亲鱼产后保健剂应用初报

近七年来，农村经济体制改革推动了淡水养殖业的发展，全国使用各类鱼用催产剂(如绒膜激素，促黄体素释放激素类似物，鱼垂体等)对经济鱼类进行催产，据初步调查，各地在催产亲鱼时，因操作不当和机械损伤引起的炎症、产后体弱、未产雌亲鱼卵子膨胀、雄亲鱼流精过多、激素用量不当等原因，使亲鱼产后死亡率不断增高，一般为10-30％，有的竟高达80％以上，     

利用臭氧刺激鲍产卵的试验研究与应用

在鲍的人工育苗过程中,要求成熟亲鲍能在较短的预期的时间内集中排放精卵,集中采苗。而在生产实践中,即使亲鲍的性腺达到成熟的程度,在比较恒定的环境条件下很少能自行集中排放精卵。即使能集中排放,其排放的时间也难以人为掌握。采用刺激催产的方法,可使亲鲍预期集中产卵、排精。多年来,人们研究采用过阴干流水升温刺激法、紫外线照射海水刺激法、过氧化氢刺激法、雄鲍性腺搅碎     

微生态制剂对九孔鲍育苗效果的研究

本试验在九孔鲍育苗过程中投放光合细菌,菌数密度为6.66×109个/ml,使育苗池水里的光合细菌浓度分别为0、10×10-6、20×10-6、40×10-6,研究在不同光合细菌浓度下九孔鲍苗的生长发育及存活率情况.试验采用对各组九孔鲍苗壳长定期测量,试验完毕时对鲍苗数目进行全部计数,最后用数理统计方法对实验数据进行分析.试验结果表明,在九孔鲍育苗过程中加入一定浓度的光合细菌,对鲍苗的生长和存活有明显的促进作用;光合细菌的最适使用浓度为20×10-6左右.     

高锰酸钾及甲醛对九孔鲍受精卵及面盘幼虫的毒性试验

用不同浓度高锰酸钾溶液及甲醛对九孔鲍受精卵和面盘幼虫进行毒性试验。结果表明:高锰酸钾对九孔鲍受精卵的6hLC50、12hLC50分别为:2.66×10-6,2.03×10-6,;对九孔鲍面盘幼虫的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:4.34×10-6,2.82×10-6,0.357×10-6,甲醛对九孔鲍面盘幼虫的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:38.5×10-6,31.05×10-6,6.05×10-6。     

中华绒螯蟹家系定向构建与定向育苗技术研究

利用中华绒螯蟹3个群体：“苏蟹一号”F4代选育群体、长江野生群体和沿海河口野生群体及其4大类杂交组合,通过笼式和坑式定向交配设计,实现了规模化定向构建中华绒螯蟹全同胞家系和父系半同胞家系。坑式交配采用亲蟹1雌1雄,共定向构建9个全同胞交配土坑;笼式交配采用亲蟹3雌1雄,共设置交配网笼17个。至2009年4月,经过越冬暂养,其中坑配亲蟹的抱卵率及越冬成活率达100%,笼配49只雌蟹获抱卵蟹亲蟹为45只,越冬成活30只。为尽量减少由于繁育条件不一致造成的各家系间的环境偏差,使每个家系幼体培育阶段的条件尽量保持一致,共选择抱卵蟹26只进行育苗。采用面积2×667 m^2室外土池6只,选择6只坑配抱卵蟹,按照一池一只设计,进行室外天然海水土池生态定向育苗;采用3 m×2 m×1.5 m聚乙烯网箱20只,选择20只笼配抱卵蟹按照一箱一只设计,进行室外土池网箱定向育苗。通过规模化培育,最终成功构建20个中华绒螯蟹家系,其中父系半同胞6个,共培育家系蟹苗280万只。     

