不同加工条件对全豆豆腐凝胶强度的影响

针对全豆豆腐加工中豆腐凝胶强度低的问题,研究了全豆豆腐煮浆工艺和凝固工艺中酶添加量、凝固温度、凝固时间和NaCl添加量对全豆豆腐凝胶强度的影响。得出全豆豆浆加热至90℃,保温10min的加热条件下,全豆豆腐凝胶强度最佳。通过单因素和正交实验,得到最佳的凝固条件为：酶添加量1．2U／mL豆浆、凝固温度50℃、凝固时间2h和NaCl添加量0．125％,制得的全豆豆腐品质优良,几乎包含大豆全部营养,比传统豆腐营养更丰富。     

嫩豆腐工艺标准化研究

为了提高和稳定产品质量,在传统生产工艺基础上,对嫩豆腐的工艺参数进行了标准化。通过单因素和正交试验,得出的嫩豆腐加工工艺标准化主要参数:豆浆浓度12°,凝固剂石膏与内酯的配比为3.5 g+1.75 g,煮浆温度95℃,点浆温度85℃,煮浆时间15 min。     

基于模糊综合评价的柠檬豆腐工艺研究

为研究一种新型天然酸性豆腐凝固剂,以柠檬汁制备豆腐,以感官评价和持水力为指标,采用单因素和正交实验,结合模糊数学评价法优化柠檬豆腐的加工工艺。结果表明:柠檬豆腐的最佳加工工艺组合为豆水比为1∶10,柠檬汁添加量为55%,点浆温度为70℃,养花时间为20 min,此工艺组合下制得的柠檬豆腐有浓郁的豆香味与柠檬香气,无酸涩味,断面光滑细腻,弹性好,持水力最好。     

马铃薯饮料加工工艺的优化

采用单因素和正交试验对马铃薯饮料加工工艺进行研究,试验以沉淀率、粒径、p H和感官评价为指标,确定了最适宜的马铃薯饮料加工工艺。结果表明,打浆次数对饮料的稳定性影响最大,均质时间对饮料的口感更重要,预煮时间对饮料的酸度起重要作用。综合考虑成本与工艺要求等问题,确定马铃薯饮料加工工艺为:预煮时间30 min、糊化时间60 min、打浆5次和均质时间10 min。     

超声波提取金柑黄酮类化合物的工艺研究

采用超声波提取,通过L16(45)正交试验设计,探讨提取条件对金柑黄酮得率的影响。结果表明,金柑黄酮类化合物提取的最佳的工艺条件为超声波功率为450 W,乙醇提取分数为60%,料液比为1∶50,超声波作用时间为25 min,温度为30℃,黄酮类化合物的得率为1.51%。     

醇回流法提取苎麻根中黄酮类物质的优化

采用醇回流提取法提取苎麻根中黄酮。考察乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取时间、提取温度、pH值对苎麻根中黄酮类物质提取收率的影响，并以正交试验优化黄酮类物质的提取工艺。结果表明，苎麻根中黄酮类物质的最佳提取工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数为70％，料液比为1∶7，提取时间为60 min，提取温度为90℃，pH值为7.0。     

微压煮浆对豆乳中蛋白粒子性质及组成的影响研究

煮浆是加工豆乳、豆腐等豆制品的必要生产环节。微压煮浆是采用密闭罐体加热豆乳,使罐内形成一定的压力,即微压,从而实现豆乳彻底煮开,沸腾。豆乳的稳定性是豆乳产品的一个重要的加工特性,豆乳中蛋白粒子的性质及组成对豆乳稳定性具有重要影响。本实验对比分析了微压煮浆方式与常压煮浆方式的豆乳蛋白粒子电位、蛋白粒子大小分布、粒子组成等性质,旨在研究微压煮浆对豆乳稳定性的影响效果。结果显示:与传统常压煮浆相比,微压。     

适合宝庆丸子工业化生产的豆腐生产工艺研究

研究了适合宝庆丸子工业化生产的豆腐生产工艺,通过正交试验,确定了二步冲浆法的最佳工艺条件是:第一次冲浆75℃,5min;第二次冲浆是98℃,5min,黄浆水点浆的最佳pH值为6.5,最佳压榨工艺参数为0.5Mpa,65℃,15min,豆腐含水率80%。     

响应面法优化柠檬豆腐生产工艺

为促进新型天然凝固剂的应用,本研究在豆腐加工中利用柠檬汁作为新型天然酸类凝固剂,采用响应面法对生产工艺进行优化。以质构特性和感官评分为评价指标,对料水比、柠檬汁添加量、点浆温度及养花时间进行单因素试验,在此基础上进行Box-Behnken响应曲面设计,得到最佳加工条件。结果表明：在料水比1∶10、柠檬汁添加量50%、点浆温度74℃、养花时间22 min的条件下,制得的豆腐色泽光亮,有浓郁的豆香味,口感细腻,断面光滑,内部空隙均匀一致。研究结果为新型天然有机酸类凝固剂在豆腐加工上的应用提供一定理论依据。     

绿茶和白茶中茶多酚提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性比较

通过正交试验优化绿茶和白茶中茶多酚提取工艺,采用羟基自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力评价其抗氧化活性.结果表明:绿茶中的茶多酚最佳提取工艺为超声温度60℃、料液比为1:50 g/mL、乙醇浓度70％、超声时间110 min,提取率为19.68％;白茶中的茶多酚最佳提取工艺为超声温度70℃、料液比为1...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.