基因拷贝数变异分析法研究大豆胞囊线虫病抗性位点qSCN3-3抗性相关基因

基因拷贝数变异(CNVs)是引起大豆品种对胞囊线虫抗性差异的因素之一,以抗大豆胞囊线虫病种质东农L~(-1)0以及感病种质黑农37、绥农10和绥农14为试验材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR法对大豆胞囊线虫抗性QTL位点qscn3-3内27个编码基因进行拷贝数变异分析,F测验表明15个目的基因在不同品种间存在拷贝数变异;抗感病品种PCR产物丰度相对值分析结果表明9个目的基因拷贝数在抗感病种质间存在显著的差异,推测其功能是通过编码抗病蛋白和富亮氨酸蛋白来实现大豆对大豆胞囊线虫相关抗性。     

野生大豆ZYD00006回交导入系构建

为挖掘野生大豆优异稀有基因，2006年至今以栽培大豆绥农14（轮回亲本）与野生大豆ZYD00006（供体 亲本）为双亲材料，经杂交、回交，标记辅助选择构建获得一套覆盖野生大豆全基因组的染色体片段导入系（代换 系）。该群体共 192个株系，包含野生大豆目标导入片段 237个，平均每个连锁群的导入片段个数为 11.85个；导入 片段总长度1865.17 cM，覆盖整个基因组的82.43%。其中L连锁群野生大豆基因组覆盖率最高，为100%，N连锁群 覆盖最低为 53.17%。最长导入片段 43.30 cM，最短导入片段 0.22 cM。高度一致的遗传背景对大豆重要基因及野 生大豆特有优异基因挖掘具有重要意义。同时，野生资源的引入极大丰富了栽培大豆的遗传基础，进而使得导入 系后代表型变异丰富，为大豆遗传育种提供重要的材料基础。     

基于语义分割的大豆主茎精准表型自动获取及其在导入系材料选择中的应用

大豆导入系群体的构建和材料的选择是大豆育种的重要手段之一,而针对某一具体表型的材料选择不仅能够提高育种效率,而且还能够加快定位目标性状基因的进程。本研究针对由绥农14(轮回亲本)和野生野生大豆ZYD00006(供体亲本)为双亲构建的导入系(190个个体),采用机器视觉中的语义分割技术,对主茎相关表型进行了自动提取,实验结果表明:此方法完全可以取代人工测量且具有良好的可移植性,同样可用于其他作物的表型获取。在此基础上,本研究针对大豆主茎相关表型,对参试材料进行系统聚类,结果明确给出各参试材料(近等材料)基于主茎表型的聚类情况。这一结果将成为针对主茎表型进行材料选择的重要依据,同时依据这一结果可以大大加快主茎相关表型基因的定位。     

野生大豆回交导入系蛋白质含量性状的QTL分析

以野生型大豆ZYD00006（供体亲本）与黑龙江省主栽品种绥农14（轮回亲本）所构建的回交导入系（1204株）为研究材料,利用WinQTL2.5的复合区间作图法(CIM)在9个连锁群定位了16个与蛋白质含量相关的QTL（14个正效应,2个负效应）;导入系群体经过严格的蛋白质含量筛选鉴定,得到10个蛋白质含量性状明显大于轮回亲本的导入系株行。利用这10个高蛋白含量株行（选择群体）结合随机对照群体,通过基于遗传搭车原理的卡方分析,检测到分布于10个连锁群上的17个与大豆蛋白质含量相关的标记位点,对蛋白质含量表现为正效应。两种方法共同检测到7个QTL。这些材料和位点将为高蛋白含量相关基因克隆及分子辅助育种提供重要的材料基础和标记信息。     

基于野生大豆导入系的大豆粒长和粒宽的QTL分析

以野生大豆ZYD00006(父本)和绥农14(母本)为亲本构建的导入系为定位群体,群体含有102个株系,遗传图谱使用了329个SSR标记位点,针对粒长和粒宽2个籽粒性状进行定位分析。结果表明:有18个位点存在不同性状间被同时检测到的情况,其中与QTL连锁的位点Sat_227、Satt338和Satt568被2个性状同时检测到。通过比较分析也发现3个位点也同时影响着百粒重的大小,进一步通过加性效应分析表明,定位区段对粒长的影响为-10%~15.4%,定位区段对粒宽的影响为-26.72%~2.76%。明确导入位点对粒长和粒宽的影响,可以作为进一步大豆粒长和粒宽相关基因挖掘。     

