Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation to Low Metabolizable Energy Diets on Production Parameters of Broiler Chickens

Two experiments were conducted to study the performance and carcass quality of broilers in response to varying composition of a diet low in ME, through the supplementation of graded levels of soybean oil. In an initial study, isocaloric (2,965 kcal/kg) and isonitrogenous (21.7%) corn-soybean diets were supplemented with 10, 20, or 30 g/kg of soybean oil. In a second experiment, diets containing ME levels of 2,940 and 3,040 kcal/kg were supplemented with soybean oil levels of 20 or 40 g/kg. In both experiments, supplementation of up to 30 or 40 g of oil/kg of diet resulted in increases of 175 and 120 g (P < 0.05) in BW gain and 97 and 91 g (P ≤ 0.06) in ready-to-cook (RTC) carcass weight at 49 d, respectively. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in percentage deposition of abdominal fat pad only in diets containing 2,965 (Experiment 1) or 2,940 (Experiment 2) kcal of ME/kg with no significant changes in RTC carcass and whole breast or pectoralis major muscle yields and RTC carcass composition. Improvements in production parameters can be achieved in broiler chickens fed a low ME diet through the addition of moderate levels of soybean oil.     

饲粮代谢能水平对宁都黄鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和血液生化指标的影响

【目的】本试验旨在探究不同生长阶段宁都黄鸡的饲粮代谢能(ME)需要量。【方法】采用单因素完全随机试验设计,分别选用1、29、57日龄体重相近的宁都黄鸡各600、480和360只,各日龄阶段随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,3个阶段每个重复分别为25、20和15只鸡。饲粮代谢能水平设低、较低、中和高4个梯度:1～28日龄分别为11.50、11.95、12.40和12.85 MJ/kg, 29～56日龄分别为11.68、12.14、12.60和13.06 MJ/kg, 57～105日龄分别为11.60、12.20、12.80和13.40 MJ/kg,测定不同代谢能水平对各阶段宁都黄鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和屠宰性能的影响。【结果】(1)1～28日龄,高代谢能组宁都黄鸡料重比(F/G)显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。(2)29～56日龄,中和高代谢能组的平均日采食量(ADFI)和F/G显著低于低和较低代谢能组(P<0.05),较低代谢能组的F/G显著低于低代谢能组(P<0.05);中和高代谢能组宁都黄鸡血清总蛋白(TP)含量显著高于低代谢能组(P<0.05),中代...     

能量水平对0～21日龄岭南黄肉鸡生产性能、胴体品质和体组成的影响

将600只岭南黄初生雏鸡随机分为5组,每组120只,公母各半,分栏饲养,饲粮代谢能水平(MJ／kg)分别为11.88,12.19,12.92,13.22和13.60,观察21天。结果,11.88 MJ／kg组公雏平均日增重显著低于其余四组(p<0.05),料肉比显著高于其余四组(p<0.05),13.60MJ／kg组腹脂率最高,极显著高于其余四组(p<0.01),13.22和13.60MJ／kg组体蛋白含量极显著低于11.88,12.19MJ/kg组(p<0.01);对母雏,饲粮代谢能12.92,13.22和13.60MJ／kg组平均日增重显著或极显著高于11.88,12.19MJ／kg组(p<0.05或P<0.01),料肉比显著低于11.88 MJ／kg组(P<0.05),11.88 MJ／kg组体脂肪含量显著低于其余四组(p<0.05),但体蛋白含量显著高于其余四组(p<0.05),灰分含量极显著高于12.92,13.22和13.60MJ／kg组(p<0.01)。     

