应用龙须菜降低厦门海域海水中氮、磷的初步研究

试验是在完全开放的自然海区条件下对龙须菜吸收富营养的海水中N、P效果进行探讨。结果表明：在试验期间,正常栽培的龙须菜表层的平均增重5440.7g/条,深层的平均增重2077.4g/条。表层的龙须菜吸收海水中N量为27.40g/条、P量为1.76g/条,深层的龙须菜吸收海水中N量为10.46g/条、P量为0.68g/条。在试验期间,示范区海水的总N、总P含量呈下降趋势,在2007年12月4日试验期开始,海水中的总N、总P平均含量分别为1.428mg/L、0.141mg/L;到了2008年1月23日试验期结束,海水中的总N、总P平均含量分别为1.175mg/L、0.068mg/L,分别平均下降了17.8%、51.7%。表明龙须菜吸收海水中的N、P效果是相当显著的。     

龙须菜在网箱养殖区的生物修复研究

在福建省东山县八尺门网箱养殖区的浅水区吊养面积约0.7 hm2的龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis),研究龙须菜对网箱养殖区水质的修复效果。通过对实验区及其内外两侧的定点监测,以及对与潮流方向一致和垂直的2个断面的监测,结果表明,修复区的溶解氧(DO)浓度明显高于非修复区,无机氮(IN)、无机磷(IP)浓度低于非修复区,由此可见,通过海水交换,龙须菜可以吸收流经修复区的IN、IP,并提高流出修复区的海水的DO水平。这有利于改善网箱养殖区的海水水质,提高网箱养鱼的成活率和生长率,促进海水养殖的可持续发展。[中国水产科学,2007,14(3):488-492]     

龙须菜筏式养殖试验

近年来,由于受到石油污染及赤潮的影响,使昌黎县的海水水质发生了明显异常。为了使受损的海域生态环境得以尽快修复,2010-2012年,作为协作方昌黎县水产局与中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所合作,承担了由山东省科技厅组织的"典型海水增养殖区生态环境修复技术及示范"项目中龙须菜的引进试验示范项目。昌黎县自2010年开始引入这一品种,经过三年的养殖试验,最终获得成功,目前已通过了专家验收。     

海水养殖废水的处理技术及应用前景

对海水养殖废水的几种方法进行综述，分析和比较了物理化学方法、生物方法及综合处理方法的去除效率和应用前景，提出了适合我国现状的海水养殖废水的处理方法。     

龙须菜筏式养殖技术

龙须菜是江蓠属海藻中的一个种，是中科院海洋研究所采用生物技术培育出来的优质高产品种，其含胶量高达２５％～３０％，单茬亩产龙须菜干品１．５吨以上，是工业上提取琼脂的主要原料，其鲜菜也是养殖鲍鱼的优良饲料。由于龙须菜具有藻体大、适应性强、生长快、效益好等特点，近年来，在我市沿海掀起了龙须菜的浅海筏式养殖高潮。一、龙须菜的生态习性龙须菜一般很少生长在深水中，最适生长水层为水深０．５～１．０米。生长适温范围较广，在１３～２６℃的水温范围内都可生长，龙须菜在比重１．００５～１．０２６的范围内均能生长，但最…     

中华鳖养殖废水多级综合处理效果研究

为研究养殖废水的生态处理方法,采用化学沉淀(聚丙烯酰胺)、物理过滤(多孔沸石)、生物吸附(美人蕉等)等方法对中华鳖养殖废水进行逐级综合处理,试验结果:养殖废水的化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的去除率分别达到95%、86.34%、86.9%和82.17%,水体溶氧量(DO)上升到4.95 mg/L,多级综合废水处理系统表现出良好的碳、氮、磷同步脱除性能。结果表明,多级综合废水处理系统可以对温室甲鱼养殖废水进行有效的净化处理。     

单级生物接触氧化法去除海水养殖废水中的无机氮

利用在填料上人工接种微生物组成的浸没式生物接触氧化单级处理系统对养殖废水进行净化,效果良好。在试验水体体积与处理系统体积之比约为100∶1的情况下,对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮起始质量浓度分别为4.0 mg/L、1.76 mg/L、800 mg/L,COD质量浓度为16.33 mg/L的养殖废水进行处理,发现处理系统中进行着强烈的硝化和反硝化作用:处理30 h,氨氮质量浓度下降并一直保持在0.1 mg/L;亚硝酸盐氮浓度48 h内,前6 h从1.76 mg/L短暂上升到2.24 mg/L,然后持续下降,最低到0.22 mg/L;对硝酸盐氮的反硝化作用能力也很强,经48 h处理,硝酸盐氮质量浓度从800 mg/L下降到180 mg/L。根据对处理过程中的水质测定,浸没式生物接触氧化单级处理试验系统具有较强的生物脱氮能力。     

