剑麻纤维/聚丙烯木塑复合材料耐磨性能研究

采用熔融共混、模压成型方式制备剑麻纤维(SF)/聚丙烯(PP)木塑复合材料,探讨剑麻纤维对复合材料耐磨性能的影响;考察SF的表面处理方式、用量以及同玻璃纤维(GF)混杂增强与复合材料耐磨性能的关系;通过扫描电镜(SEM)对复合材料磨损的表面形态结构进行了研究。结果表明:SF的表面处理方式和用量对材料耐磨性能有一定影响;SF与GF混杂后材料的耐磨性能随SF用量的增加而增加;纯PP树脂的摩擦以磨粒磨损和粘着磨损为主,SF/PP复合材料磨损以磨粒磨损为主,SF/GF/PP复合材料的磨损是磨粒磨损和粘着磨损共同承担的结果。     

二次纤维的微波强化碱预处理及其氰乙基化改性研究

对二次纤维(SF)的微波强化碱预处理及其氰乙基化反应工艺及反应产物氰乙基化二次纤维(CSF)结构、性能和热塑化机理进行探讨.结果表明,在微波辐射功率200、400和600W的作用条件下,辐射特定时间都能明显提高SF的反应程度、缩短反应时间,微波连续辐射比间歇辐射更有利于提高SF的氰乙基化反应程度;SF的氰乙基化有消晶效果,CSF的结晶度降低随着含氮量的增加而不断降低、晶面间距增大;CSF具有热塑性,可热压成形;SF氰乙基化反应程度越高,CSF的热塑性能和力学性能越好;CSF之所以具有热塑化性,与SF引入取代基团—CH2CH2 CN,纤维素的结晶结构遭到破坏而促进纤维素大分子或链段的运动有关.     

混和导电单元对落叶松胶合板电磁屏蔽功能的影响

以不锈钢纤维(SF)、黄铜纤维(CF)、超细镍粉(Ni)以及石墨粉(CP)为导电单元,采用纤维与粉末、不锈钢纤维与黄铜纤维混和方式,在脲醛树脂胶中加入混和导电单元制备3层结构的落叶松胶合板,研究导电单元不同施加量以及混和方式对木基复合材料电磁屏蔽性能(SE)和胶合强度(ST)的影响.结果表明:胶合强度达到或超过国家标准.不锈钢纤维与石墨粉混和时,电磁屏蔽效能从5.62～21.14 dB;不锈钢纤维与镍粉混和时,电磁屏蔽效能从0～21.14 dB;黄铜纤维与石墨粉混和时,电磁屏蔽效能从10.53～28.76 dB;黄铜纤维与镍粉混和时,电磁屏蔽效能从12.30～28.76 dB;不锈钢纤维与黄铜纤维混和时,电磁屏蔽效能从6.34～21.14 dB.电磁屏蔽模型显著,胶合强度模型不显著.金属纤维比导电粉末更有利于材料电磁屏蔽效能提高,不锈钢纤维比黄铜纤维更有利于材料电磁屏蔽效能提高.     

金属纤维与木单板的复合

为了赋予木基复合材料电磁屏蔽功能,在脲醛树脂胶中加入黄铜纤维和不锈钢纤维作为导电单元,制备三层结构的落叶松复合胶合板,研究金属纤维不同施加量以及涂胶量对木基复合材料电磁屏蔽性能(SE)和胶合强度(ST)的影响.结果表明,除SF25-80外,胶合强度均达到或超过国家标准,涂胶量增大对电磁屏蔽效能有不利影响.在施加黄铜纤维条件下,电磁屏蔽效能为6.34～28.76dB,电磁屏蔽和胶合强度模型均不显著;在施加不锈钢纤维条件下,胶合板的电磁屏蔽效能为13.63～21.14dB,电磁屏蔽模型显著,胶合强度模型不显著.金属纤维的加入一方面有利于导电网链的形成,但另一方面对胶合强度有不利影响,进而不利于胶合板的导电性,电磁屏蔽性能是这两个方面综合作用的结果.     

海南槟榔黄化病发生及对产量的影响调查

黄化病是槟榔上的重要病害,作者对海南主要槟榔产区该病发生危害做了调查。结果表明:各地区平均发病率为23.81%,坡地的发病率大于平地和低洼地,发病时间越长产量降低越多。     

稻草氧碱浆疏解特性的研究

对稻草经氧碱蒸煮后进行疏解,研究疏解对稻草氧碱浆滤水性能的影响,并分析纤维质量、浆中灰分及硅含量的变化。结果表明:去除杂细胞后浆料的打浆度能降低近10°SR,疏解对浆料滤水性能的下降作用明显,同时疏解对纤维细胞的变形作用影响了浆料的打浆度,而杂细胞的存在与否对疏解浆料的打浆度影响不明显。与除杂浆料相比,未除杂浆料在疏解过程中细小纤维组分增加3.7个百分点,未除杂浆的扭结指数、卷曲指数、纤维宽度以及所含灰分中的硅含量随疏解而下降。     

