通径分析在大豆菌核病流行中的应用

为明确大豆菌核病发生发展中各个时期气象因子的重要性及相关性,对黑龙江省大豆主产区中9个地点的大豆田菌核病病情指数进行调查,收集各地6～8月的平均降水量、平均日照时数和平均气温,在此基础上采用多元回归分析的方法建立回归方程,然后利用通径分析确定影响菌核病发生的主要气象因子。结果表明:8月份平均降水量对大豆菌核病病情指数的影响最为严重,其次为7月份平均日照时数和8月份平均温度;7月份平均日照时数是通过与8月份平均降水量相互作用对大豆菌核病的病情指数产生较大影响。其它因子的直接间接通径系数都很低,对菌核病病情指数的影响不大。因此,在7月份的平均日照时数少,8月份平均降雨量大,并且8月份平均温度适宜的情况下菌核病将发生流行。     

大豆病害发生特点和综合防治技术

大豆病害对大豆危害较大.针对大豆田主要病害的发病症状、病原、发生特点、发病条件和病害循环进行阐述,从大豆根部病害、叶部病害和籽粒病害进行介绍,并提出有针对性的综合防治技术,进而指导农业生产实践.     

河西走廊制种玉米生育中后期叶部真菌病害诊断与病原初步鉴定

对河西走廊制种玉米生育中后期叶部真菌病害进行田间调查,并将采集到的标本进行组织分离、病原鉴定和致病性测定。结果表明,引起制种玉米生育中后期叶部真菌病害的植物病原有13种,其中由Curvulairia lunata(Wakke)Boed病原引起的玉米弯孢菌叶斑病是玉米叶部的一种新病害,在田间发病率较高,病情指数较大,危害十分严重;由Exserohilum turcicum(Pass.)Leonard et Suggs和Bipolaris maydis(Nishik.et Miyabe)Shoemaker病原引起的大斑病和小斑病是玉米生育中后期叶部发生的主要真菌病害;Physoderma maydis Miyabe和Fusarium subglutinans(Wollenwe.et Reinking)P.E.Nelson et al病原引起的褐斑病和顶腐病有加重发生的趋势;Puccinia sorghi Schw引起的普通锈病在局部区域的一些品种和组合上发病较为严重;其他叶部病害零星发生,对制种玉米正常的生长发育影响较小,一般不会造成流行为害。     

甜菜主要病害的综合防治法

内蒙古巴彦淖尔盟是内蒙古甜菜主产区之一,年播种甜菜面积30余万亩,为自治区甜莱面积的1/3左右。该地区五十年代至七十年代甜菜的主要病害是黄化毒病和黑脚病,发病率分别为24—63％、20—40％。七十年代末至八十年代初,褐斑病病情指数从10增至34;花叶毒病发病率从0.1％增至23.7％;白粉病的发病率从8％增至56％。这几种病害的混合浸染致甜莱     

大豆灰斑病的发生规律和防治

大豆灰斑病的发生规律和防治王芊黑龙江省农科院植保所大豆灰斑病是一种流行性病害，近些年来已成为黑龙江省危害大豆的重要病害，以我省大豆主要产区合江、牡丹江等地区最为严重。病粒串一般在１０％左右，严重时可达３０％～５０％。感病子实含油量降低２．９％，蛋白质...     

夏大豆品种资源感染大豆叶烧病的初步观察

大豆叶烧病(Xanthomonas phaseoli var. sojensis)是一种细菌性病害。据报导,美国,巴西、印度、苏联等国家均有此病发生,美同南部湿度大的地区发病尤为严重,我国东北、华北以及华中地区亦有此病发生,1980年湖北省大豆叶烧病十分严重,著者在本所试验场的观察研究结果,大豆开花前后(武汉地区7—8月)连续阴雨,低温寡照是此病害发展的适宜条件;叶烧病对大豆产量、品质均有较大影响;不同品种的感病程度有很大差异。这种差异与种皮色、原产地以及生育期有一定关系。通过品种资源的抗病性研究,将有可能为大豆生产和大豆育种工作提供抗病(叶烧病)种质资源。     