0～21和22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡可消化蛋氨酸需要量的研究

试验一和试验二分别选用1日龄和22日龄岭南黄鸡各2 000只和1 600只,按性别和体重分成10处理组(公、母鸡各5组),每组4重复栏,每栏50(试验一)和40只鸡(试验二)。2个试验均采用5(饲粮蛋氨酸水平)×2(性别)两因子试验设计,试验一和二分别设0.35%、0.40%、0.45%、0.50%和0.55%以及0.30%、0.35%、0.40%、0.45%和0.50%5个饲粮蛋氨酸水平。结果表明:随着饲粮蛋氨酸水平提高,0～21日龄和22～42日龄公、母鸡每日总蛋氨酸摄入量和真可消化蛋氨酸摄入量呈线性或二次曲线升高(P<0.05);0～21日龄公、母鸡的日增重呈二次曲线升高(P<0.05),0～21日龄和22～42日龄公、母鸡的饲料增重比呈二次曲线降低(P<0.05或0.1)。可见,在基础饲粮中添加适量蛋氨酸改善了黄羽肉鸡的生产性能。根据二次回归模型估测黄羽肉鸡获得最佳生产性能95%处的总蛋氨酸需要量和真可消化蛋氨酸需要量,0~21日龄母鸡为0.433%~0.435%和0.404%~0.406%,公鸡为0.445%~0.454%和0.416%~0.425%,22～42日龄母鸡为0.463%和0.437%,公鸡为0.375%和0.349%。     

有效温度与日粮能量水平对肉鸡生产性能及胴体组成的影响

采用4×3双因子多水平随机试验设计,研究了有效环境温度(ET,15.0、21.2、35.3和37.6℃)和日粮能量浓度(ME,11.71、12.55和13.39 MJ/kg)对4～6周龄肉鸡生产性能、屠体性能和肌肉成分的影响.试验选用21日龄AA肉鸡216只,随机分为12个组,置于4个环控舱中,每舱3组,每组等分成3个重复 (笼),每个重复(笼)6只鸡,饲喂1种试验日粮,为期3周.试验开始及结束时测量试鸡的个体体重和相应阶段各重复的耗料量;饲养试验结束时进行屠宰,测量屠宰指标,并取胸、腿肌测定其成分.结果表明(1)有效温度对肉鸡的日采食量、日增重及料肉比影响显著(P＜0.05),当温度超过常温时,日采食量及日增重显著下降(P＜0.05),料肉比显著升高(P＜0.05);(2)高温或极端高温显著提高肉鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率和腿肌率(P＜0.05),显著降低屠体重、胸肌重、腿肌重、胸肌率、皮下脂肪厚、肌间脂肪宽(P＜0.05).低温组屠宰率显著升高(P＜0.05),皮下脂肪厚显著下降(P＜0.05).随着日粮能量浓度的升高,肉鸡屠体重显著升高(P＜0.05),胸肌率及皮下脂肪厚显著降低(P＜0.05);(3)有效温度对胸肌常规成分和胆固醇含量均有显著影响(P＜0.05).与常温组相比,极高温组鸡的胸肌和腿肌蛋白质含量显著下降(P＜0.05);有效温度的上升与下降都显著增加了胸肌及腿肌的粗脂肪含量(P＜0.05);高温及极高温显著增加了胸肌的水分含量(P＜0.05);低温显著降低腿肌的粗灰分(P＜0.05).日粮能量水平对腿肌粗蛋白含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),与适能组相比,高能组腿肌蛋白质含量显著降低(P＜0.05).有效温度与日粮能量蛋白水平对胸肌粗灰分含量有交互作用(P＜0.05).由此可得,有效温度对肉鸡生产性能、屠体组成和胸肌、腿肌成分的影响程度远远超过日粮能量浓度,高温能显著降低肉鸡生产性能、屠体性能、肌肉蛋白质含量,增加肌肉脂肪含量,而提高日粮能量浓度则可增加肉鸡屠体重,但能否通过调整日粮能量浓度以减缓高温对肉鸡生产性能、其它屠体指标和肌肉成分的影响还有待进一步研究.     

