播种密度及施肥水平对耐密植大豆合农76产量性状的影响

以耐密植大豆品种合农76为试验材料,采用二因素完全随机区组设计,设置5个播种密度(25万,30万,35万,40万及45万株·hm~(-2))和6个施肥水平,研究其对大豆产量及产量相关性状的影响,探索耐密植大豆品种产量相关性状的最优配置,明确该品种最佳播种密度及施肥水平。结果表明:随着播种密度的增加,株高呈升高趋势,节数、单株荚数、单株粒数及百粒重均呈降低趋势;随着施肥水平的提高,株高、节数和百粒重呈升高趋势,单株荚数和单株粒数无明显变化规律;随着播种密度的增加及施肥水平的提高,产量均呈先升高后降低的总体趋势,最高产量处理组合各产量相关性状均未达到最佳表现,而是达到最优配置,群体产量得到最大发挥。在播种密度为40万株·hm~(-2)及施肥水平为磷酸二铵140 kg·hm~(-2)、尿素45 kg·hm~(-2)及氯化钾35 kg·hm~(-2)条件下,产量最高(3 309.77 kg·hm~(-2)),在播种密度为35万株·hm~(-2)及施肥水平为磷酸二铵120 kg·hm~(-2)、尿素40 kg·hm~(-2)及氯化钾30 kg·hm~(-2)条件下,产量次之(3 302.07 kg·hm~(-2))且差异未达到极显著水平,说明适当降低播种密度和施肥水平也能够获得较高的产量,从而达到节本、增效、环保的目的。     

种植密度对不同耐密性大豆品种特性的影响

选用耐密性不同的两个大豆品种垦丰16和合丰25为试材,研究了22.5万,30.0万和37.5万株·hm2三个种植密度对不同耐密性大豆品种特性的影响。结果表明:随着密度增加,耐密植品种垦丰16冠层上部叶柄长度显著低于普通品种,在高密度条件下,从第9节开始叶柄长度短于合丰25;叶形指数高于普通品种,尤其是高密度条件下从第12节位开始垦丰16的叶形指数显著或极显著高于普通品种合丰25,有利于通风透光。耐密植品种垦丰16的叶色值高于普通品种,随着密度增加叶色值峰值出现时间没有明显变化,密植条件下生育后期叶片持绿性更强。随着密度增加,耐密植品种垦丰16净光合速率和水分利用率下降速度慢,当密度为30.0万株·hm2时垦丰16与合丰25的净光合速率和水分利用率差异达到显著水平(分别为P=0.033 3,P=0.023 5),密度为37.5万株·hm2时差异达到极显著水平(分别为P=0.001 8,P=0.004 7);随着密度增加,耐密品种垦丰16产量逐渐增加,不耐密品种合丰25产量呈现先上升后降低的趋势,密度为37.5万株·hm2时,两个品种间差异达到极显著水平(P=0.001 9)。3种种植密度条件下植株形态和光合生理指标的变化表明,耐密大豆品种垦丰16冠层结构更有利于在高密度条件下通风透光,密植条件下后期持绿性强,光合速率和水分利用率受密度影响小,因此在高密度条件下能够获得较高的产量。     

大豆垄上三行窄沟密植栽培群体生理研究

为探讨垄上三行窄沟密植栽培对大豆群体生理的影响,选择垦丰16为材料,在4个密度(分别为30 × 104、33×104、36 × 104、39×104株·hm-2)栽培条件下,测定了大豆株高、叶面积指数、光合势、单株干物质积累及产量指标.结果表明:株高和叶面积指数随密度的增加而增加,出苗后66 d株高达最高;而单株干物质积累随密度的增加而降低;在鼓粒期各处理光合势均达最高.结果显示:单株籽粒重随密度的增加而降低,而群体产量随密度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,密度为36×104株·hm-2下,产量最高(4364 kg·hm-2).     

密度对高蛋白大豆生长动态及产量的影响

为揭示黄淮海地区高蛋白大豆生长动态及产量的影响,以冀豆21为材料,研究了不同种植密度(16.5万、19.5万、22.5万、25.5万株·hm~(-2))下,高蛋白大豆不同生育期株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累分配等指标生长动态及产量的影响。结果表明:随生育期延长和密度水平增大,株高和叶面积指数均呈上升趋势,均在鼓粒期达到最大;单株及各器官干物质积累量均随密度增加而减小;群体及各器官干物质积累量随密度增加先升高后降低,鼓粒期达到峰值,鼓粒期以后开始下降,以密度22.5万株·hm~(-2)处理最大;单株及群体积累的干物质前期主要用于营养器官生长,后期主要分配给生殖器官;群体植株产量随密度水平增大先增加后减小,当密度为22.5万株·hm~(-2)时,群体产量最高,为3 726.67 kg·hm~(-2)。     

栽培措施对高油大豆光合生理及产量的影响

采用4因素4水平正交试验,研究了品种、密度、施肥水平、播期对高油大豆光合生理及产量的影响.结果表明:品种、密度、施肥水平、播期4因素通过影响高油大豆的叶面积指数、光合势、叶绿素含量的动态变化,进而影响高油大豆的产量.其中叶面积指数和光合势随着密度和施肥水平的升高呈上升趋势,随着播期的延迟而下降,而叶绿素含量则随着密度的升高而降低,但随着施肥水平的升高和播期的延迟呈上升趋势;施肥水平对高油大豆的产量影响最大,其中农大15751在5月3日播种,施肥量为300 kg·hm-2,密度为45 ×104plants·hm-2时产量最高,达3788 kg·hm-2.     

