唐古特大黄留薹高度对其产量、品质和土壤水分的影响

采用单因素随机区组法,在甘南高原地区研究了唐古特大黄不同留薹高度对其产量、品质和土壤水分的影响。结果表明:唐古特大黄7月下旬开花前进行去薹,留薹10 cm的耗水率最小,主根长、根径、单株根干重等经济性状和产量最高,且比对照增产14.07%(P<0.01),品质也最优。留薹15 cm的水分利用效率9月份最高为1.43 kg/(mm.hm2);留薹高度在10~15 cm较为理想,既可以节水又能达到增产和改善药材品质的效果。     

Effects of soil compaction on N-mineralization and microbial-C and -N. I. Field measurements

Soil biological parameters, such as soil respiration or N-mineralization, may be more sensitive to soil compaction than physical parameters. Therefore we studied the effects of soil compaction on net N-mineralization and microbial biomass dynamics in the field. The soils were silty clay loams (Typic Endoaquepts) in either a well-structured permanent pasture with high organic-C content (46 mg g⁻¹) or a site which had been continuously cropped with cereals for 28 years with low organic-C content (21 mg g⁻¹) and a very poor structure. Compaction treatments were applied by five passes of a tractor (total weight 4880 kg, speed 2.2 m s⁻¹). An energy flux of either 2712 J m⁻² (assuming deflecting tyres) or 6056 J m⁻² (assuming rigid tyres) per pass of the rear tyres was estimated. Soil dry bulk densities were initially 1.00 and 1.30 Mg m⁻³ in the pasture and cropped sites, respectively, and increased significantly only in the less dense pasture site. However, soil surface CO₂-fluxes decreased substantially after compaction on both sites (57–69%) because of the highly reduced air permeability of the topsoil. At the cropped site this was also accompanied by a significant decrease in oxygen-diffusion rate (45%). Using the in situ core technique with covered cores the apparent net N-mineralization rate was less in compacted than in non-compacted areas of the pasture ((0.27 and 0.38 μg N g⁻¹ day⁻¹, respectively), but did not differ at the cropped site (average 0.15 μg N g⁻¹ day⁻¹). However, N-mineralization measurements by the in situ core technique were found to be problematic as denitrification possibly occurred and concealed actual net N-mineralization. Microbial biomass did not change significantly as a result of the compaction treatment, but was shown to either decrease or increase over time depending on the methodology used to estimate microbial biomass.     

Effects of soil compaction on N-mineralization and microbial-C and -N. II. Laboratory simulation

Soil compaction can affect the turnover of C and N (e.g. by changing soil aeration or by changing microbial community structure). In order to study this in greater detail, a laboratory experiment simulating total soil porosities representative of field conditions in cropped and pasture soils was set up. Soils were silty clay loams (Typic Endoaquepts) from a site that had been cropped with cereals continuously for 28 years, a permanent pasture and a site that had been cropped with maize continuously for 10 years. Soils from the three sites were compacted into cores to different total porosities (corresponding bulk densities ranging from 0.88 to 1.30 Mg m⁻³). The soil cores were equilibrated to different matric potentials (ranging from −1 to −100 kPa), yielding values for the fraction of air-filled pores of < 0.01 to 0.53 m³ m⁻³, and then incubated at 25°C for 21 days. C-mineralization was on average 15, 33 and 21 μg C g⁻¹ day⁻¹ for soils from the cropped, pasture and maize sites, respectively, and was positively correlated with soil water contents. Net N-mineralization showed a similar pattern only for well-aerated, high total porosity cores (corresponding bulk density 0.88 Mg m⁻³) from the pasture soil. Denitrification at < 0.20 m³ m⁻³ for the fraction of air-filled pores may have caused the low N-mineralization rates observed in treatments with high water content or low porosity. Microbial biomass estimates decreased significantly with increasing water contents if measured by fumigation-extraction, but were not significantly affected by water content if estimated by the substrate-induced respiration method. The degree of soil compaction did not affect the microbial biomass estimates significantly but did affect microbial activity indirectly by altering aeration status.     

Effect of Aelia spp. and Eurygaster spp. Damage on Wheat Proteins

The effect of Aelia spp. and Eurygaster spp. wheat bugs on the protein fractions of different wheat cultivars has been studied by size‐exclusion high‐performance liquid chromatography (SE‐HPLC) and free‐zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE). Those methods were used to quantify and characterize the extent of protein modification. A decrease in the amount of alcohol‐insoluble polymeric proteins along with an increase in the alcohol‐soluble polymeric proteins and gliadins were observed in damaged wheat. The high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin fractions were barely detected in the incubated damaged wheat from some cultivars, which indicated hydrolysis of those proteins by the bug proteinases. In damaged wheats, both incubated and unincubated, gliadin electrophoregrams revealed the presence of some new peaks with mobilities similar to the ω gliadins. The overall results suggest that the bug proteinases are potent enzymes that appear to be nonspecific because they hydrolyze all gluten proteins.     