中药“灯盏细辛”新用途

上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院在国际上首次发现，中草药灯盏细辛可明显降低口腔黏膜白斑癌变率，并对癌变过程中的血管生成有“良性”作用。这项研究成果最近已经通过专家鉴定。     

海南省槟榔主产区槟榔黄化病发生现状

为了阐明槟榔黄化病在海南地区的病害发生规律,对海南省主要槟榔种植园进行了槟榔黄化病病害调查.结果表明:东西线平均发病率分别为41.38％和37.67％,年份越久的的槟榔园槟榔黄化病病情越严重,槟榔黄化病死亡率总体上随着发病率的上升而提高.     

Folin-Ciocalteus法测定槟榔中多酚含量的研究

采用Folin-Ciocalteu比色法研究了槟榔多酚的定量测定方法,并测定新鲜槟榔、槟榔烟果、槟榔籽中多酚含量.结果表明:槟榔多酚提取液在加入Folin-Ciocaheus显色剂2.0mL、10%Na_2 CO_3溶液10mL,反应时间150min、温度40℃的条件下进行反应,并于730 nm处测定其吸光值,多酚质量浓度在0～2.8mg/L范围内与吸光值有良好的线性关系,根据拟合的线性回归方程进行槟榔多酚的定量测定,新鲜槟榔、槟榔烟果、槟榔籽中多酚含量分别为15.47±0.08 g/100 g、7.23±0.06 g/100 g、5.27±0.05 g/100 g.     

微波强化碱预处理对二次纤维结构及其氰乙基化反应的影响

研究了微波强化碱预处理对二次纤维(SF)化学结构、超分子结构、物理特性的影响,并通过与丙烯腈反应分析微波强化对二次纤维氰乙基化反应性能的影响,初步探讨了微波强化作用机理。结果表明,微波强化碱预处理二次纤维(WASF)的化学组分和晶型没有发生改变,但纤维素分子中的氢键受到部分破坏,结晶度下降,纤维变得疏松,表面和内部结构受到一定的损伤,保水值和可及度增大,反应活性提高。与碱预处理相比,微波强化碱预处理显著提高了二次纤维的氰乙基化反应性能,在同一辐射功率下,延长微波强化时间有利于氰乙基化反应,微波强化碱预处理氰乙基化二次纤维的含氮率由10.85%提高至17.80%。     

Statistical analysis of the spatio‐temporal dynamics of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) trunk phloem necrosis: no evidence of pathogen transmission

Trunk phloem necrosis (TPN) of Hevea brasiliensis is an irreversible syndrome of the phloem that spreads from the collar towards the tapping cut. It is responsible for the cessation of latex production, the main constraint in rubber plantations worldwide. Numerous investigations have been undertaken to understand the mechanisms of this disease. The apparent linear spread of TPN supported the initial hypothesis of a biotic causal agent for TPN. However, previous and recent aetiological analyses remained inconclusive and the pathogen hypothesis is tending to be abandoned. In this paper we present a complementary statistical analysis of spatio‐temporal epidemiological data collected in a rubber plantation in Côte d'Ivoire. There, four study plots were surveyed each year from 2000 to 2003, with tree‐by‐tree disease assessment. In two plots, the tapping knife was systematically disinfected with sodium hypochlorite to stop any virus or viroid transmission. Based on permutation tests, our analysis confirmed the aetiological results: there was no evidence for spread by pathogen transmission. However, the spatial structure of the disease was clear. These results strengthen the current alternative scenario of a multi‐factor physiological disease caused by an accumulation of exogenous and endogenous stresses. Spatial heterogeneity of the risk factors probably results in the presence of areas of stress that can explain the spatial patterns observed among the TPN cases. The final contribution of this study was confirmation of the curative effect of sodium hypochlorite in the earliest stages of the disease, thus opening the way for control of this disease.     

