Directionality of rewarding impulses within the medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation system of the rat

Self-stimulation performance of rats was tested with conditioning pulses to the anterior preoptic area of the medial forebrain bundle followed at various intervals by test pulses to the contralateral posterior hypothalamic area of this bundle. Alternatively, conditioning pulses were delivered through the posterior electrode and test pulses were sent through the anterior electrode. The animals' performance in these two test sequences was indicative of (i) synaptic facilitation and (ii) a posterior convergence site of "self-stimulation impulses" in the medial forebrain bundle.     

Circadian rhythm of brain self-stimulation behavior

Under constant conditions of light, sound, temperature, and humidity, rats exhibited circadian rhythmicity in rate of bar-pressing with hypothalamic and septal reinforcing brain stimulation. Variations in reinforcer magnitude aflected absolute levels of operant response emission but not the frequency of the circadian rhythm. In long sessions, the time of peak responding deviated systematically from a strict 24-hour period. Such data show marked similarity to free-running rhythms of motor activity.     

Facilitation of brain self-stimulation by central administration of norepinephrine

Rats with electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle stimulated their own brains at sharply reduced rates after systemic administration of disulfiram or intraventricular administration of diethyldithiocarbamate. Both drugs inhibit dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the final step in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine. The suppressed behavior was reinstated by intraventricular injections of 1-norepinephrine, but not by injection of its biologically inactive isomer, d-norepinephrine. Intraventricular administration of dopamine and serotonin did not restore self-stimulation. The rewarding effect of medial forebrain bundle stimulation may depend on the availability of norepinephrine as a transmitter, but not on dopamine or serotonin.     

Intracranial self-stimulation and wakefulness: effect of manipulating ambient brain catecholamines

Rats were given disulfiram, an inhibitor of norepinephrine biosynthesis, to see if norepinephrine is a transmitter for motivation in electrical stimulation of the brain. Animals given the drug paused in bar pressing, appearing asleep or sedated; if replaced on the bar, they always resumed pressing at normal rates. The decrease in bar pressing may result from a direct or indirect effect of the drug on wakefulness rather than on reward.     

Metabolic regulation of brain Abeta by neprilysin

Amyloid beta peptide (Abeta), the pathogenic agent of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a physiological metabolite in the brain. We examined the role of neprilysin, a candidate Abeta-degrading peptidase, in the metabolism using neprilysin gene-disrupted mice. Neprilysin deficiency resulted in defects both in the degradation of exogenously administered Abeta and in the metabolic suppression of the endogenous Abeta levels in a gene dose-dependent manner. The regional levels of Abeta in the neprilysin-deficient mouse brain were in the distinct order of hippocampus, cortex, thalamus/striatum, and cerebellum, where hippocampus has the highest level and cerebellum the lowest, correlating with the vulnerability to Abeta deposition in brains of humans with AD. Our observations suggest that even partial down-regulation of neprilysin activity, which could be caused by aging, can contribute to AD development by promoting Abeta accumulation.     

Intracranial self-stimulation and the rapid decline of frustrative nonreward

Animals deprived of reward for a task previously rewarded behave differently, depending on whether the reward is food or positive brain stimulation. Unlike the relatively stable frustration effects obtained with conventional reward, frustration produced by withholding brain stimulation dissipates rapidly with time.     

Expression of c-fos protein in brain: metabolic mapping at the cellular level

The proto-oncogene c-fos is expressed in neurons in response to direct stimulation by growth factors and neurotransmitters. In order to determine whether the c-fos protein (Fos) and Fos-related proteins can be induced in response to polysynaptic activation, rat hindlimb motor/sensory cortex was stimulated electrically and Fos expression examined immunohistochemically. Three hours after the onset of stimulation, focal nuclear Fos staining was seen in motor and sensory thalamus, pontine nuclei, globus pallidus, and cerebellum. Moreover, 24-hour water deprivation resulted in Fos expression in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Fos immunohistochemistry therefore provides a cellular method to label polysynaptically activated neurons and thereby map functional pathways.     

Estrous cycle in the rat: effects on self-stimulation behavior

The performance of female rats, in pressing a bar for electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus, changes during the estrous cycle. Highest barpressing rates accompany the appearance of vaginal cornification. This increase is not an artifact of increased spontaneous activity at estrus, although the factors underlying these changes in activity may also mediate the changes in self-stimulation behavior.     

Discrimination of tones during reinforcing brain stimulation

Hungry animals were trained to press a lever for brain stimulation. Different tones were presented concurrently with the stimulation. A second lever delivered food only during critical tone periods. Animals were able to discriminate tones presented concurrently with rewarding intracranial stimulation, and they also interrupted self-stimulation behavior to respond appropriately under other reinforcements.     

Slowing of heart rate after septal self-stimulation in rats

Heart rate, recorded continuously from rats trained to press a bar for intracranial electrical stimulation of their septal areas, fell consistently after brain stimulation. Interpretation of the rewarding effect of septal stimulation had previously been limited by the absence of any data on the autonomic effects of the stimulation. The results of this study suggest that the rewarding effect may possibly be produced by a parasympathetic (quieting) reaction of the autonomic nervous system to septal stimulation.     

Lateral hypothalamic stimulation in satiated rats: the rewarding effects of self-induced drinking

It is well known that thirsty rats will press a lever for water. The purpose of the present experiment was to demonstrate that, when water is freely available, nonthirsty rats will press a lever for thirst. Three satiated rats, bearing permanently implanted electrodes, were trained to press a lever which caused stimulation to be applied to an area of the lateral hypothalamus which induces thirst. The animals were tested with and without water available. Two of the rats pressed the lever to induce thirst only when water was available. Thus, thirst-inducing stimulation was not rewarding by itself, but only in combination with drinking.     

