鲟鳇鱼鱼苗人工饵料开口技术操作要点

鲟鳇鱼育苗大多为水蚯蚓等活饵开口培育到7cm 后再使用颗粒饵料进行转口,本文从环境条件、苗种培育和病害防治等方面论述了鲟鳇鱼鱼苗人工饵料开口技术操作要点. 1 范围 适用于史氏鲟、达氏鳇、西伯利亚鲟鱼鱼苗的开口、苗种培育.     

鱼苗用开口饵料

日本生产销售了一种营养均衡,可促进鱼类健康生长的鱼苗用固体开口饵料。这种饵料有5个型号,可适应鱼类不同的生长阶段。1—5号的粒径分别为0.3—0.5mm、0.5—1.4mm、1.2—1.8mm、1.7—2.2mm、3.3—4.0mm。1、2号饵料为颗粒型,3、4、5号饵料为发泡型。这种饵料强化了矿物质和维生素类,各营养元素均衡,可促进鱼类生长,提高鱼苗成活率。由于是固型饵料,可直     

鱼苗放养前轮虫的培育方法

轮虫是鱼苗的开口饵料。在池塘中直接增殖轮虫是解决鱼苗开口饵料，降低鱼苗成活率的关键。发塘池培育轮虫的具体方法如下。     

介绍国外几种鱼苗开口饵料及试验结果

随着科学技术的发展和工业水平的提高，各国水产科学工作者，对鱼类的饵料(包括鱼苗的开口饵料)进行了深入的研究，并已应用于生产实践，取得了较好的结果。本文介绍几种国外鱼苗的开口饵料，供参考．     

鳜鱼苗的生物学与开口期培育技术

出膜３－７日龄的鳜鱼苗处于开口期,其能否顺利摄食第一口至关重要。在开口期培育中,饵料鱼苗的体高、游泳能力、体型与鳜鱼苗的口裂宽要相适应,以团头鲂或鳊鱼苗作为开口饵料鱼苗最好;同时探讨了开口期培育的培育方式与放养密度。     

黑龙江省渔业协会与哈尔滨市金山堡鱼种场合作引进西伯利亚鲟鱼

黑龙江省渔业协会与哈尔滨市金山堡鱼种场合作，于2002年2月27日成功引进法国产纯种西伯利亚鲟鱼初孵仔鱼12．5万尾。鱼苗放入金山堡鱼种场温室大棚养殖15天，已全部使用进口人工颗粒饵料开口，鱼苗平均尾长达3cm以上，截至日前，鱼苗存活率在93．2％。     

不同开口饵料对鸭绿沙塘鳢仔鱼生长性能的影响

以枝角类(Moina sp.)、水丝蚓(Limnodrilus sp.)、鲂鱼苗(Megalobrama amblycephala)、鱼苗宝(配合饲料)和枝角类+水丝蚓为开口饵料投喂鸭绿沙塘鳢仔鱼,经13d培育,结果表明:以枝角类+水丝蚓作为鸭绿沙塘鳢的开口饵料,仔鱼的生长速度最快,成活率最高,其平均体重、平均全长和平均成活率分别为21.37±8.44mg、12.58±1.11mm和88.33%;其中平均全长高于其它各组,差异显著(P0.05);平均体重大于其它各组,与枝角类、鲂鱼苗、鱼苗宝(配合饲料)组差异显著(P0.05);平均成活率高于其它各组,且与各组差异显著(P0.05)。鸭绿沙塘鳢仔鱼的最适开口饵料是枝角类+水丝蚓;其次为鲂鱼苗、水丝蚓和枝角类,鱼苗宝不适合作为其开口料。     

鸭绿江斑鳜开口饵料初步研究

以团头鲂仔鱼、枝角类、丰年虫幼体、鱼苗宝A1和鱼苗宝C2作为开口饵料投喂斑鳜仔鱼,经7d培育,结果表明团头鲂组生长最快,平均体长达11.25mm,平均体重达14.85mg.其成活率达52%,和其它组有极显著差异;丰年虫幼体组成活率最高达54%,但生长缓慢.五种开口饵料中,以团头鲂仔鱼最好,丰年虫幼体次之,其均好于枝角类、鱼苗宝A1和鱼苗宝C2.丰年虫幼体可作短时间替代饵料.     