小黄鱼亲鱼培育和催产技术的初步试验

2014—2015年对野生小黄鱼在人工养殖条件下的繁育技术进行了相关试验研究,主要包括亲鱼的室内越冬、强化培育和人工催产技术。选取2000尾小黄鱼,体质量平均为67.24g,分别饲养于4m×8m×1.5m的越冬池,越冬池水温10~11℃,投喂少量配合饲料,进行亲鱼营养强化,亲鱼使用促黄体素释放激素A2和人绒毛膜促性腺激素催产。经52d营养强化,小黄鱼体质量增至88.30g,营养强化组的卵巢质量和性腺指数均显著高于对照组(P0.05),表明通过投喂冰鲜饵料并添加维生素C和维生素E,可显著促进小黄鱼的性腺发育和成熟,提高其性腺指数和相对怀卵量;使用1.2μg/kg促黄体素释放激素A2搭配500IU/kg人绒毛膜促性腺激素对雌鱼进行催产,催产效果最佳,人工受精率和孵化率分别为23.35%和80.56%。     

九孔鲍繁殖期性腺的组织学观察

通过采集不同性腺成熟阶段的九孔鲍,运用性腺外部形态观察,判断性腺发育的成熟度;通过性腺组织细胞切片的显微观察,发现九孔鲍性腺发育的不同步性,同一九孔鲍个体的性腺,靠近角状部的比较早成熟,后端的比较迟成熟;结合性腺外部形态和性腺组织细胞切片,分析外观形态与性腺细胞成熟之间的关系.本文并探讨了亲鲍性腺成熟度与催产、保证卵质和提高鲍的育苗效果等问题.     

九孔鲍性腺发育过程中消化酶活力的变化

用酶学方法研究了性腺发育过程中九孔鲍肝胰腺和消化道中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶活力的变化。试验结果表明,雌、雄九孔鲍各消化酶活力均随着性腺发育呈先升后降的变化趋势。在性腺发育早期和晚期酶活力较低,在性腺发育中期酶活力显著升高,且均在成熟前期达到最高值。九孔鲍繁殖期各消化酶的活力分布存在器官特异性和性别差异,九孔鲍的淀粉酶和纤维素酶活力在各性腺发育期均表现为肝胰腺消化道,雌鲍雄鲍。同种消化器官内各消化酶的活力也存在差异,雌、雄九孔鲍繁殖期肝胰腺和消化道内各消化酶的最大活力均为:纤维素酶淀粉酶蛋白酶。     

九孔鲍人工育苗技术探讨

采用阴干加紫外线处理海水催产的方法，进行九孔鲍室内人工育苗研究，使用雌亲鲍1343粒，平均规格5．7cm，雄亲鲍117粒，平均规格5．8cm，共获得受精卵9500万粒，受精率91．5％，以塑料薄膜作为附着基质，共附着匍匐幼体607万粒。经过64～73d的附着期间的管理，剥离0．21～1．0cm稚鲍347万粒，成活率达57．2％，又经过98～102d的培育，获得规格1．0～2．5cm的鲍苗121．5万粒，平均成活率达35．0％。     

诱导异源三倍体鲍的初步研究

用细胞松弛素B（CB）处理九孔鲍♂×盘鲍♀受精卵,分别抑制其第一极体和第二极体、以及第二极体释放诱导异源三倍体。水温24℃,九孔鲍♂×盘鲍♀授精后10min,用浓度0.6～1.0mg/L的CB持续处理受精卵20～25min,抑制其第一极体的排放。而九孔鲍♂×盘鲍♀在受精后27min,当40%～50%受精卵排出第一极体时,用浓度0.6～1.0mg/L的CB持续处理受精卵10～15min,分别统计对照组和药物处理组的担轮幼虫率,并用倍体分析仪检测各组稚鲍的倍性。结果表明：对照组和药物处理组担轮幼虫的倍性较复杂,起始处理时间为10min,CB药物处理浓度为0.6mg/L,持续处理时间为25min,其三倍体率可达40.67%,担轮幼虫的孵化率为26.44%。起始处理时间为27min,CB药物处理浓度0.6mg/L,处理持续时间为10min,其三倍体率可达48.11%,担轮幼虫率的孵化率为29.86%。     

甲壳动物CHH家族神经激素结构和功能研究进展

甲壳动物主要利用温度、光照周期等外界因子调节其生理状态 ,使它们的生殖活动处于最适条件下 ,来自外界因子的这些信息作用于甲壳动物的中枢神经系统 ,后者将其传递到神经内分泌系统和内分泌系统 ,神经内分泌系统和内分泌系统能够分泌一些促进因子和抑制因子以实施对性腺活动的调控。由于甲壳动物成体的生殖和蜕皮常常交替出现 ,因此 ,神经内分泌系统和内分泌系统的精确调控非常重要。甲壳动物高血糖激素 (ＣＨＨ)家族神经激素是甲壳动物特有的多肽激素 ,它们主要由眼柄的Ｘ -器官窦腺复合体合成 ,它们包括 :甲壳动物高血糖激素 (ＣＨＨ)、…     

