电场强度对氯化钠溶液在杉木中渗透能力的影响

为了研究采用电场手段改良杉木的可行性,将一定含水率的杉木板材置于不同的电场强度(极板间电势差)中,并在杉木板材上部稳定地保持一定量的氯化钠溶液,5 h后,测试板材不同高度(厚度)部位的含水率和钠离子含量,并与未在电场中渗透的杉木的对应值比较分析,研究电场强度对氯化钠溶液在杉木中渗透能力的影响,结果表明:①定向电场的存在,能促进氯化钠溶液在杉木中的渗透;②在本试验范围内,随着电场强度的增加,氯化钠溶液中水分和钠离子在杉木中、下部渗透量增加,并使各渗透层面的含水率均匀性提高.     

含水率对原木孔洞缺陷应力波检测效果的影响

应用微单元分析模型,在实验室条件下研究含水率对原禾内部孔洞缺陷检测效果的影响。在不同含水率状态下测试原木内应力波传播速度,分析应力波传播速度与含水率的相关性,得出原木孔洞缺陷识别质量系数。结果表明,在较低的含水率状态下原木孔洞缺滔检测效果较好。     

Spatial heterogeneity of dead fuel moisture content in a Larix gmelinii forest in Inner Mongolia using geostatistics

Spatial heterogeneity of fuel moisture content determines the spread rate and direction of a forest fire.Research on the spatial heterogeneity of the moisture content of dead fuel of Larix gmelinii Rupr.showed that:(1) fuel moisture content in litter layer semi-humus layer humus layer,and the coefficient of variation decreased with sampling depth;(2) the sill value of the semi-humus layer was highest,the humus layer moderate,the litter layer the smallest,overall,the spatial heterogeneity of the semi-humus layer was the highest.The humus layer in the slant direction and three layers in a vertical direction showed strong spatial correlation with the lowest nugget coefficient of 0.0968;(3)the fuel moisture content of the humus layer showed strong spatial anisotropy;and,(4) estimating the total moisture content of the sampling site by stimulated sampling reasonable control of the sampling interval,and increasing the sampling intensity can reduce the error.When the sampling intensity is increased to more than 16 and the sampling interval 3 m,the standard error is 15%.The spatial heterogeneity of fuel moisture content is best revealed by increasing sampling density,sampling in different fire seasons,and in different slope directions and positions.The results can provide a scientific basis for forest fire prediction and prevention.     

定西龙滩流域不同人工植被类型土壤水分动态研究

通过对定西市安定区龙滩流域7种人工植被类型（柠条林、油松林、侧柏林、山杏林、退耕紫花曹蓿地、退耕隔坡林地、农田）20个野外样点的土壤水分定位观测,研究了不同植被类型土壤水分动态变化规律。结果表明：1）不同植被类型间土壤水分具有显著性差异;2）坡位并非是影响该流域土壤水分变化的显著因子;3）坡度对土壤水分的影响以25°为具有显著性差异的分界点;4）土壤水分垂直层次可划分为土壤水分的弱利用层、主要利用层和调节层;5）剖面土壤水分的变异系数地表（0～20cm）最大,0～140cm土层呈递减趋势,140～200cm土层基本保持“恒定”,120～140cm土深为土壤水分速交层和稳定层的分界线。     

黄土丘陵区不同坡向柠条林地土壤水分动态研究

为了解黄土丘陵区不同坡向林地土壤水分的变化规律,在山西中阳县的圪针耳流域内,以不同坡向柠条林地为对象,对其土壤水分动态特征进行了研究。结果表明:土壤水分变化具有明显的时空规律。1)土壤剖面按含水量变化幅度大小分为活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层3个层次,3个层次土壤相对含水量的变异系数从上至下呈由大而小变化;2)土壤水分的季节变化可分为明显的3个时期:土壤水分消耗期、土壤水分补偿期、土壤水分消退期。3)降水是影响土壤水分变化的重要因素,土壤水分对降雨具有一定的滞后性。坡向对土壤水分的时空分布有重要影响。     

低循环风速下木材表层水分蒸发的试验研究

木材干燥过程中,介质循环速度是一个影响木材干燥的重要工艺参数.在木材各含水率阶段,通过试验分析研究不同介质循环速度对木材干燥速度的影响.结果表明,介质循环速度对干燥速度的影响显著,但其影响随木材含水率（MC）的降低而减弱.在低介质循环速度条件下,试件MC大于45％时,表现为木材干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）随循环风速的增加而增加,呈显著正相关关系;试件MC介于35％ ～ 45％之间时,正相关关系存在但不显著;试件MC小于35％时,干燥室内循环风速的大小不影响木材的干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）.对试件表层含水率分析,试件表层含水率大于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响显著;试件表层含水率小于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响很小,不同循环风速下试件表层含水率基本一样.     