匙吻鲟大规格鱼种培育技术研究

2011年4月～6月,从湖北引进平均全长8mm,平均体重0．006g的匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathuk）水花50000尾,进行了大规格鱼种培育技术研究。苗种培育前期主要采用枝角类作为生物饵料,当鱼苗全长达到50mm时开始进行人工微颗粒配合饲料驯化,经一周左右驯化,鱼苗均可摄食微颗粒配合饲料。经过48d培育,鱼苗平均全长为186mm,平均体重为25．635g,存活率达57．8％,取得了较好的培育效果。     

海水轮虫工厂化培育中的几个技术环节

在鱼类工厂化育苗中，轮虫作为鱼苗的开口饵料，其数量和质量直接关系到鱼苗的成活率和质量。近几年来，北方地区都在冬季进行牙鲆鱼孵化生产，由于无法收集到天然的活轮虫，育苗单位都在工厂(大棚)进行轮虫培育，一些单位由于没能掌握好轮虫培育中的技术关键，常出现败池现象，导致鱼苗缺少开口饵料，     

Nutrition of Marine Fish Larvae

ABSTRACT

In the hatchery production of aquatic animals for aquaculture, livefoods such as diatoms; rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis and brine shrimp, Artemia salina, have been used throughout the world. However, such production requires large facilities, maintenance expenses, and labor to produce a desired amount of live foods constantly and reliably. Also, the nutritive value of planktonic organisms is occasionally variable, indicating that the dietary quality of these live foods varies with the content of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA). Therefore it is necessary to develop microparticulate diets as a substitute for live foods to further increase theproductivity of seed for fish culture. The nutritional components of microparticulate diets for fish larvae should be determined on the basis of requirements of the larval fish for proteins and amino acids, lipids and fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, the efficient development of microparticulate diets for the fish larvae has promoted the improvement of nutritional requirement studies. The present reviewconcerning the nutrition of marine fish larvae focuses on the proteins, amino acids, peptides, fatty acids, phospholipids, depigmentation of flatfish, stress tolerance of lipids, incorporation of HUFA in neural tissues, HUFA in egg and larvae, HUFA enrichment of live food, carbohydrates, vitamins, energy source during embryo and larval stages, enzyme supplement in microparticulate diets, and application of microparticulate diets inaquaculture.     

Larval rearing of the shrimps Metapenaeus ensis (de Haan) and Penaeus chinensis (Osbeck) on artificial feed

Abstract. This study explored the feasibility of completely replacing live foods with an artificial diet for rearing the larvae of Metapenaeus ensis (de Haan) and Penaeus chinensis (Osbeck). The artificial diets tested were a microparticulate diet developed at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique, Tahiti, and Artificial Plankton B.P. (Nippai Shrimp Feed Inc., Japan). Survival and development of shrimp were assessed in 1-l cones stocked with 100 nauplius V-VI or protozoea I larvae. Live feeds of the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis and Artemia nauplii served as controls. Whereas the larvae could be reared to post-larvae with artificial diets alone, the highest survival and development rates were always obtained with live foods. Larvae fed with artificial diets had retarded development and their survival to post-larvae was always lower than those fed live foods. Total replacement of live foods with artificial diets resulted in a reduction in the body length of post-larvae I in P.chinensis . Supplementing Artificial Plankton B.P. with Artemia nauplii enhanced survival and development in this species. It was concluded that the two artificial diets are not satisfactory complete substitutes for live foods in raising the two penaeids but can be used as a convenient supplement when algal diet is limited.     

Effect of an experimental microparticulate diet on the growth, survival and fatty acid profile of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae

In recent years, a great deal of interest has emerged in the development of microdiets as an economic alternative to live food, in the larval culture of marine fish species. The ability to grow Sparus aurata larvae on a prototype microparticulate diet was examined. To achieve this objective, four feeding regimes differing in the time when the microdiet was introduced (3, 7 or 12 days) and one based exclusively on an inert diet were tested, during the first 22 days of larval life. Significant differences in larval growth were found between the experimental feeding regimes and their corresponding controls (enriched rotifers during the whole experimental period); the larvae in the co-feeding regimes and with an exclusive microparticulate diet were always significantly smaller than larvae fed on rotifers alone. However, the difference was minimised by introducing the inert diet at a later date. A lower survival was found in larvae with a co-feeding regime, in comparison with the control treatments and the survival was significantly lower in larvae fed exclusively on a microparticulate diet. The fatty acid analysis revealed that the experimental microencapsulated diet and the rotifers enriched with Protein Selco® presented relatively similar fatty acid content. In spite of the slightly higher (n?3)/(n?6) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratios and somewhat lower highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content found in the inert diet, the fatty acid composition of the diets cannot explain the differences found in larval performance. The results revealed that the complete replacement of live prey with the tested microparticulate diet is still not possible in S. aurata larval rearing. Nevertheless, better growth and survival results and a substantial reduction in the daily supply of live food can be achieved with a combination of microdiet and live prey.     