栽培因子对合农63大豆产量的影响

采用三因素二次通用旋转组合设计,建立了栽培密度、施肥量、播种日期与合农63大豆产量之间的效应模型,经检验二次回归模型拟合较好.建立的回归方程为:Y=3763.36788 -217.91412X12 -211.01982X22-275.72009X32.结果表明:密度、肥料、播期3个因子对产量的增产作用依次为播期＞密度＞施肥量,对2因子交互效应的分析得出:密度、肥料、播期之间存在一定程度的正交互效应.模型经计算机模拟寻优,得到合农63获得3 282.2 kg·hm-2以上产量的栽培因子组合方案为栽培密度25.64～ 34.36株·m-2,施肥量231.4 ～ 243.6 kg·hm-2,播种日期为5月5日～5月10日.     

栽培措施对高蛋白大豆产量及品质的影响

在密度、施肥水平、品种、播期四因素四水平正交试验中,高蛋白大豆的叶面积指数和光合势随着密度和施肥水平的升高呈上升趋势,随着播期的延迟而升高;叶绿素含量则随着密度的升高而降低,随着施肥水平的升高和播期的延迟而升高;影响产量的主要因素是播期和肥料,适当晚播能提高大豆产量;影响高蛋白大豆品质的主要因素是品种自身的遗传因素,其次是肥料。试验结果表明,农大35307的叶面积指数、叶绿素和光合势最高,四个品种的产量差异不显著,农大3191和农大35307的蛋白质含量是较高的。农大35318在密度为29.85万株/hm2、肥料为74.63 kg/hm2、5月11日播种的情况下产量最高,达5572.14 kg/hm2;农大3191在密度为29.85万株/hm2、不施肥,5月6日播种的情况下蛋白质含量最高。说明高蛋白大豆品质主要受遗传因素影响,同时环境因素也很重要,产量受环境影响较大。     

播期对新疆高产春大豆产量和品质的影响

为探明播期对新疆高产春大豆产量和品质的影响规律。采用田间裂区试验设计研究了4个播期(4月11日、4月21日、5月1日、5月11日)对4个高产春大豆品种(系)生育期、产量、籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量的影响。结果表明:随播期推迟,大豆生育进程推迟,生育期、产量呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,以4月21日较高,变幅为4 243.3~4 888.9 kg·hm~(-2);推迟播期籽粒粗脂肪含量持续下降,籽粒蛋白质百分含量受播期影响小于脂肪含量,表现因品种(系)而异。伊犁地区春大豆适宜播期是4月21日前后,5月11日前播种春大豆在9月底前可正常成熟,可获得近4 000 kg·hm~(-2)产量。     

合丰(合交、合农、佳豆)号系列大豆品种的亲本分析

为深入了解合丰(合交、合农、佳豆)号系列大豆品种的亲本选用情况,本文对黑龙江省农业科学院佳木斯分院大豆育成品种所涉及的亲本进行了分析,通过总结已往的亲本选用经验,为今后品种改良创新提供技术指导。截止到2022年,佳木斯分院共育成大豆品种119个,包括杂交大豆品种3个。涉及亲本124个,包括国内祖先亲本11个,国外亲本13个,国内直接亲本(创新种质与选育品种)100个;骨干亲本或核心亲本(育成品种≥2个)46个,一般亲本78个(育成品种1个)。其中北丰11和合丰50分别育成品种9个,满仓金育成品种7个,合丰34和合丰35分别育成品种6个,黑河45、北豆5号和HOBBIT分别育成品种5个,黑河43、合农69、合丰55、垦丰16和黑河38分别育成品种4个,秃荚子、荆山朴、克4430-20、合丰26、绥农10、华疆4号、黑河35、合农71、美国扁茎大豆、日本小粒豆和黑农54等11个亲本分别育成品种3个,黑河54、黑龙江41(俄罗斯)、合丰24、钢201、俄亥俄、绥农14、公84112-1-3、合丰39、合丰41、合丰42、合丰51、合丰57、北丰9号、九丰10、合93-793、垦农19、合农6...     

高产大豆新品种垦豆40的选育及体会

垦豆40是黑龙江省农垦科学院农作物开发研究所以垦丰16为母本,垦丰16与扁茎豆的杂种F1代为父本,有性杂交育成的高产品种。国家北方春大豆区中早熟组两年区域试验平均产量2 834.0公斤/公顷,比对照绥农28增产5.8%。生产试验产量3 010.7公斤/公顷,比对照合交02-69(合丰55)增产11.1%。2014年经国家农作物品种审定委员会审定推广。适宜在北方春大豆区域种植。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.