Pre- and post-dispersal damage to the nuts of two beech species (Fagus crenata blume andF. japonica Maxim.) that masted simultaneously at the same site

A study of pre- and post-dispersal damage to the nuts of two beeches,Fagus crenata Blume andF. japonica Maxim., which masted simultaneously, was performed on a single site in Japan. Most insect damage to the nuts before dispersal resulted from boring by lepidopteran larvae, and the level of attack was markedly higher onF. crenata than onF. japonica. Early nut growth ofF. crenata allowed these borers to act as the first attackers on the nuts. Conversely, late nut growth ofF. japonica delayed the attack of borers, and foliage feeders acted as the first attackers instead, chewing on nuts from the outside. The low level of borer attacks on the nuts ofF. japonica in mast years was thought to have been caused by foliage feeders decreasing the amount of food resource available for later attack by borers in lean years. This could then lead to a subsequent depression of the population of borers in mast years. The proportion of nuts damaged by moth larvae was independent of the density of nuts for both beech species. Caching by vertebrates was thought to be the most important factor in post-dispersal damage because the density of nuts of both beech species on the forest floor in March was half the level measured using seed traps in the previous year. However, post-germination damage caused by a fungus was also an important factor. The survival rate of the nuts (including current-year seedlings) in the year after dispersal was independent of the density of dispersed sound nuts in the previous year for both beech species, with the exception of one set of observations (forF. japonica in July). This research was supported in part by a grant from the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.     

世界松籽资源生产利用现状及我国松籽发展对策探讨

松籽是一种美味的非木质林产品, 全球有30多个松属物种可以生产可食用松籽, 但目前只有5个物种的松籽被用于商业生产。近年来, 国际松籽市场规模在不断扩大, 产品供不应求, 价格居高不下。我国是松籽生产及进出口大国, 年产量在2万t左右, 出口量占世界松籽贸易量的40%以上, 居首位, 但出口的松籽多数原产于俄罗斯。近几年俄罗斯国内消费量在不断增长, 加之俄罗斯远东及西伯利亚生产松籽的森林被大面积地砍伐破坏, 我国不可能长期依赖进口满足国内消费及出口需求。因此, 建议对我国果用松林的经济与生态重要性进行再评估, 并考虑起动相关研究, 挖掘潜力, 对生产松籽的松林实施园艺式高效经营或作为专门产业来管理。     

Fruit and nut weight in pecan tree canopies in relation to the severity of pecan scab at different heights

Fusicladium effusum is the cause of pecan scab, the most destructive disease of pecan in the south‐eastern USA. The aim of the study was to determine how scab severity at different sample heights in tall trees (14–16 m) affected fruit and nut weight at those same heights. Three experiments were performed in 2010‐2011 on trees of scab‐susceptible cultivars (cvs. Desirable and Wichita) and either received fungicide using an air‐blast sprayer or were non‐treated controls. Samples for measures of fruit and nut weight were taken at 0–5.0, 5.0⁺–7.5, 7.5⁺–10.0, 10.0⁺–12.5 and 12.5⁺–15.0 m (and were assessed for scab severity). A general linear mixed model analysis showed main effects of sample height, fungicide treatment and sample height × fungicide treatment interactions in all experiments on fruit and nut weight and on disease severity. Control trees had significantly more severe disease on fruit lower in the canopy, while fungicide‐treated trees either had similar disease severity at all heights or slightly more severe disease in the upper canopy. On control trees, where there was a linear relationships between fruit or nut weight and sample height, it was invariably positive (R²= .85–.94). On fungicide‐treated trees, fruit or nut weight most often had a negative linear relationship with sample height (R²=.69–.89). When significant, in control and treated trees, there was invariably a negative linear relationship between fruit or nut weight and scab severity (R²=.66–.94). Gradients in fungicide coverage and scab severity impact fruit and nut weights that can have ramifications on yield for a tree as a whole. Understanding the distribution of scab in pecan and other tall tree canopies provides a basis for developing management strategies and fungicide application methods to uniformly minimize disease.     

Shifting cultivation effects on Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) regeneration

Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), has emerged as the cornerstone of the extractive economy in much of the Amazon, but the debate continues as to whether or not current harvest levels have a detrimental effect on Brazil nut seedling recruitment. While regeneration studies to date have been conducted solely within mature forest, our study provides further insight into current Brazil nut regeneration dynamics, with a unique first look at regeneration in swidden fallows within two multiple-use areas in Acre, Brazil. Recruitment of individuals ≤10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) was evaluated within three 9 ha mature forest plots and six fallows of 0.5–1.0 ha each. Higher mean densities of B. excelsa seedlings (individuals <1.5 m in height) were observed in fallow than in mature forest (12.7 and 5.3 individuals ha⁻¹, respectively). A generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed that in addition to forest type, proximity to seed sources also explained seedling densities. Height and diameter growth of young B. excelsa individuals was positively related to light availability. Photosynthetic photon flux density levels were over three times higher in fallows versus mature forest during peak sunlight hours. Results suggest that fallow environments may provide favorable conditions for B. excelsa regeneration. Not only can anthropogenic disturbance in the form of shifting cultivation play a positive role in B. excelsa regeneration, its historic presence on the landscape could explain current Brazil nut densities and distributions. Finally, swidden fallows could potentially be managed for enhanced Brazil nut densities, which may provide an opportunity for greater income for extractive families while contributing to the sustainability of Brazil nut extraction and forest conservation in the long term.     