Successful culture of larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei fed a microbound formulated diet exclusively from either stage PZ2 or M1 to PL1

In three separate experiments, harpaticoid copepods Tisbe monozota (alive and dead) and a microparticulate microbound diet were evaluated as alternatives to live Artemia nauplii as food, beginning at either stage PZ2 or M1, in the larval culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Larvae were cultured in 2 L round bottom flasks at a density of 150 L^− 1 (Experiment 1) and 100 L^− 1 ( 3.2 and 3.3) at 28 °C, 35‰ salinity and 12:12 LD photoperiod, and fed 4×/day^- 1. Larvae were initially fed a mixture of phytoplankton to stages PZ2 or M1 and then fed either live Artemia, live or dead copepods, or a microparticulate microbound diet. The experiments were terminated and all larvae were harvested when more than 80% of larvae had molted to postlarvae 1 (PL1) within any flask representing any of the treatments. The comparative value of the different diets and feeding regimes was determined by mean survival, mean dry weight and total length of individual larva, and percentage of surviving larvae that were PL1. Trypsin activity of samples of larvae from each treatment was also determined. The microparticulate microbound diet effectively served as a complete substitute for Artemia nauplii when fed beginning at stage M1. When fed at the beginning of the PZ2 stage, survival was comparable to that of larvae fed Artemia, but mean dry weight, mean total length, and percent of surviving larvae that were PL1 generally were significantly less. Responses to the feeding of copepods, whether fed dead or live, as a substitute were generally significantly less than those of larvae fed either the Artemia nauplii or the microparticulate diet. Values of trypsin activity (10^− 5 IU/μg^- 1 dry weight) corresponded to the relative proportions of the different larval stages within a treatment, with higher activity being characteristic of early stages. Previously demonstrated successful results with another species of crustacean suggest that the microparticulate microbound diet has characteristics that should be effective in the culture of the carnivorous stages of other crustacean and fish larvae that are currently fed live Artemia nauplii.     

Evaluation of various diets for the optimum growth and survival of larvae of the penaeid prawn Penaeus japonicus Bate

Four types of food were tested to determine their effects on the growth and survival of larvae of the penaeid shrimp Penaeus japonicus Bate. The food types were live cells of Candida utilis (yeast), freeze-dried Candida utilis, microparticulate diet, and microencapsulated diet (commercial product). The diatom Chaetoceros gracilis was fed to larvae as a control. Two sets of experiments were carried out; the first was run in outdoor 1.5 ton tanks, and the second in indoor 1.2 ton tanks. In the outdoor experiment, the best survival and growth from nauplius to postlarva stage were obtained using microparticulate diet. During the first week of culture, freeze-dried Candida utilis resulted in the highest growth and survival among examined diets, but both factors dropped dramatically after the mysis stage. In the indoor experiment, the best growth and survival were obtained using live cells of Candida utilis from nauplius stage to end of mysis stage followed by brine shrimp. Tested diets were analysed for their contents of crude protein, total lipids, total carbohydrates, amino acid profiles and fatty acid contents.     

Evaluation of dietary taurine concentrations in microparticulate diets provided to larval California yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis) postlarvae

Taurine is an important amino acid derivative for marine and freshwater fish, especially during early development. We investigated the range of taurine concentrations that influence the growth and survival rates of California yellowtail (CYT; Seriola dorsalis) during transition from live feeds to microparticulate diets, as well as the extent to which nutrient leaching from the microparticulate diets affects these ranges. We tested particle‐assisted rotationally agglomerated (PARA) particles with four levels of taurine: 4 (low taurine; LT), 45 (medium taurine; MT), 93 (high taurine; HT) and 122 g/kg (very high taurine; VHT). Our results showed that CYT postlarvae had no significant differences in growth, survival and feed consumption rates between the MT, HT and VHT treatments. However, it should be noted that the PARA particles containing 122 g/kg (VHT) taurine were especially prone to leaching and may have had taurine concentrations as low as 34.9 g/kg before they settled on the bottom of the tank. Therefore, the actual dietary taurine concentrations experienced by the larvae were likely lower than the initial dietary concentrations. More research is needed to evaluate the potential nutrient toxicity of elevated dietary taurine concentrations for marine fish larvae and juveniles.     

