Induction of host defence enzymes by the endophytic bacterium Serratia marcescens,in banana plantlets

Pre-inoculation with the endobacterium Serratia marcescens (strain UPM39B3) induced the production of host defence enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, total soluble phenols and lignothioglycolic acid in banana plantlets. The levels of these enzymes were evidently higher in plantlets pre-treated with the endobacterium compared to the control. The production of host-induced enzymes benefitted the crop plants as they may have a role in suppressing Fusarium wilt incidence in the plantlets. This was evident when plantlets pre-treated with the endobacterium showed a lower disease severity (50%) compared to diseased plantlets lacking the endobacterium (74%). The results of this study thus highlight the potential of the isolate Serratia marcescens (strain UPM 39B3) as a biological control agent for Fusarium wilt management in bananas, reducing disease severity via stimulation of host defences.     

一株马铃薯干腐病生防菌的鉴定及其抑菌活性研究

镰孢菌引起的马铃薯干腐病是影响马铃薯贮存期间产量与品质的重要病害之一。寻找高效低毒的防治马铃薯干腐病的生防药剂对提高马铃薯的产量与质量具有重要意义。本研究以腐皮镰孢Fusarium solani为病原菌, 测定分离自马铃薯块茎的菌株2-1-9-CJK-2的抑菌活性。该菌株发酵液、无菌发酵液、菌悬液、胞内组分以及挥发性有机物对腐皮镰孢均具有抑菌活性, 抑制率分别为93.37%、61.92%、80.82%、44.01%和49.16%。结合形态学、生理生化特征和多基因系统发育树构建鉴定其为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。马铃薯切片试验和马铃薯块茎试验表明, 当菌株发酵液浓度为1×109 cfu/mL时, 对病原菌的抑制效果最好。除此之外, 菌株可以分泌蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶, 具有溶磷能力和生物膜形成能力, 但不具有溶血性, 并且对供试的其他6种病原真菌有较强的抑菌活性。研究表明贝莱斯芽胞杆菌2-1-9-CJK-2抑菌谱广, 具有生物安全性, 对腐皮镰孢有较强的抑菌活性, 在植物病害防治中具有一定的应用潜力, 可为马铃薯干腐病生防制剂的开发奠定基础。     

海洋细菌B-9987菌株产生的抑菌物质及对几种植物病原真菌的作用

 从海洋生境中分离得到317株菌株,筛选获得1株芽孢杆菌B-9987菌株,其胞外分泌的代谢产物对植物病原真菌有显著的抑制作用,其中对茄交链孢菌、大丽轮枝菌、黄枝孢菌、立枯丝核菌主要是造成真菌孢子或菌丝末端膨大成球状,继而胞壁崩解,原生质外泄;对尖孢镰刀菌和莴苣霜霉菌的抑制作用,则表现为孢子萌发率降低和芽管长度明显变短。该抑菌物质经乙醚萃取,硅胶G薄层层析纯化,官能团显色反应初步推断为酚类化合物。     

一株内生拮抗细菌的分离鉴定及其抗菌机理研究

本研究通过平板稀释法、平板对峙法从核桃根部皮层筛选出一株对核桃根腐病有拮抗作用的内生菌株1A,通过形态特征测定、理化特性分析和16SrDNA序列分析鉴定该菌为芽胞杆菌(Bacillus sp.),GenBank序列登录号为KJ865856;其抑菌特性研究结果表明:该拮抗菌对核桃根腐病菌有显著的抑制效果,抑菌率达63.33%;此外,该菌对板栗疫病菌等几种不同的林木病原菌均有较强的抑制作用。抗生机理研究结果表明,该菌株通过分泌蛋白酶和纤维素酶降解真菌细胞壁中蛋白质和纤维素,破坏病菌菌丝,病菌生长受到抑制。该拮抗菌能够显著抑制核桃根腐病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发,孢子萌发抑制率达74.89%,病菌菌丝表现为菌丝扭曲、断裂,分支增多并缠绕,菌丝颜色加深等。盆栽生防效果研究显示,该拮抗菌对各组核桃根腐病具有显著的防治效果,采用该拮抗菌预处理具有相对较好的生防效果。     