低温胁迫下植物生理反应机理研究进展

温度作为一个重要的环境因子, 对植物生长发育起着重要作用。低温对植物造成的伤害影响着植物栽培、作物生产、花卉开花和果树结实等一系列活动, 迄今为止人们还没有找到根本解决方法。文中综述了近几年来国内外关于植物抗寒性与形态结构、膜系统、保护性酶系统、渗透调节物质、基因等因素关系的研究进展, 分析认为, 与抗寒性相关的各个因素最深入层次都涉及基因组序列排列、信号传导、基因表达。今后加强结合分子层面、代谢组学和栽培措施改善植物抗寒途径等方面的研究, 可为植物抗寒机理探索提供深层次基础理论参考。     

薄壳山核桃果实发育及脂肪酸累积变化规律

为了研究薄壳山核桃果实生长发育规律及果实品质特征,对‘Mahan’与‘Jinhua’这2个薄壳山核桃优良品种果实的横纵径、单果质量、脂肪含量及其各组分脂肪酸含量等生长性状指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明:1在果实发育过程中,2个品种果实的横纵径和单果质量的生长变化规律基本一致,均呈慢—快—慢的增长趋势,其发育过程均可划分为4个时期,其中‘Mahan’比‘Jinhua’早熟;2其粗脂肪含量均呈不断上升的增长趋势,7月下旬至10月中旬乃其油脂积累的重要时期,成熟果的果仁中主要含有油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸等11种脂肪酸组分,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量约占90%,油酸含量最高为78.81%;3随着果实的成熟,其饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐减少,而不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增加,‘Mahan’的不饱和脂肪酸含量高于‘Jinhua’,在果实成熟期间2个品种的油酸和硬脂酸含量均持续增加,而其亚油酸和棕榈酸含量均先增后降。     

Nut-yield Variations and Yield–diameter Relationships in Open-canopy Black Walnut Trees in Southern USA

Many landowners in the United States have little knowledge of the potential economic returns from agroforestry practices. Economic simulators for temperate agroforestry practices have been generated; yet, there are few data sets on yields of timber and other products to validate and refine such models. The objectives of this study were to characterize variations in nut yields among open canopy eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees and apply this information to the development of predictive equations between tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and nut yields. Three data sets were analyzed that included results from Tennessee; Chetopa, Kansas; and Mt Vernon, Missouri. Tree-to-tree variation in nut yields was high within each data set, with coefficients of variation for nut yields typically exceeding 50%. Averaging nut yields over several consecutive years reduced coefficients of variation. Nearly half of the high nut producing trees exhibited an alternate, biennial nut bearing pattern. Trees with low average nut yields had either sporadic or irregular patterns of nut bearing. The regression coefficients for equations relating stem diameter and nut yields varied considerably. Averaging nut yields over consecutive years, and averaging stem diameter and nut yields over a number of trees increased regression coefficients of such equations. These results indicate that predicting nut yields of a tree stand over a several year-period will be easier than predicting yields for a specific tree in a specific year. Deceased 2002     

Paeoniflorin alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting HIF-1α through mTOR-dependent pathway

HIF-1α/mTOR signaling pathway is considered to play a crucial role in genesis and progress of tissue fibrosis. The elevation of HIF-1α and mTOR is relevant to CCl4 induced liver fibrotic rats. Paeoniflorin has been consistently shown to exhibit multiple pharmacological effects in liver disease. However, so far, no research demonstrates the relationship between paeoniflorin and HIF-1α/mTOR fibrogenesis pathway in liver fibrosis. In this study, the liver fibrosis was performed by CCl4 rats and HSC-T6 cell line. The data demonstrated that paeoniflorin treatment could attenuate liver fibrosis and inhibit the activation of HSC. Moreover, paeoniflorin significantly enhanced hepatic function by decreasing serum level of ALT, AST and ALP, and increasing level of ALB, TP. Meanwhile, ECM degradation was modulated by paeoniflorin treated rats with a remarkable reduce of α-SMA and collagen III mRNA expression. Moreover, the alleviation effect of liver fibrosis was relevant to inhibiting HIF-1α and phosphor-mTOR. Our data indicate that paeoniflorin alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting HIF-1α expression partly through mTOR pathway and paeoniflorin may be a potential therapeutic agent for liver fibrosis.     

银杏品种经济性状分析及其与土壤相关性研究Ⅱ.土壤条件对经济性状的影响

对大佛手银杏和大梅核银杏经济性状与土壤条件的相关性作了研究，不同土壤因子对银杏经济性状有不同方式、不同程度的影响，但没有达到显著水平．同一土壤因子对这两个银杏品种经济性状的影响不一定相同；影响两品种同一经济性状的土壤因子也不一定相同．生产上应找出影响各品种（类型）经济性状的主要因子．