基于基因表达式编程的植物形态建模智能化方法

针对人为操作L系统进行植物形态建模时存在盲目性和低效性的问题,该文提出一种智能化的植物形态可视化建模方法。该方法利用基因表达式编程思想自动获取L系统产生式规则,进而模拟出特定的植物形态结构。在分析现有工作的基础上,提出限制性的初始种群设计策略和种群个体选择策略,以缩小算法的搜索范围;提出一种综合外围轮廓比较和Hausdorff距离计算的个体适应度评价函数,以自动筛选出每一代中的优良个体。该方法使用OpenGL在NVIDIA GeForce3图形硬件上实现。试验结果表明,该方法不仅能逼真地模拟指定植物的三维形态,还可以仿真出形态各异的植物图形。该方法可为虚拟植物建模提供参考。     

基于OpenGL的小麦形态可视化技术

形态可视化技术是虚拟植物研究的关键技术之一。本研究以小麦作物为对象,在提出小麦形态可视化技术框架的基础上,首先研究了小麦不同器官的三维几何建模技术,构建了基于器官形态特征参数的几何模型,包括叶、茎秆和麦穗几何模型。用NURBS曲面来模拟叶片和叶鞘;用圆柱体模拟茎秆的节间;并采用组合单器官的方式来构建麦穗模型：用圆柱体模拟穗轴,用椭球体和圆柱体分别模拟小穗的谷粒及小穗枝梗。然后,基于OpenGL图形平台,绘制了小麦器官的三维形态,并提出了颜色渲染、纹理映射、光照处理等真实感图形显示技术;最后,通过耦合小麦植株的拓扑结构模型以及小麦个体之间的相互关系,实现了小麦从器官-个体-群体三个层次的形态可视化,从而为构建可视化小麦生长系统奠定了技术基础。     

基于TOF深度传感的植物三维点云数据获取与去噪方法

为提高植物三维重建的精度,更好地实现植物数字化研究,提出了基于TOF(time of flight)深度传感的植物三维点云数据获取与去噪方法。首先通过TOF深度传感来获取植物点云数据,采用直通滤波器对点云数据进行预处理,减少背景噪声;其次采用改进密度分析的离群点去噪算法,该算法通过结合邻近点平均距离和邻域点数数量2个特征参数,对点云数据中的离群点噪声进行检测和去除;最后采用双边滤波算法对点云内部的小尺寸噪声进行检测和去除。以番茄植株进行相关试验,试验结果表明:与传统双边滤波算法比较,该文算法最大误差降低了11.2%,平均误差降低了23.2%;与拉普拉斯滤波算法比较,最大误差降低了20.6%,平均误差降低了39.2%,表明该文提出的算法在保持点云特征的情况下,能简单高效地去除植物三维点云数据中的不同尺度噪声。     

基于t分布函数的玉米群体三维模型构建方法

为利用少量实测数据快速构建能够反映因品种、环境条件、栽培管理措施等因素产生形态结构差异的玉米群体三维模型,提出基于t分布函数的玉米群体三维模型构建方法。通过实测数据构建主要株型参数的t分布函数,在其约束下生成群体内各植株主要株型参数,通过构造株型参数相似性度量函数调用玉米器官三维模板资源库中的器官几何模板,结合人工交互或图像提取的各植株生长位置与植株方位平面角2组群体结构信息生成玉米群体几何模型。利用三维数字化仪获取的玉米群体田间原位三维数字化数据所构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI与该方法构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI进行对比验证,结果表明:该方法所生成玉米群体叶面积指数与原位三维数字化数据所构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI相比,误差在±2%以内,可以满足面向可视化计算的玉米结构功能分析研究需求。方法可为玉米株型优化设计、耐密性鉴定、品种适应性评价等虚拟试验研究提供技术手段。     

自动引导车辆转向系统的辨识建模

自动引导车辆转向系统的建模是建立系统最优控制器的主要前提,而传统的理论分析建模方法,存在着繁琐、难以实现等一系列问题。该文通过对自行研制的模型车转向系统实际输入输出数据的分析,提出采用广义最小二乘辨识方法来建立转向系统模型。理论分析与实验验证表明,这是对现代复杂工业对象建立相对准确的数学模型的一种行之有效的方法。     