地膜棉的病虫草害调查简报

地膜植棉是国内近几年发展起来的一项植棉新技术。1982年地膜植棉开始在我省推广后,1983～84年我们在各种类型地膜棉上进行了系统的病虫草发生情况调查,以便为我省地膜棉病虫草的防治提供依据。现将结果简报如下:1.苗病地膜棉与露地棉均为复合性病害。83年地膜棉发病率与病情指数低于露地棉。前者病苗率33.8％,病指数22.6;后者病苗率37.1％,病指数23.7。然而一个新的情况是在所发生的烂根中,地膜平均60％的烂根中有线虫,而露地棉80％的烂根中有线虫。线虫从4月中出现,到4月下旬5月上旬为高峰,以后气温回升,逐步减少,到     

黑龙江省甜菜病害种类调查研究

调查研究表明,黑龙江省甜菜苗期立枯病有５种,叶部病害有５种,根部病害有６种、缺硼生理性病害１种、采种甜菜花梗腐烂病１种。目前,黑龙江省发生普遍、危害严重的是甜菜根腐病和褐斑病。在个别地区发现了对甜菜危险性大的甜菜丛根病、甜菜蛇眼病和黑斑病发生有上升和加重趋势。     

‘隆丰黑李’细菌性穿孔病病害调查及杀菌剂对其病原菌毒力测定

以新品种‘隆丰黑李’闽东种植示范基地核心区为调查点,观测该病害在果园的发生区位情况,记录发病症状,分析各栽培管理措施及自然环境变化对病害发生产生的影响,并室内筛选了对该病害病原菌具抑制作用的杀菌剂.结果表明:以叶片病斑数及病斑面积占叶片面积百分比为依据划分的病情指数等级较为合理;该病在黑李园4月中下旬开始发病,平均发病率为26.04％,平均病情指数为9.62,主要危害叶片,亦可危害枝梢和果实;该病的发生与果园方位、果园管理及气侯条件存在一定的相关性,南面果园发病较重.在供测的5种杀菌剂中,6％春雷霉素和72％农用链霉素对该病病原菌的抑制效果最好,EC50分别为1.085 5 mg/mL和1.7799 mg/mL;联合毒力测定结果表明,72％农用链霉素和6％春雷霉素以6∶1和3∶1混配具增效作用,1:1配比具相加作用,1∶3和1∶6配比具拮抗作用.     

大豆花叶病毒病

大豆花叶病毒病大豆花叶病毒病分布非常广泛,是一种世界性病害。我国从南到北均有发生,长江以南地区比北方严重,近年来在东北地区发生也很严重,花叶病毒病侵染大豆后,叶片中叶绿素含量及叶质量下降,叶面积减小,影响光合面积和光合能力;植株营养生长受阻、植株矮小...     

河北省小麦冠腐病田间发生消长动态监测

为了明确小麦-玉米连作种植模式下小麦冠腐病的发生危害规律及防治时期,采用田间定点、定期调查的方法,对该病害的田间消长动态进行了监测。结果表明,在2015-2016和2016-2017两个小麦生长季中,3个监测点小麦冠腐病的病株率和病情指数随小麦生育期推移呈上升趋势,春季小麦返青以后冠腐病的发生逐渐加重,拔节-灌浆期小麦冠腐病的发生快速增长。年度间小麦冠腐病的发生程度逐年加重,与2014-2015生长季灌浆期、2015-2016年相比,2016-2017年沧县监测点病株率变化不大,病害的病情指数增长1.0;宁晋监测点病株率增长1.8%~12.2%,病情指数增长0.9~4.3;景县监测点病株率增长21.3%~33.6%,病情指数增长13.5~14.6。在各监测点,随着年度间病害发生程度的加重,引起冠腐病的病原菌镰刀菌的分离频率也随之增加。     