Influence of Log Characteristics on Drum Debarking of Pulpwood

Properties of 200 poorly debarked softwood logs were studied in order to examine how different log characteristics affect drum debarking of mixed pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] pulpwood during the summer. The definition of a poorly debarked log and the sampling criterion was that >10 dm² bark remained on the log surface. The average share of poorly debarked logs was 8% and the most frequent log type was breakage logs. The main species among the poorly debarked logs was spruce and the mean wood moisture content was considerably lower than for the pulpwood chips. Many logs were affected by root rot or were damaged by harvesting equipment, resulting in reduced moisture content and, consequently, in increased bark/wood shear strength. Bark from the poorly debarked logs contributed to approximately 68% of the bark content in the chips. By avoiding air-drying of pulpwood, or by sorting pulpwood prior to debarking, the bark content in chips might be substantially reduced, which would improve the purity of the pulp and decrease production costs.     

苏北海堤防护林地土壤水分动态特征的研究

对如东县海堤防护林地土壤水分的动态特征进行 3a定位研究 ,结果表明 ,各地类土壤水分动态变化主要取决于气候 (降雨量的多少 )条件和季节变化 ;不同地类土壤含水量的季节变化趋势基本一致 ,有林地的土壤含水量高低次序是柳杉林地 >水杉林地 >刺槐林地 ,无林地 (少水年或平水年 )土壤含水量高于水杉林地和刺槐林地 ,丰水年则低于有林地 ;根据土壤水分季节变化划分为土壤水分相对稳定期、消耗补偿期、亏损期和积累期 ;依据土壤水分变化变异系数大小 ,将土壤水分垂直分布划分为土壤水分活跃层、次活跃层和稳定层 ,土壤水分与降雨的相关性虽较低 ,但对各地类表土层水分影响最为明显     

Application of the wood properties of large-diameter Sugi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>) logs to sorting logs and sawing patterns

The purposes of this study were to accumulate fundamental data on wood properties within large Sugi logs and to take applicable variations in wood properties into consideration for sorting logs and sawing patterns. The characteristics of basic density, moisture content, growth ring width, and microfibril angle (MFA) were measured and the relationship with log and lumber quality was examined. It was considered reasonable to estimate the lumber moisture content based on the moisture content of heartwood rather than that of whole logs, especially when producing large-sized lumber. The MFA reached a constant value before the 15th ring, and within a distance of 10 cm or less from the pith. Since the E _fr of lumber correlated with that of the log affected by MFA, it would be possible to produce lumber with a higher E _fr from the outer position of the log, based on selecting a log above the E _fr . Since the MFA would also affect the lumber warp, a sawing pattern avoiding the area around the pith or enlarging the rough sawn size when a large warp was expected could be effective in improving the lumber quality. To improve the lumber quality, not only one but also multiple wood properties must be applied to the sawing pattern.     

REVIEWS—RESENSIES

The effect of various conventional seasoning treatments, restraint, storage, log diameter and position of boards in logs on the twisting behaviour of 19–20 year old P. patula timber was determined. The results indicate a distinct influence of restraint and to a lesser extent of temperature on twist, especially so on boards containing pith associated wood of the 27–36 em diameter class and all the boards, regardless of board position in the log, of the 17–23 em diameter class. The benefit of reduced twist through the application of restraint and higher temperatures was generally maintained after a 12 months storage period. It seems as if P, patula boards remain fairly stable during storage when only small moisture changes take place in the timber but the boards of the 17–23 em log diameter class and especially those containing pith associated wood, increased by 3–6° in twist with a loss in moisture content of only 3%.     