膜集成工艺处理海水工厂化养殖废水技术研究

采用砂滤、精密过滤、超滤、紫外杀菌和膜法充氧工艺,建立一套0.5 m3/h膜集成试验装置,用于处理海水工厂化养殖废水。考察超滤膜性能、试验工艺对废水中主要污染物的去除效果。结果表明:超滤膜截留率增大,COD去除率提高,产水量下降;选用截留率(牛血清白蛋白)为97.0%超滤膜,不投加混凝剂,装置对污水中COD、TN、TP和细菌的去除率依次为66.1%、69.7%、11.9%和100%,产水溶解氧达到39.54 mg/L,产水浊度为0.40 NTU,投加聚合氯化铝未能有效提高产水水质。除总磷外,膜法处理后海水的各项水质指标满足GB 3097—1997《海水水质标准》养殖用水要求。     

序批式生物膜法处理水产养殖废水的研究

目前我国水产养殖废水直接排放的现象较多, 使受纳水体富营养化和生物多样性降低; 同时养殖水体中残饵、水生生物排泄物容易引起水体溶解氧下降、病原体增加并产生有害物质如氨氮、亚硝酸盐等, 引起养殖对象发病甚至死亡。提出采用以组合填料为载体的序批式生物膜反应器处理水产养殖废水。通过试验确定了最佳运行模式: 水力停留时间12 h, 其中瞬时进水y 厌氧( 3 h) y 曝气( 5 h) y 添加原水(添加比1B 3) y 缺氧( 3 h) y 曝气( 1 h) y 沉淀( 0. 5 h) y 排水( 0. 5 h), 并考察了试验对污染物的去除特性。试验结果表明了序批式生物膜法处理水产养殖废水的可行性, 对有机物、氨氮、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为91. 1%、85. 1%、751 8%、89. 5%, 处理后出水可回用于水产养殖。     

中试规模废水处理厂处理水产养殖废水的效能

整套处理组合包括沉淀、脱硝、臭氧化处理、滴滤池处理和化学絮凝。通过沉淀去除超过70％的固体,处理的最后阶段,由于臭氧（处理）和化学絮凝共同作用,高达99％的TSS被去除。在各试验条件中,通过沉淀所去除的COD没有显著差异,但它与臭氧剂量呈正相关,占总COD去除的19．8-40．7％,其中,60．4～66．5％的COD随泡沫去除,余下的被矿化了。在每升水82．5mg臭氧的剂量下,臭氧反应率达83．7％。     

菊花心江蓠在网箱养殖区的生物修复作用

2003年8～12月，利用菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)在福建省东山县八尺门网箱养殖区进行生物修复实验。通过定点跟踪监测，定点连续监测，断面监测和平面监测，结果表明，江蓠对受污染的海水具有较好的修复效果。菊花心江蓠能有效提高水中的DO浓度，使修复实验区的DO浓度明显高于非养殖区和网箱养殖区的DO浓度；菊花心江蓠还能降低水中的IN、IP浓度，特别是3种价态的IN中，菊花心江蓠优先吸收铵氮，这对减轻网箱养殖区自身污染的影响更具实际意义。     

以江蓠为基质条件下温度对双齿围沙蚕亲体培育的影响

在以江蓠(Gracilaria tenuistipitata)为养殖基质的养殖条件下,研究了温度对双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)亲体成活率、变态率、绝对繁殖力、相对繁殖力和性腺系数(GSI)的影响。结果表明:江蓠为基质的养殖条件下,温度对双齿围沙蚕亲体的成活率、变态率、绝对繁殖力、体重均有显著的影响(P<0.05);温度为22℃、24℃时,双齿围沙蚕的成活率达82.0%～86.0%,变态率为44.0%,体重为5.22g,绝对繁殖力为23.17万粒,均显著高于其他实验组;在实验温度范围内,双齿围沙蚕相对繁殖力在4.27万～4.44万粒/g之间,性腺系数在64.06%～67.04%范围之内,组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,以江蓠为基质的养殖条件下,22～24℃是双齿围沙蚕亲体培育的最适宜温度。     