广谱抗病虫几丁质酶产生菌X2-23的筛选与鉴定

 X2-23是从水稻叶片分离到的一种几丁质酶活力较高的菌株,经Boller法测定,其几丁质酶活性达25.5 U/mL。它对水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病、恶苗病,小麦赤霉病,油菜菌核病等10多种真菌病原菌以及水稻白叶枯病菌等细菌病原菌具有不同程度的抑制作用。室内测试表明,它对水稻稻苞虫具有杀虫侵染作用,饲喂12、24 h后,其校正死亡率分别达到57.77%、89.88%。该菌经形态学及生理生化特性鉴定,初步定为圆孢芽孢杆菌(Bacillus globisporus),是一种新的几丁质酶产生菌和生防菌。     

Identification et répartition géographique des fusarioses affectant l'épi et le pied du blé dans certaines régions du Nord de la Tunisie

Des prospections ont été réalisées durant les mois d'Avril et de Mai dans certaines parcelles de blé situées au Nord de la Tunisie dans l'objectif d'identifier les espèces de Fusarium associées à la pourriture du collet et à l'échaudage des épis de blé. Les résultats ont montré que Fusarium culmorum , Fusarium graminearum et Microdochium nivale ( Fusarium nivale ) sont les plus fréquemment isolées. Leur gravité varie selon les régions. En effet, les champs localisés dans les gouvernorats de Béja, Jendouba et Bizerte ont montré l'existence principalement de six espèces de Fusarium : Fusarium culmorum , Fusarium graminearum , Fusarium avenaceum , Fusarium solani , Microdochium nivale ( Fusarium nivale ) et Fusarium equiseti .     

麦类禾谷镰刀菌致病性鉴定

江苏各地禾谷镰刀菌菌株间的致病力有强弱的不同,小麦品种对江苏禾谷镰刀菌菌株的抗病性也有强弱不同,但无一品种免疫。江苏各地禾谷镰刀菌菌株的致病力和品种的抗病性都没有特异性差异,所以,还不能认为江苏的禾谷镰刀菌有不同的生理小种存在。建议在江苏可以当地毒性较强的菌株作为麦类赤霉病抗病性鉴定的对象。     

十字花科根肿病生防菌副地衣芽胞杆菌ZF480的鉴定及其防效

为有效防控十字花科蔬菜生产中的毁灭性病害——根肿病,以尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum和辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici为指示菌,利用平板对峙法对分离自土壤的1 198株细菌进行筛选,进通过盆栽试验筛选对十字花科根肿病具有良好防效的生防菌株,并基于形态学特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA、gyrB和atpD多基因系统发育分析对生防菌株进行鉴定,同时测定其抑菌谱和田间防效。结果表明,通过对峙培养筛选获得115株有抑菌效果的生防菌株,采用盆栽试验获得1株对根肿病菌具有拮抗效果的菌株,命名为ZF480。结合形态学特征和系统发育分析结果将该菌株鉴定为副地衣芽胞杆菌Bacillus paralicheniformis。菌株ZF480对野油菜黄单胞野油菜变种Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris等10种病原菌具有拮抗效果,抑菌谱较宽,对白菜根肿病的盆栽防效和田间防效分别达到72.82%和64.08%。表明副地衣芽胞杆菌菌株ZF480对十字花科根肿病具有显著的防效,可作为生防菌进一步开发利用。     

向日葵镰刀菌病害研究进展及其综合防治

美国、印度、突尼斯等国已有由镰刀菌引起的向日葵病害的相关报道,但我国尚未见系统研究和报道。本文综述了向日葵镰刀菌病害的病原、症状和危害、国外种传镰刀菌的检测、种传镰刀菌的致病性和对种子发芽的影响以及综合防治方法。     

Assessment of inoculation methods to identify resistance to Fusarium crown rot in wheat

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Crown rot, caused by Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium pseudograminearum, is one of the most pervasive diseases of wheat throughout the world. Fusarium...     

玉米穗、茎腐病镰刀菌相互关系的同工酶分析

对沈阳、河北、北京、吉林等地区玉米穗、茎腐病禾谷镰刀菌和串珠镰刀菌进行了可溶性蛋白和同工酶的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳。以研究玉米穗、茎腐病镰刀菌在病原学上的相互关系。结果表明：各地区玉米穗、茎腐病串珠镰刀菌均具有高度的同源性,相似系数在0．89～0．98之间,菌株间差异表现为个体间多样性。两种病害禾谷镰刀菌病原学的相互关系因地域不同而不同。河北、吉林两地区穗、茎腐病禾谷镰刀菌间均未发现生理分化现象,相似系数均在0．93以上。沈阳地区玉米穗、茎腐病存在明显的生理分化现象,相似系数仅为0．65～0．67。     