Frequency of symptomatic trees removal in small citrus blocks on citrus huanglongbing epidemics

Among the recommended measures for citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) management, the systematic elimination of symptomatic trees is the most argued and difficult to be accepted and accomplished by citrus growers. Elimination of recently affected HLB trees represents a short term yield loss and cost increase due to the need of frequent inspections and removal operations. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different frequencies of inoculum reduction applied at individual citrus blocks scale (or local inoculum reduction) on HLB temporal progress. Eight experiments were carried out in new planted and older citrus blocks with 504–1290 trees/plot. In all experiments, inspections to detect symptomatic trees were done in a fortnightly or monthly frequency. The treatments of frequencies of local inoculum reduction varied from fortnightly to 6 months. Annual disease progress rate was estimated by logistic model for each plot. No difference on HLB progress rates among treatments was observed, except in experiments 1 and 3 where less frequent tree removal resulted in higher disease progress rate. This ineffectiveness of local inoculum reduction on the disease progress rate was explained by the higher weight of primary spread on HLB epidemics than the secondary spread within plots associated with small size and narrow shape of treated plots (except for experiments 1 and 3), high dispersal capacity of HLB-insect vector among plots and groves, and strong control of psyllid within the plots (except for experiment 1, with poor insecticide spray program). Also, the high amount of inspections to detect symptomatic trees before the eradication treatment, which reduced the escapes (asymptomatic and non visual detectable diseased trees) contributed for these results. It is important to note that these results were obtained with only small citrus plots (0.8–2.9 ha) and they cannot be extended to larger groves and farms amenable to HLB management by the symptomatic tree removal and vector control.     

新疆甜菜常见病害调查及防治对策

根据近几年对新疆博州地区甜菜病害的调查研究表明,目前糖用甜菜上危害严重的病害主要有:立枯病、根腐病、褐斑病、白粉病、蛇眼病。通过对这几种病害的发病条件、危害情况及防治方法的调查分析,提出针对性的防治对策。     

高青县杨树病害及防治措施

杨树是高青县主要的造林绿化树种之一,不仅可以为林农创造经济价值,而且在生态保护方面有着不可替代的作用.该文通过多年来调查高青县杨树发生的常见病害,阐述了其发病症状,提出了相应的防治措施,以期为广大林农提供杨树病害防治参考.     

小麦不同抗白粉病基因及品种在成都平原抗病的有效性

为了解小麦含已知抗白粉病基因材料及审定品种在成都平原对白粉病的抗性表现,2015-2017年在四川省江油市武都镇(104.47°E,31.52°N)和广汉市连山镇(104.18°E,30.59°N)设置病圃,种植42份含已知抗白粉病基因的材料以及85份小麦审定品种,于2016-2018年乳熟后期调查病害级别、普遍率和严重度。结果表明,已知抗白粉病基因材料中,Coker983(Pm5+6)、Wembley(Pm12)、Brigand(Pm16)、南农9918(Pm21)、赤牙糙(Pm24)、NCD7(Pm34)、NCD3(Pm35)、NCD4(Non-Pm1)、复壮30(Pm5e)和Tabasco(Pm46)在两个病圃(2016和2018年)均表现抗白粉病,而Kavkaz(Pm8)、W150(Pm3e)、Hope/8cc(Pm5a)、Timgalen(Pm6)和5P27(Pm30)在两个病圃内均表现感病。85份小麦审定品种中,国豪麦3号、蜀麦375、蜀麦482、杏麦2号、绵阳29号、绵阳33、绵麦228、西科麦5号和良麦4号9个品种连续三年(2016-2018年)在两地均表现抗病,有37个品种三年在两地均表现感病。其余27个含已知抗性基因材料和39个小麦审定品种的抗病性表现则在不同地点和年份并不稳定。     

Effect of pre-harvest calcium chloride applications on fruit calcium level and post-harvest anthracnose disease of papaya

