泥鳅鱼苗开口饵料及其投喂方式的初步研究

开口饵料种类及其投喂方式是影响泥鳅鱼苗生长发育的关键因素。试验选取了轮虫、蛋黄及单细胞藻类作为泥鳅幼鱼的开口饵料。通过不同组合实验结果得出初步结论:以轮虫为主要饵料并补充适当的蛋黄和小球藻,同时需要注意适合的充气条件和投喂方式,可以获得稳定的泥鳅苗种成活率和健康生长。     

白点鲑鱼苗的人工开口饵料投喂初步试验

<正>白点鲑(Salvelinus leucomaenisf pipiuvius)又名远东红点鲑,是原产于日本河川、溪流中的冷水性鱼类,属鲑科红点、鲑属。体态呈纺锤型,体色为青灰色,因身体背、侧部有白色斑点而得名,喜栖清澈无污染的冷水水域。在人工养殖条件下,位于流水池的中下     

海水仔稚鱼的营养需求与微颗粒饲料研究进展

综述了近年来海水仔稚鱼对蛋白质、脂肪和维生素营养需求的研究状况,同时对其微颗粒饲料的特性和制作工艺进行探讨,以期为研制海水仔稚鱼的微颗粒饲料提供参考。     

工厂化养殖大菱鲆饵料的选择及特点(下)

<正>自制湿颗粒饲料是干颗粒饲料与鲜活饲料的结合,主要使用购买的预混料和鲜杂鱼混合制成,一般养殖场(如3000～4000米2)购买一台小型饲料机(即面条机的改进型)即可。通过将鲜杂鱼粉碎,与预混料混合再成型压出即可。     

上海市使用SLP—Z75型膨化机生产膨化颗粒配合饲料的情况

上海市市郊有可养水面40万亩，已利用30多万亩，其中精养鱼塘4．2万亩。另有江海滩涂60多万亩，大部分还未能很好利用。随着精养鱼塘的不断扩大，颗粒饲料优越性日益明显，饲料加工的需要也日益迫切。本市自1979年推广颗粒配合饲料养鱼以来，养殖面积从430亩扩大到1983年的12670亩，连续几年平均亩净产都在900斤以上。     

不同饵料对美洲西鲱仔鱼生长、相关酶活力及体脂肪酸的影响

以美洲西鲱(Alosa sapidissima)仔鱼(孵化后10 d)为实验对象,在室内进行为期30 d的摄食生长试验,分别投喂不同的饵料[单独投喂卤虫(Artemia)、单独投喂微颗粒饲料、卤虫与微颗粒饲料混合投喂],分析不同饵料的投喂对存活、生长、消化酶活性、非特异性免疫相关酶活性以及体脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:(1)混合投喂组的存活与生长表现都要显著优于卤虫组和微颗粒饲料组(P0.05),微颗粒饲料组与卤虫组相比差异不大,而试验后期(20~30 d)微颗粒饲料组的存活与生长表现要优于卤虫组;(2)消化酶的结果显示,胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力在各组中无显著性差异(P0.05),胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶在卤虫组中活力最低,显著低于其他两组(P0.05),其中糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性在微颗粒饲料组中要显著高于混合投喂组(P0.05);(3)碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物岐化酶活力在各组中无显著性差异(P0.05),过氧化氢酶和溶菌酶活力在微颗粒饲料组中最高,卤虫组中最低,两者之间差异显著(P0.05);(4)鱼体脂肪酸受饵料脂肪酸组成影响较大,微颗粒饲料中n-3HUFA和DHA含量较高,其投喂后在鱼体中的含量也高。综上所述,不同饵料投喂对美洲西鲱仔稚鱼存活、生长、消化酶活性、非特异性免疫相关酶活性以及体脂肪酸影响显著,在试验20 d之前使用卤虫与微颗粒饲料混合投喂,20 d后完全转食微颗粒饲料,可以降低成本,同时提高生产效率。     