Apparent Metabolizable Energy Needs of Broilers from Two to Four Kilograms as Influenced by Ambient Temperature

During winter production, the optimum temperature set points for heavy broilers (>3.4 kg) approaching market weight are subject to debate in commercial practice. Apparent ME needed to optimize nutrient utilization may be influenced by ambient temperature. This experiment examined potential interactive effects of AME × ambient temperature from 36 to 60 d of age. A 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used. Dietary treatments were diets formulated to 3,175, 3,220, 3,265, and 3,310 kcal of AME/kg. Two temperature regimens were provided consisting of variable temperature regimen (VTR) or constant temperature regimen (CTR) set points. The VRT was 21.1°C from 36 to 38 d of age, 20.2°C from 39 to 42 d of age, 18.9°C from 43 to 46 d of age, 17.8°C from 47 to 50 d of age, 15.6°C from 51 to 54 d of age, and 12.8°C from 55 to 60 d of age. The CTR was 21.1°C from 36 to 60 d of age. Significant AME × temperature interactions were observed for cumulative BW, BW gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, and mortality. In the CTR, increasing AME led to increased BW gain but not in the VTR. As dietary AME increased, the improvement in feed conversion was more pronounced in the CTR than the VTR. With the VTR, decreasing AME increased feed consumption. The experimental treatments did not influence abdominal fat percentage or total breast meat yield. These data provide evidence that broilers exposed to CTR respond to increased AME.     

饲粮蛋氨酸水平对43～63日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、胴体品质、羽毛蛋白质沉积和肉质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平蛋氨酸对43～63日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、胴体品质、胴体和羽毛蛋白质沉积以及肉质的影响,并根据二次回归模型估测其蛋氨酸需要量.选用43日龄岭南黄鸡1 600只,按性别和体重分成10组(公母各5组),每组4个重复,每个重复40只.采用5×2(饲粮蛋氨酸水平×性别)两因子试验设计,饲粮蛋氨酸水...     

Metabolizable and Net Energy Values of Expanded Cottonseed Meal for Laying Hens and Broiler Chickens

Three experiments were conducted to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) values of expanded cottonseed meal (ECSM) for broilers aged 14–16 days (Experiment 1), broilers aged 28–30 days (Experiment 2), and 45-week-old Hy-Line Brown hens (Experiment 3). Reference diets based on corn-soybean meal were used to meet the nutritional needs of the birds. The test diets contained ECSM as basis, which was used to replace 18.5% of the gross energy-yielding ingredients from the reference diet. The birds were fed a commercial feed before the experimental period. After the dietary adaptation period, six birds per replicate (Experiment 1) and two birds per replicate (Experiments 2 and 3) for each treatment group were placed in an individual open-circuit respiratory calorimetry chamber for 3 days. Daily O₂ consumption and CO₂ production were recorded, and excreta samples were collected. The ME and NE values of ECSM were determined using the substitution method. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values of ECSM for experiments 1, 2, and 3 were 2605.85, 2178.31, and 2782.60 kcal/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. The NE values were 1655.23, 1196.64, and 1538.19 kcal/kg of DM, respectively. The NE:AME ratios of ECSM were 63.52%, 54.93%, and 55.29%, respectively. Our data showed that the ME and NE values of ECSM differed across various growth stages and types of chickens. These results demonstrate that the appropriate ME and NE should be used in the design of different feed formulas for specific growth stages and types of chickens.     

饲粮色氨酸水平对黄羽肉种鸡生产性能、抗氧化功能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮色氨酸水平对黄羽肉种鸡生产性能、抗氧化功能及血清生化指标的影响,以期探明肉种鸡饲粮的适宜色氨酸水平.试验采用单因素4水平试验设计,将360只28周龄黄羽肉种鸡随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30只.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,基础饲粮色氨酸水平为0.16％,3个试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.02％、0.0...     