Evaluation of a spray-dried artificial diet for larval culture of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and striped bass, Morone saxatilis

Larvae of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man), and the striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), were fed artificial diets manufactured by a spray-drying process or live Artemia nauplii , separately or in various combinations. Spray-dried diets were neutrally buoyant, water stable (low protein leaching rate), and were satisfactorily consumed as verified by the observation of full guts after feeding. Survival and growth of larvae fed live Artemia nauplii was significantly greater than those of larvae fed spray-dried diets. Lowest survival and growth rates were observed when larvae were fed artificial diets exclusively from the onset of exogenous feeding. Survival rates were positively related to the duration of feeding live Artemia nauplii before weaning to artificial diets. The poor performance associated with spray-dried artificial diets may be the result of the digestive capabilities of the larvae of caridean shrimp and striped bass being insufficient to process compact, dense particles.     

Effect of Microparticulate Diets on Growth and Survival of Spotted Sand Bass Larvae, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, at Two Early Weaning Times

Early weaning in spotted sand bass larvae, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, was evaluated, testing a combination of two weaning times, 17 and 22 d after hatching (d.a.h.), and three different microparticulate diets. Protein in diets was mainly from sardine meal and from 15% squid meal, beef blood meal, or fish protein hydrolysate. Anatomical (standard length), histological (gut development), and biochemical (highly unsaturated fatty acids) parameters were measured in larvae, as well as survival and resistance to a stress test measured 40 d.a.h. For larvae weaned at 17 d.a.h., the best growth and survival were obtained with diets containing fish protein hydrolysates; for larvae weaned at 22 d.a.h., best results were obtained with squid meal and fish protein hydrolysate. Growth and survival were significantly lower when using beef blood meal in both weaning treatments. The best relative and total survival were for larvae weaned at 22 d.a.h. After the resistance test, 100% survival occurred in larvae fed on any microparticulate diet and either weaning treatment. No significant differences in arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in fish fed on any diet occurred. Results suggest that weaning at 22 d.a.h. with diets containing fish protein hydrolysate or squid meal is preferred by this species.     

配合饲料饲养史氏鲟(AcipenserSchrencki)幼鱼的试验研究

经人工孵化的同亲本史氏鲟鱼苗,用水蚯蚓饲养20天后,直接转入水簇箱内（水体100×25×40cm）进行配合饲料饲养试验。试验设3个不同蛋白质梯度的配合饲料组（1号料、2号料、3号料）和一个投喂水蚯蚓的对照组,每组放鱼100尾,试验期为30天,30天后试验各组幼鲟体重分别为5．01g、4.74g、4.91g和4．08g。存活率分别为82％、86％、75％和95％。试验结果表明：用活饵喂养一段时间的史氏鲟幼鱼仍可直接采用配合饲料喂养,无需进行过渡驯饲,同时指出适合于幼鲟营养平衡的配合饲料仍需进一步改进与提高.     

Possible applications of modern fish larviculture technology to ornamental fish production

There has been rapid development in the marine foodfishlarviculture technology in Europe since the early eighties,especially in the flat fish, turbot and halibut, and the bass andbream species. The most significant improvements in the eightieswere the introduction of light control, artificial reproductiontechniques, appropriate water treatment and the use of rotifersand Artemia nauplii of specific sizes and in the late eightiesand early nineties the quality enhancement of live food organismsusing specific enrichment techniques. Present research is focusedon the implementation of several microbial techniques to improvethe hygiene of live prey and fish.Many of the modern larviculture techniques being used in marine foodfish could be adapted for application in the ornamental fish industry. For examples, research in the Onamental Fish Section, Primary Production Department, Singapore has demonstrated that the use of freshwater rotifers and Artemia nauplii would enable artificial rearing of Discus in the absence of the parent fish and improve the larval performance of Gouramis and Tetra larvae. The use of such small live food organisms is likely to facilitate breeding of new fish species with small larvae. Research has also indicated that the use of diets containing vitamin C and certain immuno-stimulants improved the stress resistance of guppy. Such techniques would have important application in the fish transport, an important aspect in the ornamental fish industry