杨树菇深层发酵工艺的研究

本文通过对在不同培养条件下杨树菇菌丝体生长状况及多糖含量的测定。研究了杨树菇深层发酵的适宜条件，结果表明：在25℃、pH5．6、转速150r／min、通气量5L／min的条件下，杨树菇的生长状况最好，其多糖含量最高。     

虫草液体深层发酵富硒的研究

研究了不同硒浓度、培养时间、pH、培养基种类等因素对虫草菌丝体生长量、富硒量、有机硒转化率的影响，探讨了虫草菌富硒的最优培养条件。结果表明其最优富硒培养条件为：培养基硒浓度60μg／mL，培养时间5d，pH6，培养基为麸皮培养基（％）：蔗糖3，麸皮2，NaN030．2，KH2V040．5。菌丝生长量最高可达1．916g/100mL，有机硒含量可达509．026μg／100mL。虫草有机硒转化率最佳培养条件为：培养基硒浓度20μg／mL，培养时间5d，pH7，培养基为马铃薯培养基（％）：蔗糖3，马铃薯20，NaNCh0．2，KH2PO40．5。其有机硒转化率最高可达18．44％。低浓度的硒可以刺激菌丝体生长，高浓度的硒对菌丝体生长有抑制作用，使有机硒转化率降低。     

滑菇液体培养营养条件及培养适期研究

本文采用L_9(3~4)正交试验法,研究了滑菇液体培养基中不同C/N、pH、硫酸镁和磷酸二氢钾配比对滑菇菌丝产量的影响,从中筛选出四因素的最佳组合为:C/N 20:1、硫酸镁0.08％、磷酸二氢钾0.05％、pH 6,该组合的菌丝产量最高。用该配方进行了滑菇液体培养最适期试验,结果表明,液体培养12d,菌丝产量最高。     

6-BA对杨树菇液体培养的影响研究

适宜浓度的6-BA应用于杨树菇液体培养，可明显促进杨树菇菌丝生长和可溶性糖的产生。适宜的6-BA作用浓度为0．15mg／L，它使菌丝体的产量和可溶性糖含量分别提高了17．3％和15.0％。     

白玉菇菌丝体生长阶段培养料理化变化规律与出菇条件的研究

方法与目的:应用液体菌种工厂化生产白玉菇,测量菌丝体生长阶段培养料的pH、含水量、观察物理性状变化,确定变化规律,为栽培瓶培养质量检测提供快捷、简单的检测方法;通过培养周期试验、搔菌时不同pH试验、环境条件试验三个方面,研究原基形成与子实体生长的内在和外在条件,解决应用液体菌种块出菇难的问题。结果:白玉菇菌丝体生长阶段培养料pH、含水量、培养料颜色、松软程度以及栽培瓶外壁、培养料表面的菌丝体变化等状况,具有一定的变化规律;出菇的条件为,培养60～70d,培养料pH值5.2～5.6,含水量72%～74%,颜色淡黄、质地松软,搔菌后6~8d给予12h的间隙式光照刺激,促进扭结和原基形成。结论:根据菌丝体生长阶段培养料理化性质变化规律,能够快速地判断白玉菇的培养质量;培养时间与环境条件,决定能否扭结、形成原基;培养料的腐熟程度,决定子实体能否正常生长。     

不同培养条件对鲍鱼菇菌丝生长的影响

通过不同温度、pH值及培养基含水量处理 ,对鲍鱼菇菌丝生长状况进行了研究。结果表明鲍鱼菇菌丝生长适宜的温度范围为 2 0～ 31℃ ,最适温度为 2 5～2 8℃ ;pH值适宜的范围为 4 0～ 7 0 ,最适pH值为 5 5～6 0 ;培养基含水量适宜的范围为 6 0 %～ 80 % ,最适含水量为 80 %。     

台湾樟芝对碳素营养源利用的研究

本文报道了台湾樟芝 (Antradiacomphora)液体深层培养过程中 ,六种不同碳素营养源组成的合成液体培养基 ,对樟芝菌球生长的影响 ,结果表明 ,樟芝对六种碳源均可利用 ,其中以麦芽糖利用效果最佳 ,菌球数量及菌丝体干重均居首位 ,菌球数量是对照的 3 5 5倍 ,菌丝体干重比对照高出1 73倍 ,樟芝对乳糖的利用较差 ,菌球数量虽比CK仅少 2 5个 / 10 0mL ,但菌体干重相差较大 ,每10 0mL相差 2 5 6 9mg。对樟芝发酵液pH测定情况看来 ,不同碳源组成的培养基终止pH表现不同 ,以麦芽糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖为碳源的培养基终止pH为 4 5～ 5 0左右。甘露醇为碳源的培养基终止发酵pH为 3 5～ 4 0 ,而乳糖则为 5 5以上。试验表明 ,樟芝菌丝生长极其缓慢 ,在液体深层培养过程中 ,若培养基配方不合理 ,菌球就不生长 ,本文筛选了适合樟芝深层培养的碳素营养源 ,为樟芝的开发和利用提供了科学依据     

杨树菇液体发酵工艺研究

以菌丝体生物量为测定指标,筛选出杨树菇液体培养的最适氮源为蚕蛹粉,最适碳源为可溶性淀粉;确定了杨树菇最佳液体培养基配方为蚕蛹粉4%,可溶性淀粉3%,KH2PO40.1%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.3%;适宜装液量32%,起始pH 7.0,接种量15%,液体发酵周期7d.     

深层培养诸因素对金针菇菌丝体生长的影响

本文研究了在500ml摇瓶振荡培养条件下,培养基的初始pH值、不同碳源、不同氮源对金针菇菌丝体生长的影响和培养过程中培养液pH值的变化规律,并测定了菌丝体和子实体的主要营养成分及氨基酸含量。结果表明,深层培养7d,菌丝体生长量最高,培养液的pH值用培养时间的延长而逐渐下降,第7天最低;培养基最适pH为5.5～7.4;金针菇的适用碳源是葡萄糖、蔗糖和纤维素;适用氮源是蛋白胨和酵母膏。菌丝体与子实体的营养成分种类相似,而菌丝体的蛋白质含量和氨基酸总量均高于子实体。     

秀珍菇菌丝活化培养条件优化

秀珍菇是一种营养价值极高的白腐真菌,其固态发酵具有非常大的应用潜力,而秀珍菇菌丝的活化是固态发酵的起始,菌丝活力的高低影响着后期发酵效率。试验首先采用固体培养基平板法初步筛选影响秀珍菇菌丝活性的碳源、氮源和pH;随后通过液体培养测定菌丝生长量和胞外酶活性,进一步确定秀珍菇菌丝活化的最佳碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为酵母粉,pH为7.0;最后检测培养周期内秀珍菇菌丝体生长曲线和胞外酶活性,确定最佳培养时间为6 d。最终活化后的秀珍菇菌丝生长洁白浓密,生长速度较快,且胞外酶活性较高,为后期进一步发酵奠定了基础。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.