桃小食心虫滞育过程中5种代谢酶活力变化

为明确桃小食心虫越冬适应机制,室内利用试剂盒测定了不同滞育时间桃小食心虫滞育幼虫的海藻糖酶、山梨醇脱氢酶、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶和碱性磷酸酶的活力。结果表明,不同滞育时间桃小食心虫体内海藻糖酶、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、碱性磷酸激酶活力差异显著,而山梨醇脱氢酶活力差异不显著。海藻糖酶活力在滞育初期最高,而后随着滞育时间的延长逐渐降低;己糖激酶活力在滞育初期较低,在滞育后期先迅速升高再迅速下降;丙酮酸激酶在滞育中期活力最高,而碱性磷酸激酶活力在滞育初期最高。这表明桃小食心虫在滞育过程中通过代谢酶的调节,提高其越冬期间的抗寒能力,保证顺利越冬。     

苦荞种子萌发过程芦丁降解酶的代谢规律

利用等吸收紫外分光光度法检测苦荞萌发过程中芦丁降解酶的活性,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)活性染色分析苦荞粉和萌发过程芦丁降解酶的同工酶谱,并对萌发过程黄酮质量分数的变化进行了分析。结果表明,建立的芦丁降解酶PAGE分析方法可以用于该酶的同工酶分析,苦荞种子中芦丁降解酶有4种同工酶。活性及同工酶电泳分析显示芦丁降解酶在种胚和内种皮中均有分布,胚中芦丁降解酶活性在籽粒萌发3 d内无明显变化,在萌发第4天开始迅速下降,至胚为子叶完全吸收后活性消失,而内种皮中芦丁降解酶在萌发过程中一直保持较高活性。整个萌发过程总黄酮呈上升趋势。推测芦丁降解酶在种子的萌发期并无新的合成。     

Elevation in brain temperature during paradoxical sleep

During ordinary sleep, the temperature of the rabbit brain tended to drop, but during paradoxical sleep it rose sharply 0.1 degrees to 0.4 degrees C, a greater elevation than was observed during arousal. Changes in body temperature generally did not parallel the alterations in brain temperature. Shifts of direct-current potential in the brain are basically independent of the changes in brain temperature.     

Heart rate: differential effects of hypothalamic and septal self-stimulation

Heart rate in rats was recorded during self-stimulation with electrodes permanently implanted in both the hypothalamus and the septal region. Acceleration was observed during stimulation of the hypothalamus, and deceleration during stimulation of the septal region. In both areas self-stimulation reduced variability in heart rate.     

论我国行政奖励制度的主要问题与完善

行政奖励是随着现代市场经济和民主政治的深入发展而勃兴的一种新型非强制行政模式。但是,长期以来受传统行政理论和观念的影响,行政奖励在立法、执法、法学研究中不受重视,导致在社会实践中频现弊丑,产生了严重的负效应,其法治水平亟需提高。本文就我国行政奖励制度存在的主要问题和如何完善进行思考,提出了自己的看法和建议。     

Vagotomy: effect on electrically elicited eating and self-stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus

A subdiaphragmatic vagotomy markedly inhibits eating and self-stimulation produced in rats by lateral hypothalamic stimulation. The stomach is known to be affected by hypothalamic stimulation via the vagus, and afferents from the stomach can influence the hypothalamus via the same nerve. Consequently, this result suggests that eating and self-stimulation may be partly controlled by hypothalamic influences on the stomach which, in turn, affects hypothalamic sensitivity.     

Lateral hypothalamus: food current intensity in maintaining self-stimulation of hunger

Rats displaying stimulus-bound eating will press bars for currents slightly above eating threshold only when food is near the bar. At higher currents self-stimulation is maintained without food. Such currents may spread to activate consummatory feedback appropriate to the drive elicited; or, for more intensely stimulated drive mechanisms, wider ranges of sensory feedback may be reinforcing.     

关中奶山羊睾丸发育和衰老代谢谱分析

【目的】对体成熟和老龄关中奶山羊睾丸进行代谢组学分析,探究关中奶山羊睾丸衰老代谢规律,为睾丸衰老症提供代谢标志物。【方法】根据关中奶山羊年龄、体质量和精液质量,选择体成熟（24月龄,C组）和老龄（60月龄,T组）关中奶山羊公羊各6只,采集双侧睾丸组织样本,使用液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）方法对睾丸组织代谢物进行检测分析,利用多维和单维相结合的统计方法对2组不同代谢物进行检测、对比与鉴别,通过富集差异代谢物筛选关中奶山羊睾丸发育和衰老代谢中的潜在关键通路。【结果】LC-MS/MS检测到2组关中奶山羊睾丸中有129种差异代谢物,与T组相比,C组有74种代谢物显著上调,55种显著下调;对前35个差异代谢物进行比较鉴定发现,21个显著上调,14个显著下调。通过对不同代谢产物的富集和分析,获得了9条潜在的关键代谢途径,即铁死亡、ABC转运蛋白、谷胱甘肽代谢、精氨酸生物合成、氨基酸糖和核苷酸糖代谢、胆碱在肿瘤中的代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、嘌呤代谢及牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢。【结论】筛选出了与关中奶山羊睾丸发育和衰老相关的129种差异代谢物,鉴定了前35种差异代谢物,获得了9条潜在的关键代谢通路。