Enhanced survival in striped bass fingerlings after maternal triiodothyronine treatment

Elevation of the triiodothyronine (T₃) content of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) eggs by maternal T₃ injection confirms the uptake of T₃ by oocytes. The resulting offspring were influenced favorably by the T₃, as seen in quantitative indices of development. As reported previously, larvae from T₃-supplemented eggs raised under laboratory conditions exhibited increased body area, length, dry weight, and rates of swimbladder inflation and survival, compared to controls. Also, the T₃ content of unfertilized oocytes correlated positively and highly significantly with survival to two weeks of age within individual cohorts (Brownet al., 1988). In the present study, the survival of experimental and control striped bass was monitored through the fingerling stage, under hatchery production conditions. The rate of recovery of maternally T₃-treated cohorts from pond-culture was approximately fourfold that of controls. The striking effects of T₃ enrichment of eggs on offspring indicate the potential contribution of maternal hormones in striped bass development, and suggest possible applications in aquaculture.     

Effects of 11-ketotestosterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone on follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone gene expression in castrated and sham-operated male red seabream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   In order to clarify the roles of androgen and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on gonadotropin (GTH; luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle stimulating hormone [FSH]) synthesis, effects of castration and implantation of GnRH analog (GnRHa) or 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) on expression of GTH subunit, α-glycoprotein subunit (αGSU), FSHβ, and LHβ genes, during the early spermatogenic stage in male red seabream Pagrus major were examined. Male red seabream underwent castration or sham-operation and were subsequently implanted with cholesterol pellets containing GnRHa, silicone capsules filled with 11-KT, or blank capsules (control). FSHβ mRNA levels increased due to castration, and it was reversed by treatment with 11-KT. 11-ketotestosterone treatment also decreased FSHβ mRNA levels in sham-operated fish. These results suggest that 11-KT acts on the pituitary to suppress FSH synthesis in male red seabream. On the other hand, neither castration nor replacement of 11-KT in castrated fish had effects on LHβ mRNA levels, whereas 11-KT treatment had slightly but significantly decreased LHβ mRNA in sham-operated fish. αGSU mRNA levels were not changed by castration or 11-KT treatment in both sham-operated and castrated fish. Meanwhile, treatment with GnRHa significantly decreased FSHβ mRNA levels in sham-operated fish, but not in castrated fish. This suggests that GnRHa may down-regulate expression of FSHβ mRNA through the production of 11-KT in testis. LHβ and αGSU mRNA levels in sham-operated fish, but not in castrated fish, were significantly elevated by treatment with GnRHa.     

三苯基锡对褐菖鮋卵巢发育的影响

尽管三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)与三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)在海洋环境中经常同时存在,但相对于TBT,对TPT的毒性研究还较少。本实验以海洋经济鱼类褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)为对象,研究环境水平TPT对卵巢发育的影响。结果发现,TPT抑制了卵巢发育,表现为性腺指数的降低。TPT还诱导卵巢总脂质水平的增加,而卵巢脂质蓄积可能影响卵巢的正常生殖功能。另外,TPT暴露后,卵巢游离睾酮水平增加,卵巢游离17β-雌二醇水平降低;同时,血清三碘甲腺原氨酸水平降低。因此,TPT对性激素和甲状腺激素水平的影响可能是其抑制卵巢发育的重要机制。实验结果为全面了解TPT产生鱼类生殖毒性效应、途径和机制提供了新的重要的资料。     

鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素及其受体的研究进展

促性腺激素抑制激素是2000年由日本学者首次从鹌鹑脑中分离出的一种新型下丘脑神经肽,通过其受体介导参与机体的生长、生殖以及摄食等生理过程。迄今,只在金鱼、斑马鱼、星点东方鲀、罗非鱼以及斜带石斑鱼等几种鱼中鉴定出促性腺激素抑制激素。目前,鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素的生理学功能研究相对较少,且存在争议。鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素及其受体的表达调控以及其他生理学功能仍有待进一步研究。本研究简要总结鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素及其受体的研究进展,并对促性腺激素抑制激素的生理学功能进行概括讨论,旨在加深对鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素的认识和了解,为进一步研究做铺垫。     