A method for under-bark detection of the wood grain angle radial dependence

Abstract

Twist in wood, being closely related to spiral grain, may cause serious problems in building structures, furniture and joinery. It is therefore of great interest to sort out, at an early stage in the manufacturing process, trees, logs and boards that have an excess of spiral grain. The spiral grain pattern is described by a helical deviation of the fibre direction in relation to the longitudinal direction of a living tree or a log and seems to be an indicator for other defects such as compression wood. Remote microwave sensing of spiral grain has received a lot of interest during the past two decades. Its development has been impeded by the large variation with moisture content of the microwave properties of wood and by the complexity in modelling the electromagnetic field in a log with spiral grain. A review is presented of a direct method with no requirement for information on moisture content for boards. This procedure has recently been generalized to cylindrical logs and trees having a constant slope of the grain. A further generalization is presented here to allow for the normal spiral grain pattern with radially changing slope of grain in wood under bark. Based on this theory, a measurement procedure is proposed for the detection of wood grain angle with radial dependence, requiring no information on moisture content in the sapwood, which is also applicable to completely or partially frozen wood. A suitable application would be an instrument to use in the forest for measurements on living trees or logs.     

Decline of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis> Parlat. stands due to excess soil moisture caused by a buried andosol layer at a coastal sand site in Hokkaido,northern Japan

To demonstrate the effect of excess soil moisture on the decline of a coastal Pinus thunbergii stand in Oshamanbe, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan, soil moisture content was monitored for 4 years. The saturated hydraulic conductivities (K _S) of different soil types (coastal sand, supplied topsoil, and buried concreted andosol) and the distribution of the buried concreted andosol layer were investigated. We also examined needle length to verify the real-time response of P. thunbergii to excess soil moisture. Soil moisture content at the heavily damaged site was more heterogeneous than that at the slightly damaged site, and a sensor near the ground always reported a higher soil moisture content at the heavily damaged site than at the slightly damaged site. The buried concreted andosol layer was always found at the heavily damaged site. The K _S of the andosol layer was 10⁻⁵, suggesting that this layer is less permeable to water, leading to excess soil moisture at this site. P. thunbergii needles from the heavily damaged site were shorter than those from the slightly damaged site, possibly because of water stress. Together with other symptoms observed at the study sites, i.e., crown dieback and intense lateral growth, this information leads us to conclude that the decline of P. thunbergii stands at the heavily damaged site in Oshamanbe was caused by excess soil moisture due to the less permeable buried concreted andosol layer.     

板坯含水率对刨花板热压过程中传热的影响

研究了施胶板坯的含水率对刨花板热压过程中表、芯层温度的影响.结果表明,随着板坯含水率的增大,芯层快速升温段的升温速度在加快,汽化段的时间延长;板坯含水率对表层温度的影响较小.     

Effect of drying method as a pretreatment on CUAZ preservative impregnation in Japanese cedar logs

Green Japanese cedar logs 2 m in length and 18 cm in diameter were dried to a mean moisture content of less than 30% by either air drying or kiln drying. Dried logs were impregnated with copper azole (CUAZ) solution according to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A9002. Preservative absorption was calculated from the log weight before and after preservative impregnation. Impregnated logs were then dried in the air and cut at the center to determine preservative penetration. The penetration area was determined after visualizing the preservative with chrome azurol S. The visualized area indicated that the preservative solution penetrated into the sapwood portion of almost all the air-dried logs. However, the kiln-dried logs did not show full penetration into the sapwood portion. The visualized area of some kiln-dried sapwood showed a penetration value of less than 80%, which is the minimum requirement set by the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) for sawn timber. Statistical analysis showed that penetration in the air-dried sapwood was significantly better than that in the kiln-dried sapwood. It was concluded that air drying is more favorable than kiln drying as the predrying method for CUAZ impregnation. On the other hand, preservative absorption was not affected by the drying method.     