不同饲料料型及投喂频率对斑点叉尾鮰幼鱼生长及肌肉品质的影响

本研究旨在探究不同饲料料型及投喂频率对斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)生长及肌肉品质的影响。研究采用双因素试验设计,以饲料料型(膨化饲料,EF;颗粒饲料,PF)和投喂频率(2次/日,F2;3次/日,F3)为影响因素,共4个组,分别命名为EFF2、PFF2、EFF3和PFF3,每组3个平行,投喂8周,每天定时投喂两次(7:30和16:30)或3次(7:30, 12:00, 16:30)。结果显示,斑点叉尾鮰的末重和增重率受到投喂频率的影响,F2组显著高于F3组(P0.05);而饲料料型则对斑点叉尾鮰的生长无显著影响(P0.05)。颗粒饲料组的肌肉粗脂肪含量和内聚性、回复性显著低于膨化饲料组(P0.05),而硬度显著高于膨化饲料组(P0.05)。F3组的肌肉硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性则显著高于F2组(P0.05)。颗粒饲料组生肌调节因子5 (myogenic factor 5, Myf5)和肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)基因的相对表达量显著低于膨化饲料组(P0.05)。F3组肌肉中MSTN基因相对表达量显著高于F2组,而肌细胞生成素(myogenin,MyoG)基因相对表达量则呈现相反趋势。综上,投喂同种配方的膨化饲料和颗粒饲料对斑点叉尾鮰的生长效果相似,但是投喂颗粒饲料的斑点叉尾鮰硬度更大,而投喂膨化饲料则肌肉脂肪含量更高;斑点叉尾鮰的最佳投喂频率是每天2次。     

添加微生态制剂及投饲模式对幼刺参生长的影响

水温12～18℃,将体质量(3.37±0.15)g的仿刺参幼参饲养在容水50 L的塑料槽中,研究添加微生态制剂的饲料及不同日投喂量对幼刺参生长及养殖水质指标的影响.采用以3d日投喂量相同(1∶1∶1)及3d日投喂量不同(5∶3∶2)的投饲方式,微生态制剂饲料在基础饲料的基础上加入4.5ml有益复合微生物菌群与芽孢杆菌混合液,并于30℃水浴中预处理12 h以上而制成.60 d的试验结果表明,以投喂微生态制剂饲料组的氨氮、亚硝酸氮、化学需氧量明显低于基础饲料组;以5∶3∶2方式投喂微生态制剂饲料组的刺参质量增加率、日质量增加和特定生长率明显高于1∶1∶1方式和基础饲料组(P＜0.05);以5∶3∶2方式投喂微生态制剂饲料组的饲料表观消化率、耗氧率和排氨率较高.     

微生态制剂的研究进展及在奶牛生产上的运用

主要针对微生态制剂的研究进展及其在奶牛生产上的运用展开分析,目的在于充分认识与了解微生态制剂,提高其在奶牛生产上的应用价值。     

海洋生物中微塑料的赋存特征及毒性效应研究进展

微塑料因其性质稳定,自然条件下难以降解,并能够在风力和洋流的作用下实现远距离输送,已成为海洋中广泛存在的污染物,从表层海水到深海沉积物中均有微塑料被检出.海洋中的微塑料不仅可被生物摄食,随着食物链的传递危害海洋生态系统健康,还对环境中的污染物有吸附作用,并可作为一个新的生态位为微生物提供定殖空间.基于国内外已有的研究成...     

Evaluation of various diets for the optimum growth and survival of larvae of the penaeid prawn Penaeus japonicus Bate

Four types of food were tested to determine their effects on the growth and survival of larvae of the penaeid shrimp Penaeus japonicus Bate. The food types were live cells of Candida utilis (yeast), freeze-dried Candida utilis, microparticulate diet, and microencapsulated diet (commercial product). The diatom Chaetoceros gracilis was fed to larvae as a control. Two sets of experiments were carried out; the first was run in outdoor 1.5 ton tanks, and the second in indoor 1.2 ton tanks. In the outdoor experiment, the best survival and growth from nauplius to postlarva stage were obtained using microparticulate diet. During the first week of culture, freeze-dried Candida utilis resulted in the highest growth and survival among examined diets, but both factors dropped dramatically after the mysis stage. In the indoor experiment, the best growth and survival were obtained using live cells of Candida utilis from nauplius stage to end of mysis stage followed by brine shrimp. Tested diets were analysed for their contents of crude protein, total lipids, total carbohydrates, amino acid profiles and fatty acid contents.     

Recent advances in lipid nutrition in fish larvae

Due to the importance of dietary lipid utilization for larval rearing success, increasing attention has been paid during the last years to different aspects of larval lipid nutrition such as digestion, absorption, transport and metabolism, which are frequently studied by different research groups. The present study reviews the published information on these aspects, including some recent results obtained in our laboratory, that contribute to a better understanding of larval lipid nutrition.Neutral lipase activity was found in the digesta of larval gilthead seabream as early as first feeding, followed by a significant increase which reached up 8 times the initial levels at day 15 and was clearly influenced by the fatty acid composition of dietary lipids. Accordingly, the capacity for lipid absorption by the intestinal epithelium has been also observed at the onset of exogenous feeding, although the specific location in the different digestive tract segments differ with species. Whereas the capacity to absorb lipid increases with development in live prey-fed larvae, this improvemment is delayed in larvae fed formulated diet. Increasing dietary phosphatidyl cholines levels enhanced lipid absorption regardless of whether it is of soybean or marine origin, but the latter improved hepatic lipid utilization. Enzymatic, histological and biochemical evidences suggest that marine fish larvae are able to effectively digest and absorb n-3 HUFA-rich triacylglycerols, but feeding with phosphoacylglycerols, particularly if they are rich in n-3 HUFA, would enhance phosphoacylglycerols digestion and specially lipid transport alowing a better n-3 HUFA incorporation into larval membrane lipids and promoting fish growth. Although the essentiality of n-3 HUFA for larval marine fish has been studied extensively, only recently has the importance of dietary arachidonic acid in the larvae of few species been recognised. Evidences for competitive interactions among these essential fatty acids suggest that besides a minimum dietary requirement for each essential fatty acid, their relative ratios must also be considered.     