光照强度和氮营养盐浓度对龙须菜生理代谢的影响

以龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)为材料,以无机氮(NO_3~-︰NH_4~+=2︰1)为氮源配制人工海水,将在低光低氮(L-N-)条件下培养的龙须菜部分给予高光照处理(L+N-),同时另一部分在给予高光照的同时给予更充足的氮源(L+N+),通过测定3种不同处理条件下物质积累、光合色素以及碳氮代谢中的关键酶等多种生理指标,探讨光照强弱与氮源多寡对龙须菜生理代谢的影响。结果表明,在低氮培养时,高光可使藻体可溶性蛋白、含水率、藻红蛋白和叶绿素a的含量下降,而可溶性糖含量上升13.67%;高光培养时,高氮使可溶性蛋白、含水率、藻红蛋白和叶绿素a的含量上升,而可溶性糖含量下降16.3%;相对于低光低氮(L-N-),高光高氮(L+N+)条件培养使藻体中可溶性蛋白和藻红蛋白含量增加,其含水率、叶绿素a和可溶性糖含量并无显著性差异(P0.05)。从上述结果可以看出,补充氮源能够在一定程度上消除高光照对藻体产生的影响,保证藻体基本生理状态不发生变化的情况下积累蛋白(氮源)。同时补充氮源使得谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(SBPase)的表达均下调,也反映了光合作用所产生的三碳化合物在氮源充足的条件下主要流向了氮循环。而高光照并未对碳氮代谢关键酶的表达产生影响,可能通过直接破坏叶绿素a而影响藻体的光合作用。     

Treatment of shrimp farm effluent with omnivorous finfish and artificial substrates

Long‐term environmental sustainability and community acceptance of the shrimp farming industry in Australia requires on‐going development of efficient cost‐effective effluent treatment options. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a shrimp farm treatment system containing finfish and vertical artificial substrates (VAS). This was achieved by (1) quantifying the individual and collective effects of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) and VASs on water and sediment quality, and (2) comparing the retention of N in treatment systems with and without the presence of finfish (M. cephalus and the siganid Siganus nebulosus (Quoy & Gaimard)), where light was selectively removed. Artificial substrates were found to significantly improve the settlement of particulate material, regardless of the presence of finfish. Mullet actively resuspended settled solids and reduced the production of nitrate when artificial substrates were absent. However, appreciable nitrification was observed when mullet were present together with artificial substrates. The total quantity of N retained by the mullet was found to be 1.8– 2.4% of the incoming pond effluent N. It was estimated that only 21% of the pond effluent N was available for mullet consumption. When S. nebulosus was added, total finfish N retention increased from 1.8% to 3.9%, N retention by mullet also improved (78±16 to 132±21‐mg N day^?1 before and after siganid addition respectively). Presence of filamentous macroalgae (Enteromorpha spp.) was found to improve the removal of N from pond effluent relative to treatments where light was excluded. Denitrification was also a significant sink for N (up to 24% N removed). Despite the absence of algal productivity and greater availability of nitrate, denitrification was not higher in treatments where light was excluded. Mullet were found to have no effect on the rates of denitrification but significantly reduced macroalgal growth on the surface of the water. When mullet were absent, excessive macroalgal growth led to reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations and nitrification. This study concludes that the culture of mullet alone in shrimp farm effluent treatment systems does not result in significant retention of N but can contribute to the control of macroalgal biomass. To improve N retention and removal, further work should focus on polyculturing a range of species and also on improving denitrification.     

温度和营养盐胁迫对龙须菜氨氮吸收速率及生长速率的影响

以龙须菜（Gracilaria lemaneiformis）为试验材料,分别研究了温度和营养盐协迫对其生长及氨氮吸收速率的影响。结果表明,2个环境因子对龙须菜生长和吸收氨氮速率均有显著影响。龙须菜在20℃条件下生长较其在10℃和30℃条件下生长快速（P〈0.01）;营养盐含量过高和过低均不利于龙须菜的生长;营养盐水平越...     

