不同生育时期干旱胁迫对大豆根系特性及产量的影响

盆栽试验条件下,以辽豆18为材料,分别在V2～R1,R1～R5,R5～R7期设置3个控水处理,控水结束后取样测定根系性状,成熟后测定产量。结果表明:干旱影响大豆产量的形成,干旱(W1)胁迫引起产量下降的程度要高于轻度干旱(W2)。不同时期干旱(W1)引起产量下降程度为:鼓粒期>花荚期>营养生长期。干旱胁迫(W1)主要通过降低大豆的单株荚数从而降低单株产量。大豆的根长比例和根表面积比例主要为根系直径为0～1.0 mm的细根,分别约占总根长的90%和总根表面积的60%。大豆根体积的分配比例主要是根系直径大于4.5 mm的粗根,其根体积所占比例在48%以上。R1～R5和R5～R7控水大豆细根(根系直径为0～1.0 mm)的根长和根表面积分配比例较V2～R1控水时增加。干旱降低了植株中直径大于4.5 mm粗根的根长比例、根表面积比例和根体积比例。随着生育进程的推进,根生物量密度逐渐增加,土壤干旱胁迫降低了根生物量密度。     

控制重茬大豆危害施肥技术优选

采用田间进行了重茬大豆施肥技术组合筛选,NPK不同组合可明显促进重茬大豆生长发育,主要表现在增加大豆株高、提高大豆地上和地下生长,增加干物质积累;NPK配合可促进大豆根瘤数量和重量的增加,N3P4K5 叶面肥在大豆分枝期(V5)、开花期(R2)和鼓粒期(R6)三个时期都明显增加大豆优质根瘤比率;NPK配合可增加大豆叶面积指数、生物产量和光合势,其中N3P4K5和N3P4K5 叶面肥对大豆生长发育促进作用最为明显,N3P4K5 叶面肥产量最高,较对照增产22.7%,增加了大豆有效荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重,各处理对大豆百粒重影响不大.     

超高产大豆根系相关性状的比较研究

为明确大豆根系相关性状与产量的关系,为高产品种选育和栽培提供理论依据,在大田条件下,对超高产大豆品种和普通大豆品种的根系活力、根系伤流量、根系干重、产量及倒伏指数进行了比较研究.结果表明:R4～R6期根系活力、根系伤流量和根系干重均处于较高水平.R1～R6期超高产大豆品种根系活力、根系伤流量、根系干重均极显著高于普通大豆品种.V3 ～ R4期施用适量或R6～ R8期施用高量的磷酸二铵对3个根系性状具有显著促进作用,但施肥对大豆产量和倒伏指数影响不显著.R1 ～ R6期根系活力、根系伤流量、根系干重三者间均呈显著正相关,且均与产量呈显著正相关,而与倒伏指数呈显著负相关.与普通大豆品种相比,在R1～R6期超高产大豆品种根系性状优势明显,这可能是其产量较高的原因之一.     

石灰性土壤上大豆耐低铁品种的鉴定指标研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了45个不同铁效率品种生育期间新叶的叶绿素含量变化及收获后株高、单株荚重、单株粒重、单株生物量、百粒重、籽粒铁含量,以总结石灰性土壤上不同铁效率大豆品种叶片的黄化规律,确定不同铁效率大豆品种的鉴定指标。结果表明:根据叶片黄化规律,可将品种分为1级、2级、3级、4级。V2~V4期不同品种新叶平均叶绿素含量1级2级3级4级,差异达极显著水平;至R1期时,2级品种新叶已经复绿,而4级品种的植株已全部死亡;R1~R6期,1级与2级品种新叶平均叶绿素含量差异不显著,但2级3级4级,差异达极显著水平。不同铁效率类型品种平均株高、单株荚重、单株粒重、单株生物量均存在显著差异,1级、2级品种平均百粒重、籽粒Fe含量差异不显著;2级、3级、4级品种以上各性状平均值均达极显著差异。说明苗期为大豆叶片缺铁黄化的敏感时期,可将苗期和生殖生长期的叶绿素含量共同作为大豆铁效率鉴定指标,株高、单株荚重、单株粒重和单株生物量可作辅助鉴定指标。     

!不同年代大豆品种根系伤流液重量的变化及其与地上生物量的关系

2009和2010年研究了吉林省1923～2004年育成的22个主栽大豆品种在R2、R4、R6期大豆伤流液重量与地上器官生物量的变化及其关系。结果表明:不同育成年份品种的根系伤流液重量和地上部生物量品种间存在显著差异;根系伤流液重量与地上部各器官生物量均随着育成年代的推进而增加,且二者之间呈显著正相关,表明大豆品种的遗传改良使地上部分生物量增加的同时,也导致了根系活力的提高。大豆品种根系伤流液重量与地上部分生物量在R2、R4、R6 3个时期均呈正相关,其中R4时期达到显著水平,伤流液重量与茎、叶片生物量在R4期均呈显著正相关。地上部分生物量与根系伤流液重量的比值在各时期均无明显变化,表明大豆品种的遗传改良过程中地下根系与地上部分器官是协同演进的。     