黑鲷生长激素及其受体的季节变化

采用黑鲷生长激素(seabream growth hormone,brGH)放射免疫测定法(brGHRIA)及黑鲷生长激素放射受体测定法(brGHRRA)，研究了不同季节(3月、6月、9月及12月)黑鲷血清GH水平及肝脏和性腺中生长激素 受体(growth hormone receptor,GHR)水平的变化，同时测定了黑鲷白肌及肝脏RNA-DNA比率及黑鲷肥满度 (condition factor,K)和性腺指数(gonadosomatic     

Changes in the immunostaining intensities of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during ovarian maturation in the female Japanese flounder

The role of gonadotropin (GTH) in the reproduction of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, was studied by assessing the changes in the apparent activity of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the pituitary gland during gonadal maturation by immunohistochemical analyses. Corresponding changes in plasma levels of testosterone (T), estradiol-17β (E₂), and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4–pregnen-3-one (DHP) were also studied. Reared fish at the early spawning to termination stages were sampled from May to August and wild fish at the previtellogenic to termination stages were caught at 3- to 4-week intervals between April and September offshore from the northern mainland of Japan by gill nets. The gonadosomatic index of the reared fish decreased from the early spawning stage to the termination stage, while that of the wild fish increased significantly from the previtellogenic stage to the early spawning stage and decreased thereafter. In the reared fish, the immunostaining intensities of FSH and LH were high during the spawning period, accompanied by high plasma levels of T, E₂, and DHP. In the wild fish, the immunostaining intensities of FSH and LH were low during the previtellogenic stage but increased during the maturing and spawning stages. These results indicate that both FSH and LH are likely associated with oocyte maturation in the Japanese flounder.     

Interaction of orexin/hypocretin-like immunoreactive neurons with melanin-concentrating hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone neurons in brain of a pleuronectiform fish, barfin flounder

Immunohistochemical localization of orexin/hypocretin in the brain of a pleuronectiform fish, the barfin flounder Verasper moseri was examined as the first step in unraveling the possible function of the hormone in the brain. Orexin-A-like immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies were found to be located in the nucleus posterioris periventricularis (NPPv) of the hypothalamus, and orexin-A-like-ir fibers were detected not only in the hypothalamus but also extensively throughout the brain. The orexin-A-like-ir cell bodies did not project their fibers to the pituitary gland. Since melaninconcentrating hormone (MCH) and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are suggested to regulate food intake in addition to orexin/hypocretin in the teleost fish, it was examined whether neural connections exist between orexin neurons and the MCH and α-MSH neurons in the barfin flounder brain by using double-staining immunohistochemistry. Some orexin-A-like-ir fibers were in close contact with the MCH-ir and α-MSH-ir cell bodies in the hypothalamus. Moreover, a few MCH-ir and α-MSH-ir fibers were in close contact with the orexin-A-like-ir cell bodies in the hypothalamus. These results suggest that reciprocal connections exist between the orexin and MCH neurons and between the orexin and α-MSH neurons in the brain of the barfin flounder.     

转生长激素基因工程鲤鱼研究

约10000余尾注射牛和羊生长激素基因的鲤鱼已被生产出来，并从中筛选出生长速度快且整合了外源基因的个体143尾，也证明外源基因可传递给子代同时子代也具有快速生长的特征。建立了把外源基因直接注入受精卵的方法，确定了注入外源基因的最佳时期。     

红笛鲷肌肉中三种性腺激素残留的分析

采用放射免疫分析法测定了养殖红笛鲷与野生红笛鲷肌肉中雌二醇、孕酮、睾酮三种性腺激素残留量。结果表明,在养殖红笛鲷与野生红笛鲷肌肉中均检出三种激素,养殖红笛鲷肌肉中三种性腺激素的残留量分别是野生红笛鲷的5.39、2.43、4.40倍;野生红笛鲷中的激素残留量较低,但仍能被检出,可能与环境激素有关。实验结果提示,放射免疫分析法可作为水产品中激素残留量的有效检测手段。