贝藻处理工厂化养殖废水的研究

研究了常见大型藻类对氮、磷营养盐的去除效果和贝类对悬浮颗粒物的去除效果。结果表明,石莼和海带在同样的实验条件下吸附氮、磷营养盐的效果明显高于鼠尾藻和马尾藻,密度2g/L的石莼和7.52g/L的海带是较好的养殖密度。与扇贝和文蛤比较,牡蛎具有较高的去除悬浮颗粒物的效率,可以在24h内除去养殖废水中93%的悬浮颗粒物。在20L养殖废水中投放1000g牡蛎和40g石莼组成的净化养殖废水的生物滤器对营养盐和悬浮颗粒物具有最好的去除效果,其去除效率分别为PO4P67.8%、NO2N60.2%、NH4N55.8%、NO3N59.0%和SPM82.5%。在20L养殖废水中投放1000g牡蛎和150g海带组成的生物滤器对营养盐和悬浮颗粒物的去除效果较好,其去除效率分别为PO4P62.6%,NO2N55.7%,NH4N46.0%,NO3N56.6%和SPM84.5%。     

Effect of water exchange on effluent and sediment characteristics and on partial nitrogen budget in semi-intensive shrimp ponds in New Caledonia

An experiment was conducted in six earthen ponds with 20 shrimps m^?2Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) during the warm season in New Caledonia to study the dynamics of wastes in relation with water exchange rate (WER). The nitrogen budget was established, taking into account the different forms of nitrogen in the water, sediment, feed and shrimp. Data from a wide range of treatments applied in unreplicated ponds were treated using regression analysis to establish the relationship between WER and partial nitrogen budget, sediment characteristics and shrimp performance. To compare effluent quality between treatments during the season, data were analysed using the non‐parametric sign test. The water outflow was characterized by a decrease in the concentrations of N‐mineral forms (TAN, NO₂^?–NO₃^?), an increase in the concentration of organic soluble and sestonic organic forms (expressed in terms of particulate nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, chlorophyll a) compared with the water inflow. Increasing WER increased the amount of exported wastes and mainly in the organic forms and TAN can be considered as negligible. The nitrogen budget showed that 19–46% of nitrogen input (feed+water) was exported into the coastal environment. The results showed that the quality of the sediment decreased as WER decreased. The potential negative impact of the developing industry in New Caledonia on the costal environment could be partially reduced in a first step by decreasing WER. However, if applied in the farms, this practice should be linked to a close survey of the evolution of sediment quality.     

Effects of dietary phosphorus and lipid levels on utilization and excretion of phosphorus and nitrogen by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 2. Production-scale study

In a 8-week production-scale experiment at a commercial trout farm, the effects of dietary lipid level and phosphorus level on phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) utilization of rainbow trout (initial mean weight 99 g) were assessed. A low-phosphorus, high-lipid experimental diet (457 g protein, 315 g lipid, 9.1 g P  kg^–1 dry diet) was compared with a commonly used commercial diet (484 g protein, 173 g lipid, 13.6 g P  kg^–1 dry diet). P and N budgets were constructed using data from the production-scale experiment and digestibility data for the two diets. In addition, orthophosphate and ammonia-N waste were measured in effluent over one 24-h period. Relative to the commercial diet, the experimental diet resulted in significantly increased feed efficiency ratio, N retention and P retention, and substantially reduced dissolved, solid and total P waste (g kg^–1 dry feed). Although N retention resulting from the experimental diet was higher, this was attributable to higher N (protein) digestibility of the experimental diet. Solid N waste (g kg^–1 dry feed) resulting from the experimental diet was substantially lower, but dissolved N waste (g kg^–1 dry feed) was not significantly different relative to the commercial diet. Mean effluent orthophosphate production (mg day^–1 kg^–1 fish) of fish fed the experimental diet was substantially lower than that of fish fed the commercial diet ( P  < 0.05), but effluent ammonia-N production (mg day^–1 kg^–1 fish) was not significantly affected by dietary treatment.     

加装集污装置对水库投饵网箱养殖框鳞镜鲤生长及氮、磷排放的影响

为降低投饵网箱养鱼氮、磷排放对水库水体的影响,探求生态网箱养殖模式,以体质量为(167.81±34.66)g的框鳞镜鲤幼鱼为研究对象,对加装集污装置的网箱与传统网箱养殖框鳞镜鲤的生长情况和氮(N)、磷(P)的输入和回收情况进行了比较实验。结果表明:集污网箱框鳞镜鲤的生长性能明显优于传统网箱,加装集污装置对框鳞镜鲤的存活率无显著影响。集污网箱和传统网箱中N的回收率分别为76.83%和44.14%,P的回收率分别为63.13%和35.18%,2组网箱间差异极显著;集污网箱和传统网箱中N的利用率分别为28.36%和25.57%,P的利用率分别为21.30%和18.25%,集污网箱中N、P的利用率均高于传统网箱且差异显著;投饵网箱加装集污装置后减少了氮、磷向水库水体的排放,减轻了网箱养殖对环境的富营养化影响。