Importance of the seed bank for population viability and population monitoring in a threatened wetland herb

Although demographic models have become increasingly important tools in plant conservation, few models have considered the implications of seed banks for population persistence. Based on a 15-year study of the threatened herb, Helenium virginicum, we created a stage-class transition matrix to model the population dynamics of the plant. Our goal was to determine the role of the seed bank in population persistence and in the design of monitoring programs for the plant. Using data from marked plants, a long-term study of seed viability, and a seed bank census, we created a deterministic model and three stochastic models. The stochastic models were a model in which yearly correlations among parameters were retained, a model in which parameters were uncorrelated, and a model in which parameters were derived from log-normal distribution. We also constructed a fourth model in which we assumed a minimum seed lifetime consistent with the seed viability data. Both elasticity and perturbation analysis suggested that seed survival within the seed bank had by far the largest effects on the population growth rate (λ), with 47-64% of the change in λ being controlled by seed survival. Correlations among life history parameters had little effect on λ in the original models, but substantially reduced λ (from 0.97 to 0.86) when seed survival was limited. Given the importance of the seed bank and the high yearly variability in adult plant density, we used simulations to compare power to detect declines with seed bank samples versus censuses of adult plants. The power of adult plant censuses was extremely low (13-22%). The power of seed bank censuses was substantially higher (48-59%), but was limited by large pulses of recruitment to the seed bank in good years. Power was only moderately reduced when seeds were sampled every two or four years instead of yearly (from 59% to 48%). Together, our results suggest that seed survival is crucial to persistence of Helenium populations and that future empirical studies should focus on understanding the factors that affect seed survival. In addition, managers should consider seed bank censuses rather than above-ground plants when designing monitoring programs for plants in variable environments where above-ground plants vary greatly from year to year.     

植物共享光照资源的生长模型改进及可视化仿真

为了模拟共享光照资源情况下的植物生长情况,该文以FON(field-of-neighbo urhood)模型为基础,对影响圈从形状和阴影深浅程度两方面加以改进,提出了共享光照资源植物的一种生长建模方法。该方法引入了植物生长地的纬度值、植物遮光率因子以及植物自身对光的敏感特性等地理学和生物学参数,以更真实地模拟植物在共享光照资源时的生长规律。为了验证共享光照资源植物的生长建模方法的有效性,该文以生物量数据为基础对水曲柳和落叶松的人工混交林的生长情况进行试验结果比较与分析。此外,该文开发了支持共享光照资源的植物生长模拟系统,对不同植物在共享光照资源中所表现出的生长情况进行可视化模拟。仿真试验结果表明,共享光照资源植物的生长建模方法具有较好的准确性和实用性,可以用于实际植物的生长过程模拟。     

Method for the estimation of nutrient uptake kinetic parameters using nonparametric statistics

The uptake of many plant nutrients has been shown to follow Michaelis‐Menten enzyme kinetics, and as a result several methods of collecting and analyzing uptake data have been developed. The method proposed here consists of a continuously flowing hydroponic system and a method of data analysis that estimates a value of K_mand V_max for each plant. The method is nondestructive; it does not require large amounts of space; and the plants are near steady‐state uptake. In simulated experiments with various assumptions about variability in the data, the nonparametric statistical analysis of the results provided estimates as good as or better than regression analysis estimates of the two parameters of the Michaelis‐Menten equation.     

Anwendung des Agrarökosystemmodells EPIC zur Prognose des Wasser- und Nährstoffhaushaltes von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen auf Sandböden in Ost-Brandenburg

Predictions of water and nutrient dynamics from agricultural sites on sandy soils in East- Brandenburg The validity of the agroecosystem model EPIC was tested for two agricultural sites on sandy soils without groundwater located at the moraine landscape in East-Brandenburg. Measurements of soil moisture, soil nitrate, above ground plant biomass and yield from these two agricultural investigation sites were compared with the corresponding simulation results of the model. The calculations of the soil water balance show a good fit between simulated and observed soil moisture values. The comparison between simulated and measured above ground plant biomass presents an underestimation of biomass by the model at the beginning of crop growth in spring and an overestimation at the end of the vegetation period. EPIC shows also an overestimation of yield in this study. The observed and the simulated soil nitrate values show no fit. Probably one reason for this fact might be the kind of process modeling included in EPIC, which was designed for long term calculations up to 50 years. Another possible reason could be the over estimation of N-uptakes of plants in comparison with estimates of the N-demand of plants based on the simulated yields. However a clear reason for the insufficient calculations of soil nitrate status by the model could not be found in this study. Further analysis of mineralization, N-uptake of plants and N-Ieaching in EPIC must be done in future.     