Dietary Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Density Effects on Growth and Carcass Traits of Heavy Broilers

Two experiments (EXP) were conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary AME and amino acid (AA) density (total basis) on broiler chickens from 42 to 56 d of age. In EXP 1, diets were formulated to contain low AME (3,140 kcal/kg) and moderate AME (3,240 kcal/kg) in combination with moderate AA (16.2% CP, 0.88% Lys, and 0.75% TSAA) and high AA (18.0% CP, 0.98% Lys, and 0.83% TSAA) and fed to male broilers. Dietary treatments in EXP 2 were diets formulated to contain moderate AME (3,220 kcal/kg) and high AME (3,310 kcal/kg) combined with moderate and high AA concentrations used in EXP 1 and fed to male and female broilers. In general, dietary AME and AA did not interact to influence growth and meat yield responses. Broilers provided the low AME diet in EXP 1 consumed more feed and had poorer feed conversion but had higher total breast meat yield than birds fed the moderate AME diet. In EXP 2, broilers fed the high AME diet from 42 to 56 d had increased BW gain, decreased feed consumption, and improved feed conversion. Feeding the high AA diets in both EXP decreased feed consumption, improved feed conversion, and increased total breast meat yield. Nutritionists establishing nutritional programs for heavy broilers late in development from 2.5 to 3.6 kg may need to consider increasing AA density to optimize breast meat yield. Increasing the AME content of the diet improves feed conversion but not breast meat yield.     

Growth Performance,Meat Yield,and Economic Responses of Broilers Fed Diets Varying in Metabolizable Energy from Thirty to Fifty-Nine Days of Age

Two studies examined responses of broilers to diets varying in AME from 30 to 59 d of age. A 59-d termination allows for evaluation of energy needs applicable to “big bird” programs, because research on nutritional needs for such programs is warranted. Two experiments were conducted: experiment (exp.) 1 having low temperatures whereas exp. 2 used moderate temperatures. The treatments in exp. 1 and 2 were AME concentrations ranging from 3,175 to 3,310 kcal/kg with CP, TSAA, and Lys being identical across all treatments. In exp. 2, an additional treatment consisted of a diet containing 3,310 kcal of AME/kg with CP, TSAA, and Lys being increased by 4% of those specifications used in the other treatments so as to minimize differences in energy:CP ratio.In both experiments, feed consumption and conversion decreased linearly as dietary AME increased, but breast meat yield was reduced with the high AME diet and only increasing amino acids in exp. 2 ameliorated the negative effect. Live production costs and gross feeding margin (bird return over feed costs) were optimized in exp. 1 with 3,220 kcal of AME/kg of diet, but 3,310 kcal of AME/kg of diet and increased amino acids were needed in exp. 2 for improved monetary returns. In both experiments, broilers had similar caloric consumption indicating that these broilers can compensate to varying dietary AME concentrations within practical limits. These results demonstrated that the response to dietary AME was more pronounced under moderate ambient temperatures.     

日粮中添加不同酶制剂对肉鸡表观代谢能的影响

为探讨酶制剂对肉鸡表观代谢能的影响,选用180只21日龄公鸡,分别饲喂A、B、C、D、E、F共6种日粮,A组为正对照组,B组为负对照组,C组为在B组基础上添加0.1%的康地恩复合酶101M,D、E、F组为在B组基础上分别添加0.05%的康地恩复合酶Ⅰ、酶a、酶b.结果表明,C、D、F组表观代谢能显著高于B组(p《0.05),E组与B组差异不显著(P》0.05),C、D、F组之间差异不显著(P》0.05),氮校正代谢能和表观代谢能结论一致.低能量日粮添加0.1%的康地恩复合酶101M、0.05%的康地恩复合酶Ⅰ及酶b可以提高日粮的表观代谢能和氮校正代谢能(P《0.05).     