海洋青霉T03对4种热带植物病原真菌的拮抗作用

T03是从多个海洋青霉菌株中筛选出的对植物病原真菌有拮抗作用的一个菌株。采用对峙培养和无菌发酵液抑制菌丝生长方法比较了T03对4种热带植物病原菌香蕉炭疽菌、橡胶炭疽菌、粉蕉镰刀菌、凤梨镰刀菌的拮抗作用。结果显示青霉T03对香蕉炭疽菌、橡胶炭疽菌、粉蕉镰刀菌、凤梨镰刀菌均有一定的拮抗作用,其中对香蕉炭疽菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最好,EC50为17.1%;其次是橡胶炭疽菌,EC50为49.6%。对粉蕉镰刀菌、凤梨镰刀菌菌丝生长的抑制效果不理想。     

美国大豆中镰刀菌的分离鉴定

为加强对美国输华大豆真菌病害的监测力度,降低外来生物入侵风险,本文通过对美国进境大豆病菌分离,共得到32个菌株,并对其中3株镰刀菌进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确认了它们分别是尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)和拟枝孢镰刀菌(F.sporotrichioides)。本研究从32个分离菌株中得到的3株镰刀菌分属于不同种,不仅证实了美国大豆中镰刀菌的多样性,也可为港口的植物检疫工作提供借鉴。     

Fusarium species from the cassava root rot complex in west Africa

ABSTRACT Fusarium species are a significant component of the set of fungi associated with cassava root rot. Yield losses due to root rot average 0.5 to 1 ton/ha but losses >3 ton/ha, an equivalent of 15 to 20% yield, often occur. This paper reviews previous work on cassava root rot and summarizes a few recent studies on Fusarium species associated with the disease. Our studies in Cameroon showed that 30% of rotted tubers were infected by Fusarium spp. 12 months after planting and represented 25% of all the fungal isolates recovered. Other commonly recovered fungi were Botryodiplodia theobromae and Armillaria spp. Numerous and diverse species of Fusarium were associated with rotted cassava roots in Nigeria and Cameroon. At least 13 distinct amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) groups of Fusarium were distinguishable, each group probably a distinct species, and many of them might represent previously undescribed Fusarium species. The two largest of the AFLP groups correspond to F. oxysporum and F. solani species complex. The distribution of Fusarium spp. varied among countries and among locations within a country, suggesting that germ plasm resistant at one location may not be resistant at another. Fusarium spp. also cause seedling blight of cassava and can be recovered from the stems of infected plants up to 1 m above the ground. Therefore, the pathogen can spread with stems cut as planting material. Fusarium spp. also can colonize Chromolaena odorata, the dominant weed in short fallows, which could further complicate management efforts by serving as an alternative host for strains that colonize cassava.     

Characterization of Fusarium spp. responsible for causing dry rot of potato in Great Britain

A 3-year survey was undertaken to establish the relative frequency of different Fusarium spp. present as inoculum on potato tubers collected from four regions of Great Britain. A total of 219 samples (comprising 10 950 tubers) were collected from the 2000, 2001 and 2002 crops and processed to recover dry rot-producing isolates. In total, 228 isolates of Fusarium spp. were recovered. Most (94·7%) of these isolates were attributed to one of four Fusarium species: F. coeruleum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. sambucinum (formerly F. sulphureum) . The incidence of the combined Fusarium spp. increased the further south the crops had been grown. Fusarium coeruleum was the most commonly isolated species in each survey year, comprising 37 to 52% of the total Fusarium species. Selected isolates of each species were evaluated for their ability to produce rots in potato tubers. Fusarium sambucinum was a more aggressive pathogen than the other Fusarium species in eight out of 10 cultivars. Fusarium avenaceum and F. culmorum were relatively weaker pathogens. However, these species were aggressive on some cultivars, notably Hermes. The selected isolates were also assessed for their sensitivity to the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil. Using in vitro tests, 65% of F. sambucinum isolates were resistant to thiabendazole and 7% of F. avenaceum isolates were resistant to imazalil. Tubers treated with imazalil yielded a higher proportion of isolates of F. avenaceum than those that were untreated. Similarly, a higher proportion of F. sambucinum isolates were recovered from tubers treated with thiabendazole than from those that were not treated.     

