黄淮海地区大豆种质资源对疫霉根腐病的抗性鉴定

为系统鉴定黄淮海地区大豆种质资源对大豆疫霉根腐病的抗性,本研究采用改进的黄化苗下胚轴接种方法,利用8个大豆疫霉根腐病菌株对2017和2018年从黄淮海地区各育种单位收集的381个大豆品种(系)进行抗性鉴定。结果显示:22个品种(系)对超强毒力菌株PsJS2表现抗性,超过90%的品种(系)对弱毒力菌株Ps1、Ps3和Ps5均表现抗性。所有大豆品种(系)对8个菌株共产生36种反应型。将待鉴定品种(系)与鉴别寄主对8个大豆疫霉菌株的反应型进行比较,其中有63个品种(系)可能含有抗病基因Rps1b,36个可能含有抗病基因Rps3a,15个可能含有Rps1d;255个品种(系)的32种反应型与任何已知鉴别寄主的反应型均不一致,表明可能含有新的抗病基因或抗病基因的组合。本研究通过室内快速抗性鉴定,发现河南、河北、北京、安徽、山东、山西等地均含有丰富的大豆抗病种质资源,且具有丰富的抗性多样性。其中,河南、山东等地含有丰富的含有抗病基因Rps1b的抗性资源,河北、北京等地含有丰富的含有抗病基因Rps3a的抗病资源,为抗大豆疫霉根腐病的大豆种质利用及抗病基因挖掘提供了重要参考。     

大豆品种郑97196对疫霉根腐病的抗性遗传分析及基因定位

由大豆疫霉引起的大豆疫霉根腐病是一种世界性大豆病害,对产量品质影响极大。利用抗病品种进行防治是目前最经济、有效的方法。大豆对疫霉菌株的抗性分为由单基因控制的完全抗性和由多基因控制的部分抗性两种。以对多个大豆疫霉生理小种具有抗性的大豆品种郑97196作为抗性亲本与大豆感病品系X242003杂交构建F_(2∶3)重组自交家系群体,用大豆疫霉菌株He N35对亲本及F_(2∶3)群体进行抗性遗传分析并利用SSR技术对郑97196的抗性基因进行定位。结果表明:郑97196对大豆疫霉抗性是由一对显性单基因控制的,抗病对感病表现为显性,再用9种毒力公式不同的疫霉菌株分别接种郑97196和14个国内外公认的含有单个抗病基因的大豆品种(鉴别寄主),观察并记录抗性反应类型,结果显示郑97196的抗性反应类型与14个鉴别寄主有所不同,推测其可能含有新的抗病基因,暂命名为Rps Zheng。通过SSR分子作图分析,该基因位于大豆分子遗传图谱N连锁群上satt485和satt584之间,与这两个标记之间的距离分别为2.1和3.7cM。     

对“Archer”大豆中瓜果腐霉引起的腐霉猝倒病抗性遗传基因图谱研究

<正>腐霉猝倒和根腐病引起大豆出苗率严重减少,因此造成减产。有报道认为大豆品种Archer对由腐霉菌引起的苗期病害具有抗性,并描述了与之相关的Rps1k基因对疫霉菌具有抗逆性。为了描述大豆品种Archer抗腐霉猝倒病的遗传特性,并且确定该抗性是否与Rps1k基因相关,Archer和Hutcheson(感病亲本)进行杂交,F2:4群F5 dF     

黑龙江省大豆品种对大豆疫霉根腐病抗性评价及抗性基因推导

采用下胚轴伤口接种法,利用课题组在黑龙江省分离鉴定的8个大豆疫霉根腐病生理小种（race1、race3、race4、race5、race9、race13、race44、race54）对黑龙江省曾经大面积推广种植的44个大豆品种进行接种鉴定。结果表明,对上述8个生理小种分别有45.5%、29.5%、40.9%、43.2%、36.8%、45.5%、31.8%、72.7%表现抗性或中间类型,共产生37种反应型;通过基因推导,合丰-44,绥农-12可能含有Rps1c基因或Rps1a+Rps1c、Rps1c+Rps6、Rps1c+Rps7的基因组合;黑河-32可能含有Rps1a+Rps1d的基因组合,其它品种可能含有新的抗病基因或基因组合,表明黑龙江省存在丰富的抗大豆疫霉根腐病的种质资源。 大豆;大豆疫霉根腐病;抗性基因;基因推导     