Effects of Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Levels on Turkey Performance from Hatch to Marketing

Two experiments were conducted with growing turkeys from hatch to market examining the performance at various dietary energy and amino acid (AA) levels as well as the relationship between energy and essential amino acids at these energy levels. The results of the first experiment indicated that increasing ME alone improved feed efficiency (FE); however, it did not affect BW in either toms or hens. In addition, increasing ME alone resulted in better regulation of caloric intake (CI) in toms than in hens. The caloric efficiency (CE) (BW/CI) improved with the higherenergy diets. In a second experiment both AA and ME levels were changed. Using 95% of NRC amino acid levels depressed performance, whereas turkeys receiving 105 and 110% of the recommended AA levels had improved BW and FE until 6 wk. From 7 to 19 wk, increasing dietary AA levels decreased feed intake (FI). Increasing both AA and ME together did not, in all cases, produce the same effect as altering their levels independently.     

饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮代谢能(ME)和粗蛋白质(CP)水平对蛋鸭产蛋期不同阶段产蛋性能的影响。采用3×3两因子完全随机试验设计,ME水平分别为10.88、10.46和10.04 MJ/kg,CP水平分别为18.26%、17.07%和16.42%,选取刚开产的福建龙岩麻鸭1 674羽,随机分为9个组,每组6个重复,每个重复31羽。试验共持续32周。结果表明:1)产蛋初期(16~18周龄),饲粮ME和CP水平均未显著影响蛋鸭产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重和料蛋比(P>0.05)。饲粮ME和CP水平对蛋鸭平均蛋重有显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。2)产蛋高峰期(19~39周龄),饲粮ME水平显著影响蛋鸭平均蛋重(P<0.05)。饲粮ME水平为10.88和10.46 MJ/kg组的平均蛋重显著高于10.04 MJ/kg组(P<0.05)。饲粮CP水平未显著影响蛋鸭产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重和料蛋比(P>0.05)。饲粮ME和CP水平对蛋鸭产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重和料蛋比没有显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。3)产蛋后期(40~47周龄),饲粮ME水平为10.46 MJ/kg组的产蛋率和日产蛋重显著高于10.04 MJ/kg组(P<0.05);10.88 MJ/kg组的平均蛋重显著高于10.46和10.04 MJ/kg组(P<0.05)。饲粮CP水平为18.26%组的产蛋率、日产蛋重显著高于17.07%和16.42%组(P<0.05),料蛋比显著低于17.07%和16.42%组(P<0.05)。饲粮ME和CP水平对蛋鸭日产蛋重有显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。综合考虑产蛋性能指标,产蛋初期、高峰期和后期龙岩麻鸭饲粮适宜的ME和CP水平分别为10.88、10.46、10.46 MJ/kg和17.07%、17.07%、18.26%,每日ME和CP需要量分别为1.47、1.60、1.48 MJ和22.96、26.16、25.81 g,饲粮的蛋能比分别为15.62、16.35、17.44 g/MJ。     

生物秸秆对肉鸡表观代谢能的影响及替代玉米适宜比例的研究

本试验旨在研究肉鸡对生物秸秆的表观代谢能及其替代玉米的适宜比例.生物秸秆代谢能的测定试验选择24只42日龄健康的爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机分为3个处理,每个处理8只鸡.处理1饲喂含8％生物秸秆的基础饲粮,处理2饲喂以30％的生物秸秆代替基础饲粮中能量饲料和蛋白质饲料的饲粮,处理3采用强饲法进行测定.生物秸秆代替玉米的试验选择150只42日龄健康的AA肉鸡,随机分为5个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复6只鸡.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中用4％、8％、12％生物秸秆代替玉米(代谢能按照差量法计算结果12.46 MJ/kg计)及8％生物秸秆代替玉米(代谢能按照强饲法计算结果5.30 MJ/kg计,添加豆油,使其代谢能水平与对照组相同).结果表明:1)基础饲粮的代谢能为12.63 MJ/kg,采用差量法推算出肉鸡对生物秸秆的表观代谢能为12.46 MJ/kg,而采用套算法和强饲法测定生物秸秆的表观代谢能分别为4.38和5.30 MJ/kg.2)与对照组相比,4％和8％的生物秸秆代替玉米组中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的代谢率显著升高(P＜0.05),而12％的生物秸秆代替玉米组表观能量的代谢率显著降低(P＜0.05).由此得出,套算法和强饲法低估了生物秸秆的表观代谢能,而差量法更能准确反映生物秸秆的表观代谢能;在肉鸡饲粮中生物秸秆可以替代4％ ～8％的玉米.     