Development and evaluation of microparticulate diets for early weaning of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae

Early weaning trials were conducted with cod larvae to investigate the effectiveness of microparticulate diets (microbound and microcoated) with and without lipid-walled capsules (LWCs). The microparticulate diets were evaluated by measuring physical parameters of the diet in the water column (leaching and settling rate), palatability (intestinal fullness), performance of the diet (survival and growth), and examination of the diet in the larval intestine (histological analysis). A feeding trial was conducted using four experimental diets (carrageenan microbound diet, carrageenan microbound diet with LWCs, zein microcoated diet and zein microcoated diet with LWC), one commercial diet (BioKyowa: A-250) and a live feed control (rotifers and Artemia ). Survival of cod larvae to 39 days post-hatch ranged from 5 to 10% with the experimental diets, 22.9% with the BioKyowa diet, and 36.5% with live prey. There was evidence of food absorption with all diets in the form of lipid vacuoles in the midgut and supranuclear vacuoles in the hindgut. Large vacuoles in the midgut were more abundant in the enterocytes of larvae fed the experimental diets compared with larvae on the BioKyowa diet and the live feed control. Based on observations of intestinal fullness, the experimental diets appeared to be less palatable than the BioKyowa diet. As a result, it took longer to wean the larvae and higher mortality was experienced during weaning. Once successfully weaned, the experimental diets yielded growth rates equivalent to larvae feeding on the commercial diet for the remainder of the experiment.     

Application of microparticle diets for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae

ABSTRACT:   A feeding trial was conducted with two newly developed microparticle diets (MD-Q and MD-V), which differed in the mixing ratios of two types of casein hydrolysates (C700 and C800) as the protein source. The ratio of C700 and C800 were adjusted to 7:3 in MD-Q and 6:4 in MD-V, respectively. Japanese flounder larvae were fed from 7 days after hatching (d.a.h.) to 32 d.a.h. on live food (LF), MD solely, MD + 1/3 LF (either of the MD and one-third quantity of the live food) and 1/3 LF (one-third quantity of live food alone), respectively. They were then switched to Kyowa diet B from 33 d.a.h. until 40 d.a.h. The larvae fed on MD-Q exclusively had a higher survival rate (36.4%) than those fed on MD-V (24.2%) by 22 d.a.h. Unfed larvae could survive up to only 12 d.a.h. Larvae fed on MD-Q + 1/3 LF also had a significantly higher survival rate (34.2%) than those on MD-V + 1/3 LF (16.3%) and 1/3 LF solely (15.4%) at 32 d.a.h. These results suggest the potential of MD-Q as a part replacement for LF from the early developmental stage in the seed production of Japanese flounder.     

Development of microparticle diets for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae

ABSTRACT:   Two newly designed microparticle diets (MD), with two kinds of peptide (C700 and C800) as a protein source were developed. Microparticle diet Q (MD-Q) contained C700 (molecular weight ∼30 000 Da) and C800 (molecular weight 1000–2000 Da); in contrast, microparticle diet T (MD-T) contained C700 only. Two separate trials, representing larvae from different hatches, were conducted. Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae were fed newly designed MD or a combination of them with live food (LF) between 3 and 10 days after hatching (d.a.h.) in experiment I, or between 11 and 20 d.a.h. in experiment II, and compared them to LF and a commercial diet (CD) feeding groups. The growth and survival rates in both experiments were the highest in the LF treatment. But in the microparticle treatment larvae fed MD-Q had a higher survival rate and better growth than those fed MD-T, either alone or in combination with LF. First-feeding larvae fed on MD-Q had a 20.5% survival rate and 1.12 mm gain by 10 d.a.h. Unfed larvae died within 6 d.a.h. These results indicate that using a mixture of different molecular weight peptides is good protein sources and also this type of microparticle diet can be applied to flounder from larval to juvenile stages.     