高产大豆品种的生理特征和产量性状研究

2009～2010年,以普通大豆品种九农21为对照,比较了其与高产品种长农13和吉育88的生长动态、主要农艺性状及产量,并对形态指标和产量构成因素进行了典型相关分析。结果表明:高产品种的叶面积指数、地上部生物量、根系指标(根系活力、伤流量、根系体积和干重)、产量以及株高、单株荚重、单株粒重和百粒重等主要农艺性状均高于对照品种,但主茎节数和分枝数低于对照;通过典型相关分析发现,单株粒重与R5期根系体积呈显著正相关,而与R6期叶面积指数呈显著负相关,表明合理调控鼓粒期的群体结构,有助于增产。     

不同耐旱型大豆生理特性对不同降雨条件的响应

为明确不同耐旱基因型大豆生理性状对不同降雨气候条件的响应,田间条件下,以耐旱型品种辽豆14和干旱敏感型品种辽豆21为研究对象,探讨半干旱地区阜新和湿润半湿润地区沈阳对两品种生理特性及产量的影响。分别比较大豆植株V4、R2、R4和R6时期的叶绿素含量、株高、植株各部位鲜重、干重。结果表明:一般而言,在湿润半湿润地区沈阳种植的大豆植株的叶绿素含量高于半干旱地区阜新。一般情况下,植株根、茎、叶、叶柄和豆荚的含水量均表现为,同一时期,同一品种,沈阳的值高于阜新,但部分取样时期处理间未达显著差异水平;品种对根含水量的影响则因取样时期和地点的不同而表现出差异;大豆植株茎、叶、叶柄、豆荚的含水量均表现为,同一时期,同一地点,耐旱品种辽豆14的值高于干旱敏感型品种辽豆21,但多数情况下处理间未达到显著差异水平。植株各部位器官生物量的变化表现为,除R4期植株的根生物量和茎生物量、R6期的豆荚生物量表现为,同一品种辽豆14阜新种植高于沈阳种植,且差异不显著外;其它各时期各器官的生物量均表现为,同一品种辽豆14或者辽豆21,沈阳种植均高于阜新种植。成熟期大豆植株的器官分配比例表现为:子粒荚皮根、茎。子粒的分配比例为,辽豆14辽豆21;而荚皮、根、茎的分配比例则为,辽豆21辽豆14。大豆单株荚数与产量变化相一致。干旱胁迫降低了单株荚数、每荚粒数、单株产量和小区产量却提高了百粒重。辽豆14的单株荚数、每荚粒数、单株产量和小区产量均高于辽豆21,但百粒重却低于辽豆21。本研究结果明确了耐旱型大豆应答干旱胁迫的生理优势,丰富了辽宁省大豆抗逆栽培的理论知识。     

干旱胁迫对不同生育阶段大豆产量形态建成的影响

在盆栽条件下,以12个大豆品种(系)为材料,分别在V1～V5,R1～R4,R5～R8期进行干旱胁迫处理,并测定了根系形态指标、于物质积累、光合生理指标,农艺性状及产量的变化.结果表明:苗期干旱胁迫对大豆根系形态影响较大,根体积、根径、根系伸长、根系总表面积都有增大的趋势,而其它时期的干旱胁迫均使根形态发育减缓;干旱胁迫...     

大豆不同生殖生长期干旱胁迫条件下施磷对根系形态性状的影响

磷素(P)是提高植物抗水分胁迫能力的重要因子.选取大豆(Glycinemax L. Merrill)品种东农434进行盆栽试验,分别在大豆R1期(初花期)和R4期(盛荚期)进行干旱胁迫处理,解析P在干旱胁迫条件下对根系性状和产量的影响.试验设置4个施P水平,即0、7.3、14.6和29.2 mgkg-1.3个水份处理,即(1)全生育期维持田间持水量(FWC)的65%～75%为对照;(2)R1期控水为FWC的30%～40%;(3)R4期控水为FWC的30%～40%.结果表明,两个时期的干旱胁迫均显著影响根系性状,降低产量,且R4期比R1期严重.磷素营养显著改善干旱胁迫所引起的不利影响,增加根干重、根长、根表面积,进而减少大豆产量的损失.     

启动氮加追肥对氮在大豆体内积累分配规律及产量的影响

采用框栽试验方法,在施用等量氮(纯N 50 kg.hm-2)条件下设置基肥一次性施用(对照);R3或R4期一次性追肥;启动氮15 kg加R3或R4期追氮35 kg共5个处理,研究启动氮加追肥对氮在大豆体内积累分配规律及产量的影响。结果表明,在R5期,与对照相比,启动氮15 kg加R4期追氮35 kg处理叶片N积累量减少11.5%,荚果N积累量增加36.6%(P<0.05);而根系N积累量增加21.7%(P<0.05),根瘤N积累量增加64.2%(P<0.05),表明启动氮加追肥处理N运转通畅,可以满足籽粒充实期大豆对氮素的需求。在R4～R8期,启动氮加R3或R4期追氮处理的氮积累量分别比基肥一次性施用处理增加82.6%和105%(P<0.01)。启动氮加R3或R4期追氮35 kg处理单株粒数分别较对照增加14.8%和15.8%(P<0.01),产量分别增加17.6%和19.9%(P<0.01)。大豆植株R4～R8期氮积累量与产量呈极显著正相关(r=0.795**),提高结荚鼓粒期后大豆氮素积累量是增加大豆产量的关键。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.