黄淮地区大豆种质对疫霉根腐病的抗性分析

由大豆疫霉菌引起的大豆疫霉根腐病是严重影响大豆生产的毁灭性病害之一,防治该病唯一经济、有效和环境安全的方法是利用抗病品种.利用7个具有不同毒力公式的大豆疫霉菌株,对黄淮夏大豆产区的96个大豆品种(系)进行接种鉴定,96个大豆品种(系)对7个大豆疫霉菌株共产生38种反应型,有4种反应型分别与单个抗病基因的反应型一致,有10种反应型与2个已知基因组合的反应型相同.有5种反应型与3个已知基因组合的反应型相同,其它反应型为新的类型.根据"基因对基因"学说,抗病基因的推导结果有7个品种可能含有Rps3a,有4个品种可能含有Rps3b,有1个品种可能含有Rps3c,有5个品种可能含有Rps7,有一些品种可能含有国际上尚未命名的新的抗病基因.聚类分析结果表明,在以相似系数0.691聚类,96个大豆品种可以分成8类.研究结果为大豆抗病育种选择亲本和利用品种布局进行大豆疫霉根腐病生态控制提供了依据.     

大豆疫霉病菌致病性分化研究

对采用黑龙江省和内蒙古地区的15株大豆疫霉病菌（P.sojae)进行了生理小种鉴定，只有4株表现稳定的抗感反应，其中3株为38号小种，能克服所有8个鉴别寄主所携带的抗菌基因，表现出较强的致病性；9个菌株（占60％）能克服4个以上Rps基因，包括多抗基因Rps1k,Rps1c和Rps1a，说明黑龙江省P.sojae群体毒性构成复杂，且存在一定比例强毒性菌株，对大豆生产构成潜在威胁，长期保存的P.sojae菌株致病性发生变化，表现为能克服的抗病基因数量增加。     

大豆疫霉病抗性遗传规律的研究及抗源创新

通过5个杂交组合的F1、F2人工接种大豆疫霉病1号生理小种进行抗性鉴定,结果得出:大豆疫霉病1号生理小种的抗性是受一对基因控制的显性遗传.利用抗大豆疫霉病的抗源配制组合,通过系统选育,已经选育出两个抗大豆疫霉病优良新品系合抗32、合抗159,分别比对照增产21.8%、3.6%.     

大豆对胞囊线虫抗性遗传与分子标记研究进展

大豆胞囊线虫是一种世界性的病害.已经证明大豆对胞囊线虫的抗性受多个基因控制.但由于抗性鉴定工作量大、易受环境因素影响以及大豆胞囊线虫群体本身的异质性,各个研究者的结果差异很大,具有抗源和组合特异性.Riggs等建立的生理小种鉴定模式虽被广泛采用,但鉴别寄主中抗性基因的重叠引起研究者的争议.分子标记结合经典遗传试验定位了2个抗性基因位点rbg1和Rhg4,rhg1在抗性遗传中贡献较大且具有非小种专化抗性,对抗病育种和基因克隆有重要意义,在G连锁群上许多与rhg1紧密连锁的分子标记已经找到,并证明在抗性鉴定中有很大的利用价值.Rhg4位于A连锁群上,距离i位点0.35 cM,与1、3号小种抗性有关.     

黑龙江东部地区大豆疫霉病致病型及毒力分布

2007～2008年从黑龙江东部地区佳木斯、绥滨、富锦、桦川、桦南、双鸭山、抚远、密山、依兰、汤源、集贤、宝清等采集的典型病症大豆疫霉病株上分离53份菌株,用国际上通用的一套鉴别寄主(分别携带Rps1a,Rps1b,Rps1c,Rps1d,Rps1k,Rps3a,Rps6,Rps7基因),鉴定出1、13、17和三个致病型;其病原菌可以划分为四个毒性类型并初步明确了其毒力分布情况.     

野生大豆种质资源对大豆疫霉根腐病抗性评价

由大豆疫霉菌引起的大豆疫霉根腐病是严重影响大豆生产的毁灭性病害之一.防治该病经济有效的方法是抗病育种,而抗性资源筛选又是抗病育种的基础.本研究采用下胚轴伤口接种法,用黑龙江省的大豆疫霉菌的1号优势生理小种对来自全国19个省份的415份野生大豆资源进行了抗性鉴定,表现抗病的有96份,占总鉴定资源的23.1%,表现中抗的资源有152份,占36.6%,表现感病的资源有167份,占40.2%.根据野生大豆的来源分析发现,在我国,抗性野生大豆资源分布较广泛.     