半干旱区柠条植物篱水分再分配格局研究

通过对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区26年生柠条植物篱不同部位(带间、带前、带内、带后)土壤水分的2年监测,对比分析了柠条植物篱不同部位土壤水分的分布特征及其动态,探讨了柠条植物篱对降水的再分配效应。结果表明:带状柠条植物篱内不同部位间土壤水分物理性质有明显的不同,其中,带内部位土壤密度(0.99 g·cm-3)、非毛管孔隙度(8.77%)、毛管持水量(58.89%)等均优于带间、带前、带后,土壤更为疏松,透水保水性能更良,而带前更加黏性化;随着土壤深度的增加,各部位土壤含水量均表现出逐层降低的趋势,依次为0~20 cm(25.51%±2.28%)40~60 cm(12.96%±1.34%)60~80 cm(10.03%±0.59%)80~100 cm(9.16%±0.81%)100~120 cm(8.76%±1.00%),但越接近表层,带前、带内部位土壤水分含量的优势更明显。根据对土壤水分的有序聚类分析,将柠条植物篱土壤层次划分为弱利用层、利用层和调节层3层,其中,带内的土壤水分利用层(20~120 cm)大于带前、带后(20~60 cm)和带间(40~60 cm),与柠条对土壤水分的主要利用层次相一致,带内的土壤水分调节层在120 cm以下,较带间(80 cm以下)和带前、带后(60 cm以下)均深,反映了带状植物篱带前、带内土壤含水率提高而带后表层土壤含水率降低的分异特征。     

四川宽坝林区土壤水分动态研究

采用定位观测方法,利用2005年全年观测数据,从土壤水分对宽坝林地内的典型森林集水区(常绿阔叶林、杂灌林以及荒草坡)的森林水文月动态变化规律进行了研究,结果表明:(1)常绿阔叶林土壤含水月平均最大值为41.51%,最小值为33.77%;杂灌林土壤含水月平均最大值为39.17%,最小值为36.85%;荒草坡土壤含水月平均最大值为40.64%,最小值为37.47%。(2)土壤水分的垂直变化幅度不大,且各层土壤水分月动态变化趋势基本一致。(3)与杂灌林和荒草坡相比,天然常绿阔叶林具有较强水土保持能力和显著水源涵养作用。     

Numerical and experimental study of moisture-induced stress and strain field developments in timber logs

When solid wood dries from a green condition to a moisture content used for further processing, moisture-induced fracture and stresses can occur. The drying stresses arise because of internal deformation constraints that are strongly affected by the cross-sectional moisture gradient differential shrinkage and the inhomogeneity of the material. To obtain a better understanding of how stresses develop during climatic variations, the field histories of stresses (and strains) in cross sections in their entirety need to be studied. The present paper reports on experiments and numerical simulations concerned with analysing the development of strains and stresses during the drying of 15-mm-thick discs of Norway spruce timber log. The samples were dried at 23 °C and relative humidity of 64 % from a green condition to equilibrium moisture content. The moisture gradient in the longitudinal direction was minimised by use of thin discs simplifying the moisture history of the samples studied. The strain field history was measured throughout the drying process by use of a digital image correlation system. Numerical simulations of the samples agreed rather well with the experimental strain results obtained. The stress results also indicated where in the cross section and when fractures could be expected to occur during drying. More optimal drying schemes showed markedly reduced stress generation.     

华山松人工林凋落物层细小可燃物含水率预测模型研究

在防火期2~5级火险天气条件下,在华山松人工林测定了153组林内气温(x1)、相对湿度(x2)、凋落物表面温度(x3)、腐殖质层表面温度(x4)、凋落物层厚度(x5)、可燃物含水率(y)数据,建立了华山松林细小可燃物含水率预测的多元线性回归模型。分析表明,影响华山松林凋落物上层易燃可燃物含水率的因子依次为:x3>x2>x4>x1。应用该模型,可以用易于获取的火环境和可燃物因子来预测可燃物的含水率,为合理开展林火预测预报、计划火烧、营林用火等提供依据。     

Mechano-sorptive effects on timber creep

Summary Fick's law of predicting the moisture content of beams, combined with a simple mechano-sorptive model is applied to the analysis of creep resulting from moisture variations due to changing environmental conditions. The natural climatic conditions are modelled with the daily and annual cyclic variations represented by sine waves. As the moisture change responding to varying climatic conditions is always greater near the boundaries of a timber section, the creep rate close to the surface layer is higher than that in the middle of the cross-section. Therefore with time, an increased portion of the load will be carried by the inner part of the material.