用K-means图像法和主成分分析法监测生菜生长势

温室植物生长状况的实时监测可为生产管理提供科学的决策支持.为开发实时监测中的机器视觉技术,该文选定生菜为研究对象,从单株和群体两个角度构建生菜生长势图像检测法.采集自然光条件下生菜整个生命周期俯视及侧视两类序列图像样本,并同步人工实测生菜生长势的动态数据样本,探讨生长势的图像检测指标与人工实测综合指标之间的相关性.对于单株生菜,通过CCD相机获取其投影图像及水平面两垂直方向侧视图像.就投影图像分割,为提高算法运行效率,将图像由RGB模型转换到HSI模型并提取H分量图像,再运用自动阈值法进行图像二值化处理,可测得单株生菜的投影面积.由于侧视图像背景较复杂,故联合使用K-means彩色图像分割法及伪彩色图像处理方法,获得生菜株高值.同时手工测量表达单株生菜生长势的叶片数、株高、x轴和y轴方向生菜植株的最大宽度、生菜植株某选定叶片的长和宽等6个指标,用主成分分析法从中提取出总生长势信息.将该值作为因变量,图像测得的投影面积和株高值作为自变量并进行回归分析.结果表明,模型的显著性检验概率均小于0.0001,除第4株生菜外,其余模型的决定系数均大于0.80,说明模型极显著且具有较高的拟合精度.对于群体生菜,预试验发现其侧视图像难以准确表达群体生菜生长势信息,故只考虑投影图像,其分割方法与单株生菜侧视图像相同.从中可计算得到群体生菜覆盖指数,再手工测量并算得群体生菜体积指数,以体积指数为因变量,以覆盖指数为自变量建模并进行回归分析.结果表明,模型显著性检验概率均小于0.0001,且决定系数均大于0.89,覆盖指数较好地表达了群体生菜生长势信息.故用图像检测获得的生菜投影面积、株高、群体覆盖指数等三项指标表征生菜生长势一方面具有科学性和可行性,在植物生长状况实时监测领域具有潜在的应用价值,另一方面,其图像分割方法和数据统计方法也可为植物生长状况实时监测等提供一定的借鉴和参考.     

基于结构-功能互反馈机制的植物生长可视化建模与仿真(简报)

为确定植物生长可视化建模的一般方法,在总结国内外相关研究成果的基础上,归纳了基于结构-功能反馈机制的植物生长可视化建模的步骤,研究了建模过程中涉及的植物形态结构描述模型、结构模型与功能模型的结合、可视化模型以及模型的有效性检验等关键性技术问题,最后以具体作物生长可视化建模为例阐述了该技术的应用,并对关键性技术问题进行了讨论.研究结果表明,基于结构-功能反馈机制的作物生长模型,不但能可视化模拟不同环境因素下作物的生长发育状况,而且可在作物理想株型培育、群体产量预测、栽培管理等领域发挥实际作用.     

玉米三维重构及可视化系统的设计与实现

重构出植物的三维形态是数字植物研究的基础。介绍了玉米三维重构及可视化系统的整体结构、数学基础及实现过程。系统由器官几何造型模块、生长模型模块、可视化控制模块、数据库和人机交互界面组成。其中，玉米叶片、茎节、雄穗、雌穗和根系的三维形态是由基于器官形态结构主要特征而构建的参数化的几何模型来描述的。模型参数具有较明确的生物学意义，均可由品种特征或生长模型生成；系统运行时，根据玉米品种特征和玉米生长模型生成植株的拓扑结构参数和器官几何模型参数，通过人机交互操作来确定行株距等农艺措施参数，进而结合VC++和openGL在计算机上重构出玉米器官、个体和群体的三维形态，具有较好地真实感。系统界面友好、使用方便，易于交互，为农学研究者提供了新的手段。     