Growth, survival, quality and digestive enzyme activities of larval shrimp fed microencapsulated, mixed and live diets

An artificial diet for shrimp larvae was microencapsulated with a polysaccharide blend [66% gum arabic, 17% mesquite gum and 17% maltodextrin 10 dextrose equivalent (DE)]. Microencapsulated diet (MD) was fed to mysis alone, as a co‐feed with the microalgae Chaetoceros cerastosporum and Tetraselmis chuii (mixed) and compared with a live diet (control) of C. cerastosporum, T. chuii and Artemia nauplii. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected in growth rates, development and quality indexes of larvae fed the three experimental diets. All diets supported survival percentages of >90%. Shrimp larvae fed MD and mixed diets had higher specific trypsin activity and soluble protein content than those fed live diet. Amylase activity decreased in larvae fed the mixed and MD apparently due to the carbohydrate composition of the diet. The results indicate that it is possible to substitute a live diet with a microencapsulated one (with a wall composition made up of a polysaccharide blend) in Litopenaeus vannamei mysis.     

不同饵料对3种西藏鱼类仔鱼生长及存活的影响

研究了卤虫无节幼体、专用仔鱼料、鳗鱼仔鱼料等3种不同饵料对西藏尖裸鲤(Oxygymnocypris stewartii)、异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o'connori Lloyd)、拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni Regan)等3种鱼类仔鱼生长和存活的影响。实验尖裸鲤、异齿裂腹鱼、拉萨裂腹鱼仔鱼的初始全长分别为(13.29±0.52)mm、(12.29±0.44)mm、(15.81±0.50)mm,实验周期分别为25 d、25 d、15 d。结果表明:与其他饵料组相比,投喂专用仔鱼料组,异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼和拉萨裂腹鱼仔鱼的平均全长、全长增加倍数以及存活率均高于其他各组,并有显著差异;尖裸鲤仔鱼的平均全长和全长增长倍数也高于其他各组,但存活率较投喂卤虫无节幼体低,并有显著差异。     

Settling and raising postlarval abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta (Lischke) on microparticulate diets embedded in a layer of alginate

Two 21 day experiments were conducted to determine whether microparticulate diets could be used to substitute for diatoms for raising (Experiment 1) as well as settling and on‐growing (Experiment 2) Haliotis diversicolor supertexta postlarvae. The experiments were conducted in 10 L flow‐through tanks and each diet had three replicate tanks. In experiment 1, three experimental microparticulate diets supplied by a commercial feed company, labelled SF‐15, SF‐15 (T) and JFY‐13–1, were used, and in experiment 2, SF‐15 and SF‐15 (T). Artificial diets were compared to diatoms in terms of supporting growth and survival. The survival rate for experiment 1 was lowest for JFY‐13–1 (0%) and highest for diatoms (12.9±0.8%). The final size of postlarvae fed SF‐15 and SF‐15 (T) was significantly greater than that of postlarvae fed diatoms, 973±193 μm and 996±220 μm compared to 786±141 μm. In experiment 2, a total number of 501 larvae settled onto plates covered with SF‐15, 254 on SF‐15 (T) and 1085 on diatoms. The highest survival rate was 33.1±6.9% for SF‐15 and the lowest was 17.3±5.0% for diatoms. However, the final length of postlarvae fed diatoms was significantly greater than SF‐15 and SF‐15 (T); 1018±379 μm compared to 728±89 μm and 717±90 μm. The artificial micro diets used in this study were comparable to diatoms in terms of grow and survival of postlarval H. diversicolor supertexta.     

Performance of formulated diets with different level of lipids and glutamate supplementation in Octopus vulgaris

Growth, feed efficiency and proximate and lipid class composition of subadults Octopus vulgaris (788 ± 133 g; 18.5°C) fed formulated diets of low lipid (LL: 8 g kg^?1) and high lipid levels (HL: 84 g kg^?1) and each one of these with three different levels of glutamate supplementation (0, 5 and 20 g kg^?1) were compared. All the animals accepted the diets with a survival of 100%. The addition of glutamate did not stimulate feeding rates in any of the assays (2.48–2.64 and 1.86–2.01%Body weight day^?1 for LL and HL, respectively; P > 0.05). The best growth, feed efficiency and protein productive value were observed in the groups fed 5 or 20 g kg^?1 glutamate supplementation at both lipid levels, with significant differences for LL diet (P < 0.05). A better feed efficiency was achieved with the HL diet (14.6–27.5% vs. 2.5–19.2% for LL diet). There were no significant differences in the proximate composition of carcass (animal excluding the digestive gland). However, a substantial amount of lipids accumulated in the digestive gland, mainly triglycerides, was detected as a consequence of higher lipid ingestion or glutamate supplementation. It was notable the lower percentages of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine in the digestive gland of animals with best growth.