13~17周龄雄性雉鸡饲粮适宜代谢能水平研究

【目的】试验旨在研究饲粮代谢能水平对13~17周龄雄性雉鸡生长性能、营养物质表观代谢率、能量利用和血清生化指标的影响,明确该时期雉鸡适宜的饲粮代谢能水平。【方法】选取13周龄、体重相近(734.63 g±18.03 g)的健康雄性雉鸡240只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只雉鸡。采用单因素试验设计,各组饲粮代谢能水平分别设定为11.30(Ⅰ组)、11.72(Ⅱ组)、12.14(Ⅲ组)和12.56(Ⅳ组) MJ/kg,预试期7 d,正试期35 d。【结果】①饲粮代谢能水平极显著影响平均日采食量(ADFI)(P<0.01),其中Ⅳ组ADFI极显著低于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P＜0.01)。料重比(F/G)在各组间无显著差异(P＞0.05),其中Ⅱ组最低。②饲粮代谢能水平对干物质(DM)表观代谢率和粗脂肪(EE)表观代谢率有极显著影响(P＜0.01)。粗蛋白质(CP)表观代谢率在各组间无显著差异(P＞0.05),其中Ⅱ组最高。③各组间摄入总能、排泄物总能和代谢能摄入量(MEI)均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组总能表观代谢率均极显著高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.01),其中Ⅱ组最高。④各组间血清胆固醇(CHO)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。Ⅲ组甘油三酯(TG)含量极显著高于其余各组(P＜0.01),Ⅱ组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.01)。Ⅱ和Ⅲ组血清中总蛋白(TP)含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),Ⅲ组白蛋白(ALB)含量显著或极显著高于其余各组(P＜0.05;P＜0.01)。【结论】比较4个试验组,Ⅱ组雉鸡平均日增重(ADG)最高,F/G最低,且Ⅱ组雉鸡营养物质表观代谢率、摄入能量水平及能量利用率也较高,故Ⅱ组饲粮代谢能水平(实测值为12.30 MJ/kg)对13~17周龄雄性雉鸡较为适宜。     

Dietary Amino Acid Responses of Mixed-Sex Broiler Chickens From Two to Four Kilograms

Two experiments were conducted to assess dietary amino acid density responses on mixed-sex broiler live performance, meat yields, and economics from 36 to 60 d. In experiment 1, broilers were fed a common feeding program to 35 d. Dietary treatments were high (H), moderate (M), and low (L) amino acid density from 36 to 47 d of age and H or L amino acid density from 48 to 60 d of age. Dietary treatments were high-high (HH), high-low (HL), moderate-low (ML), and low-low (LL) during a 60-d production period. In experiment 2, common diets were provided from 1 to 47 d of age. Dietary treatments were H, M, L, and suboptimum (S) amino acid density and fed from 48 to 60 d of age. In experiment 1, increasing dietary amino acid density to HH improved cumulative feed conversion (1 to 60 d) by 4 points over the ML- and LL-fed birds. Broilers provided the HH regimen had 0.6% more total breast meat yield than the LL-fed birds. In experiment 2, broilers fed the H feeding regimen lowered cumulative (1 to 60 d) feed conversion by 3, 5, and 6 points and reduced abdominal fat percentage by 0.28, 0.23, and 0.23%, respectively, compared with the M-, L-, and S-fed birds. Decreasing dietary amino acid density from H to S reduced total breast meat weight and yield by 47 g and 0.82%, respectively. In general, feeding HL (experiment 1) and H (experiment 2) diets increased gross feed margins over the other dietary treatments with diverse diet cost and meat price scenarios.