棉花地上部形态模拟模型的建立

为构建基于生理生态过程的棉花虚拟生长模型,本研究以棉花模型COTGROW为基础,利用棉花品种"美棉33B"的3年田间密度试验数据,分析了棉株器官生物量-形态的关系,改进了COTGROW模型中的发育和形态发生模块,建立了基于生理生态过程的棉花地上部分形态模拟模型,并利用独立试验数据对模型进行检验。结果表明:模型对棉花地上部各器官形态特征的模拟值和测定值的吻合度较好,棉花株高、主茎节数、果枝数、各果枝果节数、节间长度、节间直径、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶柄长度、叶柄直径、棉铃长度以及铃直径测定值与模拟值间的相关系数分别为0.99、0.99、0.99、0.92、0.95、0.93、0.75、0.71、0.81、0.62、0.98和0.98,均方根误差分别为3.85 cm、0.64、0.52、0.66、1.00 cm、0.15 cm、1.58 cm、2.39 cm、2.54 cm、0.05 cm、0.13 cm和0.10 cm。本研究建立的棉花地上部形态模拟模型能较准确地模拟棉花地上部分的生长状况,这将为棉花生长虚拟模型的开发奠定基础。     

Robust two-stage approach to repeated measurements analysis of chronic ozone exposure in rats

A robust two-stage approach is used to reanalyze the repeated measurements from an experiment of airway responsiveness in rats randomized to long-term exposure at four ozone doses. The concentration-response data generated for each rat may be represented as a hierarchical nonlinear model encompasing the sources of variation within and between individual profile for each rat, the conditional modeling approach can assess the adequacy of an assumed mean model, a fundamental advantage not intrinsic to marginal techniques. The two-stage population inference is based on the estimated individual parameters, thus maintaining an intuitive appeal to the toxicologists who traditionally have fitted a separate curve for each animal and then applied ANOVA to the summary statistics. However, we formally adjust the standard errors for the extra variability due to the initial estimation of the individual parameters and also allow for their within-rat correlation. The robust two-stage method appropriately down weights the a berrant responses arising sporadically within individualsand, more importantly, the rats which may be outlying relative to the usual population variation. The true effect of chronic ozone exposure, including a significant gender interaction, may be masked by a few rats which exert undue influence on the population estimates in a nonrobust analysis.     

A Sequential Monte Carlo Approach for MLE in a Plant Growth Model

Parametric identification of plant growth models formalized as discrete dynamical systems is a challenging problem due to specific data acquisition (system observation is generally done with destructive measurements), non-linear dynamics, model uncertainties and high-dimensional parameter space. In this study, we present a novel idea of modeling plant growth in the framework of non-homogeneous hidden Markov models (Cappé, Moulines, and Rydén 2005), for a certain class of plants with known organogenesis (structural development). Unknown parameters of the models are estimated via a stochastic variant of a generalized EM (Expectation-Maximization) algorithm and approximate confidence intervals are given via parametric bootstrap. The complexity of the model makes both the E-step (expectation step) and the M-step (maximization step) non-explicit. For this reason, the E-step is approximated via a sequential Monte Carlo procedure (sequential importance sampling with resampling) and the M-step is separated into two steps (Conditional-Maximization), where before applying a numerical maximization procedure (quasi-Newton type), a large subset of unknown parameters is updated explicitly conditioned on the other subset. A simulation study and a case-study with real data from the sugar beet are considered and a model comparison is performed based on these data. Appendices are available online.     

遥感信息与作物生长模型的区域作物单产模拟

利用外部数据同化作物生长模型提高区域作物单产模拟精度是近年来的研究热点.该文以遥感反演的叶面积指数(LAI)作为结合点,以黄淮海粮食主产区典型县市夏玉米为研究对象,在区域尺度利用全局优化的复合形混合演化( SCE-UA)算法进行了遥感反演LAI信息同化EPIC (environmental policy integra...     