甘肃省临夏州小麦脚腐病病原鉴定

对甘肃省临夏州小麦脚腐病病原进行了分离鉴定,从3块病田的37株罹病小麦上分离得到56个真菌菌株,分别被鉴定为雪腐镰刀菌[Fusarium nivale(Fr.)Ces.]、燕麦镰刀菌[Fusarium avenaceum(Corda et Fr.)Sacc.]、麦斑点附球霉[Epicoccum triticiP.Henn.]、小壳色单隔孢菌[Diplodiellasp.]、交链孢菌[Alternariaspp.]、芽枝霉[Cladosporiumsp.]、黑孢霉[Nigrosporasp.]。其中,雪腐镰刀菌致病性最强,燕麦镰刀菌致病性中强,麦斑点附球霉致病性弱,其余菌不致病。     

常熟地区蚕豆枯萎病病原菌鉴定及其致病力初探

2000、2001年在江苏省常熟地区采集了有典型枯萎症状的蚕豆标样各50个,获94个镰刀菌单孢菌株。经鉴定分别属于尖孢镰孢(Fusarium axysporum)、燕麦镰孢(F.avenaceum)、串珠镰孢(F.moniliforme )、木贼镰孢(F.equiseti)、三线镰孢(F.tricinctum)、禾谷镰孢(F.graminearum)和茄镰孢(F.solani),其中尖孢镰孢、燕麦镰孢、串珠镰孢、木贼镰孢为该地区蚕豆镰刀菌枯萎病的主要病原菌。测定了48个镰刀菌菌株对蚕豆的致病力,尖孢镰孢、木贼镰孢、串珠镰孢和燕麦镰孢对蚕豆的致病力都较强。用蚕豆枯萎病菌和棉花枯萎病菌交叉接种棉花和蚕豆,结果表明两者存在着较强的交互侵染能力。     

Morphological and molecular characterization of the sudden-death syndrome pathogen of soybean in Brazil

Brazilian Fusarium isolates causing soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) were characterized by comparing them with other Fusarium isolates associated with soybean root rot, as well as F. solani f.sp. glycines isolates associated with the disease in the USA, using molecular (mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA), morphological, cultural and pathogenic characteristics. On the basis of pathogenicity data, and restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, isolates formed a group distinct from nonSDS F. solani isolates, as well as other Fusarium species. ITS sequence analysis also revealed that Brazilian isolates were distinct from the majority of SDS pathogens from the USA ( Fusarium virguliforme ) and conformed to Fusarium tucumaniae .     

播前施用氟乐灵对棉花苗期病害及蕾期枯萎病的影响

田间试验在棉花苗病和枯萎病常年发病田进行。以１７５ｍｌ４８％氟乐灵乳油／６６６．７ｍ＾２的剂量处理苗床地表土，播种棉籽后以含氟乐灵（１．０－１．５ｍｇ有效成分／ｋｇ土）的土壤覆盖。以清水处理为对照，。结果表明Ｌ氟乐灵处理组的出苗率高于对照，苗前残废对比照降低，５２．９１％－７９．８０％。处理组苗床期立枯病和侄蛱贩发病率及死苗率显著降低，分别下降３０％和４２％左右；棉苗枯萎病的发病率及病情指明显低于     

Back to the roots: Understanding banana below-ground interactions is crucial for effective management of Fusarium wilt

Global banana production is affected by Fusarium wilt, a devastating disease caused by the soilborne root-infecting fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Fusarium wilt is notoriously difficult to manage because infection arises through complex below-ground interactions between Foc, the plant, and the soil microbiome in the root–soil interface, defined as the rhizosphere. Interactions in the rhizosphere play a pivotal role in processes associated with pathogen development and plant health. Modulation of these processes through manipulation and management of the banana rhizosphere provides an auspicious prospect for management of Fusarium wilt. Yet, a fundamental understanding of interactions in the banana rhizosphere is still lacking. The objective of this review is to discuss the state-of-the-art of the relatively scant data available on banana below-ground interactions in relation to Fusarium wilt and, as a result, to highlight key research gaps. Specifically, we seek to understand (a) the biology of Foc and its interaction with banana; (b) the ecology of Foc, including the role of root-exuded metabolites in rhizosphere interactions; and (c) soil management practices and how they modulate Fusarium wilt. A better understanding of molecular and ecological factors influencing banana below-ground interactions has implications for the development of targeted interventions in the management of Fusarium wilt through manipulation of the banana rhizosphere.