白掌疫病病原菌的鉴定

在致病性测定的基础上,通过形态特征观察及基于特异性引物Pn1和Pn2扩增的DNA序列分析,对在广州发现的白掌疫病的病原菌种类进行了鉴定。结果表明,引起广州白掌疫病的病原菌为烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae)。研究结果为白掌病害的防控提供了理论依据。     

黑龙江省大豆疫病病原鉴定

在土壤含水量较大情况下,对导致大豆苗期死亡和成株期茎部褐色腐烂的病原菌的形态、生理及致病性进行了研究。该菌为疫霉属真菌,在胡萝卜琼脂（ＣＡ）上生长缓慢。菌丝柔韧、无隔,直角分支,分支处稍缢缩。ＣＡ上和水中产生大量圆形间生厚壁孢子,只在水中产生大量卵圆形孢子囊,孢子囊长宽比为１．３,不形成乳突。孢子囊脱落后具短柄。孢囊梗不分支,通过内层出方式产生新孢子囊。同宗配合,藏卵器球形,直径３５～４２μｍ,雄器下位。最适生长温度２２℃～３５℃,最高生长温度３７℃。能利用淀粉作为唯一碳源,淀粉水解指数８９％。在含有０．１２５ｍｇ／ｍｌ孔雀石绿的ＣＡ上能正常生长。寄主范围窄,只侵染大豆、豇豆等少数豆科植物。该病原菌鉴定为Ｐｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａｍｅｇａｓｐｅｒｍａｖａｒ．ｓｏｊａｅ。     

防治胡椒瘟病生物农药筛选及其盆栽药效试验

胡椒瘟病是危害中国胡椒产业的首要病害,目前主要依赖使用化学农药防治,筛选应用生物农药是减少化学农药用量的有效途径。本文通过室内毒力测定和室外盆栽药效试验,测定了5种生物农药对胡椒瘟病的防治效果。结果表明:室内毒力测定木霉菌WP、枯草芽孢杆菌WP和Z菌株发酵液对胡椒瘟病病原菌的抑菌效果好且敏感性高,EC50分别为0.49、0.78、1.13μg/m L;盆栽药效试验Z菌株发酵液和枯草芽孢杆菌WP对胡椒瘟病防效最好,平均防效分别为83%和82%,芽孢杆菌/淡紫拟青霉WP的防效次之,平均防效为69%。综合来看,Z菌株发酵液和枯草芽孢杆菌WP对胡椒瘟病具有很好防效,具备良好的绿色防控潜力。     

胡椒瘟病病原菌对12种杀菌剂的敏感性测定

采用生长速率法测定了胡椒瘟病病原菌对常用的12种杀菌剂的敏感性。试验结果表明，胡椒瘟病病原菌对不同供试杀菌剂的敏感性存在明显差异，其中69　%烯酰吗啉·锰锌WP、25　%甲霜·霜霉WP、50 %烯酰吗啉WP和36 %霜休锰锌WP对病原菌的抑菌效果好且敏感性高，EC50分别为1.862　1、1.129 8、3.419 8和6.309 6　μg/mL；50 %琥铜甲霜WP次之。     

适合马铃薯晚疫病菌生长的培养基改良试验

由致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans引起的晚疫病是全球第一大作物病害,对马铃薯生产危害非常严重。在对该病菌的研究中确定适宜的培养基是比较关键的一环。本文采用完全随机设计,将晚疫病菌接种到黑麦与胡萝卜不同混合比例的5种培养基上,通过隔日调查的方法,比较其菌落生长直径的大小和产孢量的多少,以此作为衡量5种培养基培养效果的指标。研究结果表明:黑麦与胡萝卜的比例为1:1时,晚疫病菌的菌落生长速度最快,产孢量最多,培养效果最好。因此,可以利用这种培养基来培养马铃薯晚疫病菌,这对开展晚疫病菌的进一步研究具有一定的实际意义。     

大豆疫霉根腐病分子生物学研究进展

大豆疫霉根腐病是严重威胁世界大豆生产的重要病害,选育和利用抗病品种是防治大豆疫霉根腐病最有效的措施,本文就和品种合理布局密切相关大豆疫霉根腐病菌遗传多样性、无毒基因标记及克隆、抗病基因的定位和抗性资源的分子鉴定等最近研究进展作一综述.     

Integrated management of Phytophthora capsici on bell pepper by combining grafting and compost treatment

In 2010 and 2011 an initial set of trials were carried out in order to evaluate the susceptibility of rootstocks used for grafting bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Italy to Phytophthora capsici, in comparison with widely used cultivars of pepper. In a second set of trials carried out in 2011 and 2012, grafting bell pepper onto resistant or partially resistant rootstock was combined with the use of compost-amended soil, to control Phytophthora blight. Trials were carried out in artificially or naturally infested soil, using five bell pepper cultivars (Fenice, Sienor, San Marco, Fiume, Cuneo) as susceptible not-grafted controls. In three trials, carried out in the presence of soil artificially infested with P. capsici, disease incidence in control plots ranged from 73 to 100% for the cvs. Cuneo and Fiume. Both cvs. Cuneo and Kaiman grafted on “Tecnico F1” rootstock provided complete control of P. capsici. A lower disease control, on the same cultivar, was provided by “Robusto” and “Capsifort”. On the cv. Fiume, “Terrano” provided complete control of the disease. By grafting all cultivars on “Robusto”, “Brutus”, “Snooker” and “Capsifort” a disease reduction by 68%–93%, 86%–100%, 67%–100% and 55%–78%, respectively, was provided. The general linear model analysis showed that for trials carried out under natural infestation the addition of compost to the soil, as well as the interaction of compost-amended soil with grafting, were significant factors influencing disease incidence reduction. The effect of grafting was a significant factor in reducing the percentage of diseased plants in all the trials. The addition of compost to the soil resulted in an effective and low-cost disease management solution, particularly when combined with susceptible not-grafted hybrids of bell pepper or when partially resistant rootstocks were used.     