基于虚拟模型的水稻冠层叶面积计算方法

水稻冠层的叶面积是分析水稻生长状况的重要参数,传统叶面积统计方法效率较低且误差较大,难以对植株冠层不同高度层的叶面积进行测量。针对传统水稻冠层叶面积统计方法的薄弱点,该文提出一种基于虚拟模型的水稻冠层叶面积计算方法。该方法首先通过田间试验获取的水稻形态参数,建立虚拟水稻模型,然后基于该模型计算植株整体叶面积以及两株水稻在一定株距下不同高度层内叶片面积的大小,从而为水稻种植管理措施的优化提供参考。该文算法与长宽校正法相比,在整株叶面积统计结果上,二者相差在5%左右;每层叶片面积实际测定和仿真结果的比较,两者误差在10%之内。该方法对于水稻冠层叶片面积统计具有一定的实际意义。     

基于轮廓分割的草莓叶片三维建模

为精确构建原位草莓植株三维空间结构,以高架栽培模式生长环境下的草莓植株为研究对象,提出了一种基于多源图像轮廓分割的草莓植株结构形态三维重建算法。通过改进的多源图像融合算法,建立多源图像映射关系,融合预处理后的多源信息得到待分割强度图;计算待分割强度图矢量场卷积的局部中心,选出多目标的初始轮廓控制点,将参数的活动轮廓模型应用于待分割强度图像进行叶片的分割;采用标记的方法将分割轮廓映射至距离点云集,设计以单个叶片为单位的平面拟合选择机制,最终完成草莓三维模型的重建及显示。为验证该算法的有效性,将三维重建后的有效叶片数,平均单叶长度及叶片距离差作为评价指标,实验结果表明,有效叶片数正确率为85.6%,平均单叶长度模型正确计算率为88.4%,叶片距离差正确计算率为82.4%,研究结果可应用于原位草莓植株的空间位置测量,可为农业机器人局部视觉场景中植株空间结构的构建提供参考。     

Plant Growth Promoting Traits of Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Chilli (Capsicumannuum L.) Rhizosphere

Phosphorus (P) is the second key nutrient for plants and it affects several attributes of plant growth. Identification of a potent phosphate solubilizing microorganism capable of transforming the insoluble P into soluble and plant-accessible forms is considered as the best eco-friendly option for providing inexpensive P to plants. Hence, this study was focused to assess the growth enhancement traits of the phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) isolated from chili rhizosphere. Twelve PSB were isolated by enrichment culture technique and its P solubilization efficiency was checked using Vanadomolybdate phosphoric yellow color method. Among them, two potent strains PS2 and PS3, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa KR270346 and KR270347 based on biochemical and molecular characterization, were selected for further study. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates interestingly showed the presence of various potential plant growth-promoting properties including indole acetic acid and siderophore production. The growth enhancement effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates on chilli showed promising results, and the growth parameters were found to be statistically signi?cant when compared to control. The results demonstrated an eloquent impact on various aspects, namely microbial count and PSB population, phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity, available phosphorous in the soil, plant nutrient uptake, and yield parameters. Inoculation of these two isolates together with the addition of rock phosphate increased comparable amount of available P and these treatments were statistically at par throughout the growth period. The results con?rmed the growth-promoting potential of the isolates to develop as biofertilizers either alone or as components of integrated nutrient management systems.     

基于WOFOST模型的中国主产区冬小麦生长过程动态模拟

大区域尺度WOFOST(world food studies)模型的动态模拟是作物模型区域应用的重要基础。该文以中国冬小麦主产区为研究对象,利用中国冬小麦主产区内174个农业气象站多年观测数据以及气象站点观测数据,重点优化WOFOST模型中与品种相关的积温参数,即出苗至开花有效积温与开花至成熟有效积温。在冬小麦主产区分区的基础上,以2012—2015年气象数据驱动WOFOST模型,在站点尺度进行冬小麦的物候期、叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)和单产动态模拟和精度分析。结果表明:WOFOST模型模拟出苗至开花天数的决定系数R2为0.89~0.94,均方根误差RMSE为7.87~11.52 d,模型模拟开花至成熟天数的R2为0.63~0.77,RMSE为2.99~4.65 d;模型模拟LAI的R2为0.70~0.83,RMSE为0.89~1.46 m2/m2;灌溉区WOFOST模拟的单产精度R2为0.45~0.59,RMSE为734~1 421 kg/hm2;雨养区WOFOST模拟的单产精度R2为0.48~0.61,RMSE为1 046~1 329 kg/hm2。结果表明,WOFOST模型在全国尺度取得了较高模拟精度,为区域尺度作物模型的农业应用提供了坚实的过程模型基础。