利用高世代回交群体对大豆小粒性状的基因型分析及QTL定位

利用野生型大豆ZYD00006（供体亲本）与主栽品种绥农14（轮回亲本）所构建的高世代回交导入系,经过严格的百粒重筛选鉴定,得到43个百粒重性状明显小于轮回亲本的导入系个体。利用这套选择群体结合随机对照群体和基因型分析,通过基于遗传搭车原理的卡方分析,检测到分布于7个连锁群上的9个与大豆小粒性状相关的QTL位点,对小粒性状表现为正效应,为大豆小粒性状分子辅助育种提供有用的分子标记。     

利用野生大豆染色体片段代换系定位单株粒重QTL

以野生大豆ZYD00006为供体亲本,黑龙江省主栽品种绥农14为轮回亲本,连续多年回交并自交,构建了高世代染色体片段代换系BC3F3代161个株行。该群体经多代回交的遗传背景相对一致,大大提高了QTL定位的准确度。结合单因素方差分析法和独立样本T检验法对群体进行QTL定位,共获得9个单株粒重的QTL,分布于7个连锁群。两种方法中均被检测到的有3个QTL,分别为QSW-J-1、QSW-J-2和QSW-G-1;QSW-G-1和QSW-G-2与已有研究结果相吻合;其余7个QTL为新发现QTL,可能是本材料特有位点;其中QSW-J-1的导入片段长度是7.0 c M,且加性效应值为-2.7 g,可作为继续研究的首选位点。     

利用野生大豆回交导入系定位油分含量QTL

以野生型大豆ZYD00006(供体亲本)与黑龙江省主栽品种绥农14(轮回亲本)所构建的回交导入系(832株)为研究材料,利用单因素方差分析方法在11条连锁群上定位到23个QTL位点(P≤0.01),其中4个正效应,19个负效应。导入系群体经过严格的油分含量筛选鉴定,得到13个油分含量性状明显大于轮回亲本的导入系株行和20个油分含量明显小于轮回亲本的导入系植株。利用这33个特殊株行(选择群体)结合随机对照群体,通过基于遗传搭车原理的卡方分析,检测到分布于15个连锁群上的25个与大豆油分含量相关的标记位点,其中11个正效应,14个负效应。两种方法共检测到34个位点,新发现11个位点,两种方法均检测到的有14个位点。     

大豆株高QTL定位研究

株高是大豆产量的一个影响因子,该性状的基因定位对于大豆育种具有重要的理论和应用价值.以绥农14×绥农20的F2代154个单株为材料,对各单株及亲本的株高性状进行调杳和SSR分析.构建一张包含65个SSR标记的遗传图谱,用QTL软件分析,在F2代共检测出2个与株高相关的QTL位点,命名为Plht-1和Plht-2位点,均分布在G连锁群.     

东农L-10对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的遗传模型分析

为明确非小种特异性抗病大豆种质东农L-10对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性遗传模式,以东农L-10为共同父本,分别以感病品种黑农37、绥农10号和绥农14为母本,构建了3个F_(2∶10)重组自交系群体,利用酸性品红染色法对3个群体进行SCN 3号生理小种的抗性鉴定,结果表明:亲本间雌虫指数均存在较大差异,群体雌虫指数符合连续正态分布,后代中抗病株系不存在显著的超亲效应。利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对抗性鉴定数据进行遗传模型解析,发现东农L-10对抗大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性符合主基因+多基因遗传模型,在不同遗传背景条件下,均存在2~3个主基因控制3号生理小种的抗性,以上研究结果为挖掘东农L-10的主效抗病位点和分子辅助选育高抗SCN 3号生理小种的大豆品种提供理论依据。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).