利用姊妹种改进玉米种子生产技术的初步研究

１９８７－１９８９年对以姊妹种代替姊录系改进玉米种子生产技术所涉及的几个关键问题进行了研究。结果表明，姊妹的产量，农艺性状、整齐度优于对应的姊妹第，用其制种可增产５０％以上，姊妹种的合配力水平与对应姊妹系相当且可稳定遗传；改良单交种的产量、农艺性状、整齐度类似相应单交种。     

整枝打顶对不同蚕豆品种鲜食产量及其产量构成因素的影响

为研究不同整枝打顶方式对不同蚕豆品种农艺性状和产量的影响，总结不同品种的最适整枝打顶方式，以‘成胡10号’、‘成胡18’、‘成胡19’和‘成胡25’为材料，对每个蚕豆品种分别设置4种整枝打顶处理方式：全处理、去主茎、去无效枝、打顶，分析不同处理对不同蚕豆品种的农艺性状和各产量构成因素的影响。结果表明，打顶处理可有效控制不同蚕豆品种的株高；‘成胡10号’在打顶处理下的2年平均鲜荚产量较对照增产20.9%，鲜籽粒产量较对照增产25.7%，均显著高于对照；‘成胡19’在去主茎处理下，2年平均鲜荚产量增产61.2%，鲜籽粒产量增产35.5%，均显著高于对照；各整枝打顶处理方式对‘成胡18’的鲜食产量及其构成因素无明显影响；打顶处理对提高鲜食专用型‘成胡25’的百粒重及出籽率有一定促进作用。综上，整枝打顶对蚕豆的增产效应在不同蚕豆品种及不同整枝打顶方式间均有所差异，针对不同专用型品种，可选择性针对某些产量性状而采取适宜的整枝打顶方式，以获得更高的经济效益。     

14 个彩色花生新品系主要农艺性状及丰产性差异分析

为筛选综合性状优良的彩色花生品系参加品种登记前的综合测试,以安顺市农业科学院自主选育的 14 份彩色花生新品系为试验材料,种植观测其生育期、主要经济性状、籽仁产量、荚果产量表现,比较主要农艺性状和丰产性差异。结果表明,14 份彩色花生新品系中,有 2 个新品系较对照品种增产显著,Ah47a 增产最高,每 hm2 荚果产量为 6145.83kg、籽仁产量为 3949.19kg,增幅分别为 38.07%、37.61%;其次是 Ah64a,荚果产量为 5798.61kg、籽仁产量为 3788.20kg,增幅分别为 30.27%、32.00%。这 2 个新品系有效结果枝数及单株结果数多,出仁率、饱果和饱仁率较高,综合性状表现好,可推荐进入区域试验。Ah48 和 Ah48E 2 个花斑彩色花生新品系产量较黔花生 7 号略有减产,是大荚果、多粒型品种,既可作为育种中间材料,也适合培育成特色品种。     

国审小麦品种“小偃22”两个姊妹系的差异分析

国审小麦新品种小偃22有两个姊妹系小偃22-2和小偃22-3,两个系在农艺性状多方面比较相似,皆具有多穗多粒、结实性突出、品质优良、增产潜力大、抗逆性强、适应性广等突出优点,是陕西省第六次更新换代骨干品种。为了有效鉴别和利用这2个姊妹系,本文从农艺性状、蛋白电泳、SSR等方面系统分析了两个系的差异,总结了两者农艺性状的异同点,找到了区分2个姊妹系SDS-PAGE和A-PAGE图谱的特征带,筛选出了25对区分这2个姊妹系分子差异的SSR特异引物     

夏播绿豆品种资源试种鉴定及综合评价

对引进的10个绿豆品种（系）的农艺性状和产量性状观察比较,结果表明：引进夏播绿豆品种（系）中有3个绿豆品种（系）,L4、L5和L8比对照产量增产20％以上,其中k较对照增产51．65％,这些品种（系）在广西生产潜力很大,可在广西推广应用。     

10个玉米品种（系）的产量比较及主要农艺性状的关联度分析

为了解中国东南区普通玉米的主要农艺性状间的关系进而指导育种实践,通过灰色关联度分析的方法,研究了10个玉米杂交种的产量及主要农艺性状间的关系,结果表明：2011QS04、2011QS05与其他8个品系产量差异达显著水平,因此推荐进入生产试验,品系2011QS09和品系2011QS01比对照增产不显著,建议再试验一年,其他品系均比对照减产,建议停止试验;关联度分析表明11个主要农艺性状与产量的关联度依次为：百粒重>穗长>行粒数>叶片数>雄穗分枝数>穗柄长度>穗粗>秃顶>穗位高>行粒数>株高。结合各性状间的关联度分析结果可知,在育种实践中应在保持适当株高的前提下,选择百粒重大、穗长较长、行粒数多,全生育期叶片数较多的品种。     

不同播期下中熟大豆品种异地比较试验

2018年对辽宁省15个大豆品种进行异地比较试验,通过产量、农艺性状、抗病性比较,结果表明:铁10042-4、辽12026-7、辽07Q027-4-1、辽12036-13、铁10028-14、锦10-05、辽1023-2等7个品种,比对照品种铁丰33号增产8.0%以上,农艺性状稳定、抗病性优于对照品种,各方面表现优良,建议参加辽宁省中熟组区域试验。     

玉米改良单交种效应的研究──自交系48-2不同世代姊妹系配制姊妹种及改良单交种的比较

在48-2的众多姊妹系中，选出不同世代的姊妹系10个，配成姊妹种和改良单交种进行比较研究结果表明，从S_3分离形成的姊妹系配成的姊妹种，有一定的优势，有利于提高制种产量，用它们配成的改良单交种，其经济产量和主要的农艺性状与对应的正常单交种基本一致；同时还表明：一个自交系的同一姊妹种，对其所配的各改良单交种，具有不同的特殊配合力效应。     

谷子顶三叶与主要农艺性状的相关性分析

为了明确谷子从早期品系到育成品种过程中顶三叶和其他农艺性状的变化规律,本研究利用41份育种品种和30份早期品系,在60万株/hm2种植密度下,分析育成品种和早期品系顶三叶性状的差异,以及与其他农艺性状的关系.结果 表明,育成品种顶三叶长度、宽度和面积总体上高于早期品系,而变异幅度低于早期品系;育成品种项三叶性状之间的相关性明显高于早期品系,而顶三叶与穗部性状之间的相关性低于早期品系;育成品种产量与顶三叶大小显著负相关,这种负相关关系主要存在于叶片较大的品种中,而在叶片较小的品种中并不存在.本研究结果为谷子品种选育中对顶三叶性状的选择提供参考.     

应用SSR法对4个烤烟杂交组合F3代姊妹系的选择

以田间表现已基本稳定的4个烤烟单交组合F3代的29个姊妹系为材料，运用SSR法对其各组合F3代姊妹系间株高、茎围、节距、有效叶数4个主要农艺性状进行分析研究。结果表明：节距对F3代选择效果最好，根据各组合姊妹系节距差异的显著性，可选择出6个差异显著的株系;茎围对F3代选择效果最差，仅可选出差异显著的2个株系;其余2个农艺性状居中，分别能选出差异显著的4个株系。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.