防治胡椒瘟病的生物农药和新型低毒化学农药筛选

胡椒瘟病是危害我国胡椒产业的首要病害，目前基本依赖使用化学农药防治。筛选应用生物农药是减少化学农药用量的有效途径。本文采用生长速率法测定胡椒瘟病病原菌对12种生物农药和新型低毒化学农药的敏感性。结果表明：70%烯酰?嘧菌酯WG、木霉菌WP和枯草芽孢杆菌WP对胡椒瘟病病原菌的抑菌效果好且敏感性高，EC50分别为0.211 3、0.49和0.78 μg/mL。     

大豆疫霉根腐病菌游动孢子侵染野生大豆下胚轴的透射电镜观察

用大豆疫霉根腐病菌的游动孢子悬浮液处理抗感性不同的野生大豆下胚轴,接种后3～72 h,用透射电镜观察野生大豆与大豆疫霉菌的亲和性与非亲和性互作中细胞超微结构的变化。结果表明:接种后3～36 h,感病野生大豆随接种时间延长下胚轴细胞器结构破坏严重,而抗病野生大豆细胞结构基本完整;接种后48 h,抗病野生大豆的细胞壁物质累加,出现胞壁沉积物,而感病野生大豆细胞壁出现部分降解;接种后72 h,抗病野生大豆细胞质壁分离,但细胞器结构基本完整,感病野生大豆细胞器几乎无完整的结构。     

Antifungal modes of action of metalaxyl, cyprofuram, benalaxyl and oxadixyl in phenylamide-sensitive and phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis and Phytophthora infestans

The activity of the phenylamide fungicides metalaxyl, cyprofuram, benalaxyl and oxadixyl against phenylamide-sensitive and phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis and Phytophthora infestans has been compared in several tests. Metalaxyl showed the highest activity amongst the four fungicides against mycelial growth of sensitive strains on agar media. Benalaxyl and cyprofuram showed the highest activity against resistant strains. RNA synthesis of sensitive strains, measured as [³H]uridine incorporation, was inhibited by about 80% (P. megasperma) and by about 40% (P. infestans) by all phenylamides at concentrations of 1 μg/ml. At higher concentrations inhibition remained at this level, indicating that only part of the RNA synthesis was inhibited. RNA synthesis of resistant strains was completely insensitive to metalaxyl and oxadixyl at concentrations as high as 200 μg/ml. Cyprofuram, however, at concentrations above 1 μg/ml (P. megasperma) and 10 μg/ml (P. infestans) was inhibitory and at 200 μg/ml this compound almost completely inhibited the phenylamide-sensitive part of the RNA synthesis of both strains. In contrast to the other phenylamides, benalaxyl affected [³H]uridine uptake into mycelium at concentrations higher than 10 μg/ml, and at 100 μg/ml inhibition of uptake was almost total with both sensitive and resistant strains of both Phytophthora species. Inhibition of [³H]uridine uptake obviously is a feature of a second mechanism of action of benalaxyl. Endogenous RNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei from sensitive strains of P. megasperma was inhibited at phenylamide concentrations as low as 0·1 μg/ml whereas that from resistant strains was not affected at concentrations as high as 100 μg/ml. Similarly, endogenous nuclear RNA polymerase activity of sensitive P. infestans strains appeared to be more sensitive to the phenylamides than that of resistant P. infestans strains. This suggests that resistance that developed in field strains of P. infestans has a basis similar to that of mutagen-induced resistance in laboratory strains of P. megasperma. Tests of the fungicidal activity of the phenylamides determined in a lucerne seedling assay (P. megasperma) and a detached potato leaf assay (P. infestans) clearly differentiated between sensitive and resistant strains. Resistance levels to cyprofuram and benalaxyl were as high as those to metalaxyl and oxadixyl, indicating that the additional effect of a second mechanism of action of benalaxyl and the property of cyprofuram to inhibit RNA synthesis of resistant strains at higher concentrations are of limited practical importance for counteracting phenylamide resistance.