leaf area distribution
was influenced by stem density, with main stem and apical lateral branch leaf area being 150% to 200% larger in triple-stemmed
(3S) versus single-stemmed (1S) pots (P < 0.01), while basal lateral branch leaf area was 50% less (P < 0.01). Basal lateral branches were more developed in 1S pots with longer branch lengths, more leaf area, and higher orders
of branching. In a second experiment, more leaves were initiated in higher-density pots; however, individual leaf areas were
approximately 50% smaller than those in 1S pots. Total leaf area and total, vegetative, and tuber dry matter production were
unaffected by stem density in either experiment on a per pot basis. Development and growth of lower basal lateral branches
in the 1S potato canopy offset any initial advantage in leaf numbers in the multiple-stemmed plants. These results appeared
to validate the assumption that, given a late maturing cultivar and adequate nutrition, responses from single-stemmed plants
can be extended to multiple-stemmed plants when expressed on a production area basis. These findings have practical considerations
for potato researchers who conduct growth chamber experiments and potato modelers. 相似文献