Anthracnose disease of papaya, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz, can cause extensive postharvest losses. The goal of this research was to use pre-harvest calcium applications to reduce anthracnose disease. Six pre-harvest foliar calcium sprays were applied biweekly to papaya trees in experimental orchards at Universiti Putra Malaysia. Additional in vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to test the effect of calcium on fruit calcium content, spore germination, mycelial growth and disease severity. Calcium chloride at 1%, 1.5% and 2.0% concentrations significantly decreased spore germination. Calcium content of papaya fruit was significantly increased by calcium sprays at a concentration of 2.0% in 2012 and 2013. In vivo studies showed that increasing calcium content in fruit by calcium sprays at 1.5 and 2.0% concentrations significantly reduced anthracnose incidence of fruits during five weeks storage at 12 ± 2 °C, and delayed initiation of disease symptoms by four weeks.     

Silicon fertilisation decreases brown rust incidence in sugarcane

Few studies have focused on the effect that silicon fertilisation has on the incidence of brown rust in sugarcane, even though this crop is Si-accumulating and Si addition has been shown to have positive effects in other plant-pathosystems. The objective of this study was to quantify brown rust development in sugarcane after the addition of silicon fertilizer to texturally distinct soils over three sugarcane cropping cycles. One experiment was conducted for three years with sugarcane grown in 100 L pots receiving four levels of silicon fertilizer (0, 185, 370, 555 kg ha⁻¹ Si), with three different soil types (Quartzipsamment-RQ; Rhodic Hapludox-LV; Rhodic Acrudox-LVdf), in randomised blocks design with four replications. Silicate fertilisation increased Si concentrations in the soil and sugarcane leaves. The incidence of brown rust was influenced by Si rates and soils type for the plant cane and second ratoon. For the plant cane, Si application reduced the maximum rust incidence, which was estimated by the b₁ parameter of the monomolecular model, with values reaching 29%, 41% and 47% for the RQ, LV and LVdf, respectively. For the RQ, the b₁ value was reduced by 20%, 20% and 59% of the control treatment values for the 185, 370 and 555 kg ha⁻¹ Si application rates, respectively. There was a significant reduction in brown rust incidence as a function of increasing leaf Si concentrations in all soil types. These results suggest that Si fertilisation could play an important role in the management of brown rust for sugarcane.     

2016年黄淮海地区主栽品种抗病监测与现状分析

为明确黄淮海地区玉米主栽品种对病害的抗性,对河北、河南、山东三省的主栽品种进行病害监测,并结合品种审定抗病鉴定结果对主栽品种主要病害综合分析。结果表明,2016年3个试验站未发现主栽品种发生严重病害。同一病害在黄淮海不同地区表现不同,不同省份主栽品种主要病害发生种类以及严重程度亦存在差异,其中,穗腐病山东省发生最重,河北省次之,河南省发生较轻;鞘腐病河南省发生较其他两省重;南方锈病山东省发生较其他两省重。同一主栽品种在不同地区病害表现也不同。     

海南橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病病情调查与病原鉴定

报道了我国海南橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病病情调查结果，并通过病害诊断、病原菌基础生物学特性研究和分子鉴定认为，该病的病原为多主棒孢[Corynesporacassiicola(Berkandcurt.)Wei]真菌。     

对25个玉米品种的茎腐病抗性分析和产量损失评估

2014年河南省玉米茎腐病大爆发,调查25个品种的发病情况。依据国家玉米品种抗病鉴定标准,浚单509为抗病品种;豫单606、金赛38和浚单3136为中抗病品种;其他21个品种均为高感品种。确定以5%的产量损失率为划分耐病性标准的临界值,耐茎腐病品种有浚单509、豫单606、金赛38、浚单3136、怀玉5288、桥玉8号、XY046、正玉10、黎乐66、伟科702和浚单29。品种的抗病性主要以病株率的高低作为划分依据,耐病性主要以产量损失率作为划分依据,以Venn图的形式展示品种的抗病性和耐病性之间的联系。