Aerobic metabolism of diclosulam on U.S. and South American soils

Degradation of the sulfonanilide herbicide diclosulam was studied on nine soils from three countries to determine the rates and products of aerobic metabolism. Diclosulam was applied to four agricultural soils from the United States, three from Argentina, and two from Brazil at a rate of 0.1 ppm, equivalent to approximately twice the maximum field application rate of 52 g of active ingredient/ha. U.S. and Brazilian soils were incubated in the dark at 25 degrees C at 75% 0.3 bar moisture; Argentinean soils were incubated in the dark at 20 degrees C and 45% moisture holding capacity. Samples were analyzed up to one year after treatment. Two-compartment DT(50) and DT(90) values averaged 28 +/- 12 and 190 +/- 91 days, respectively. Three soil metabolites reached levels of >10% of applied in at least one soil and were identified as the 5-hydroxy analogue of diclosulam (5-OH-diclosulam), aminosulfonyl triazolopyrimidine (ASTP), and the 8-chloro-5-hydroxy analogue of diclosulam (8-Cl-diclosulam). The terminal products of diclosulam soil metabolism were mineralization to CO(2) and bound soil residues. Apparent sorption coefficients (K(d)) were determined on a subset of samples by extraction with a 0. 01 M CaCl(2) solution followed by an acidified acetone extraction. Initial sorption coefficients were similar to those obtained in a batch equilibrium study and averaged 1.1 L/kg for the six soils tested. K(d) coefficients for the metabolites, when available, tended to be slightly lower than that for diclosulam. Sorptivity of diclosulam and degradates increased with time.     

Interactive effects of salinity and macronutrient level on wheat. II. Composition

Results of several studies show interactive effects of salinity and macronutrients on the growth of wheat plants. These effects may be associated with the nutrient status in plant tissues. The objective of this study was to investigate interactive effects of salinity and macronutrients on mineral element concentrations in leaves, stems, and grain of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Lona), grown in hydroponics, and the relation of these effects to yield components. Eight salinity levels were established from 0 to 150 mM NaCl, and 1, 0.2, and 0.04 strength Hoagland macronutrient solution (x HS) were used as the macronutrient levels. Sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chlorine (Cl), and phosphorus (P) in leaves, stems, and grain, NO₃ in leaves and stems, and total nitrogen (N) in grain were determined. Supplemental Ca, Mg, K, and NO₃ added to 0.2 x HS increased mineral concentrations in leaves and stems, but did not improve growth or yield in salinized wheat plants except moderately at 100–150 mM NaCl. In contrast, growth or yield was improved significantly when the concentration of macronutrients was increased from 0.04 to 0.2 × HS. In contrast to leaves and stems, mineral concentrations in grain increased (Na, Cl) or decreased (Ca, Mg, K) only slightly or were not affected (K) by salinity except at high salinity and low macronutrient level. Nitrogen and P concentrations in grain were not affected by salinity. Sodium and Cl concentrations in leaves and stems increased significantly, whereas K and NO₃ decreased significantly, with an increase in salinity regardless of the macronutrient level. The latter was also observed for Ca and Mg in leaves. Extreme Na/Ca ratios in plant tissues negatively affected grain yield production at high salinity with medium or high macronutrient levels and at low macronutrient level together with medium salinity. Even though strong and significant correlations between mineral concentration at grain maturity in leaves, stems, and grain and various yield parameters were observed, our results are inconclusive as to whether toxicity, nutrient imbalance, nutrient deficiency, or all of these factors had a strong influence on grain yield.     

Arabinoxylan-lipids-based edible films and coatings. 2. Influence of sucroester nature on the emulsion structure and film properties.

This work is a contribution to better knowledge of the influence of the structure of films on their functional properties obtained from emulsions based on arabinoxylans, hydrogenated palm kernel oil (HPKO), and emulsifiers. The sucroesters (emulsifiers) have a great effect on the stabilization of the emulsified film structure containing arabinoxylans and hydrogenated palm kernel oil. They improve the moisture barrier properties. Several sucroesters having different esterification degrees were tested. Both lipophilic (90% of di and tri-ester) and hydrophilic (70% of mono-ester) sucrose esters can ensure the stability of the emulsion used to form the film, especially during preparation and drying. These emulsifiers confer good moisture barrier properties to emulsified films.     

Colonization and growth promotion characteristics of Enterobacter sp. and Herbaspirillum sp. on Brassica oleracea

We investigated the effects of inoculating a dicot plant, Brassica oleracea , with nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria isolated from monocots. The bacteria used were Enterobacter sp. strain 35 isolated from sugarcane and Herbaspirillum sp. strain B501 isolated from wild rice. Under glasshouse conditions, B. oleracea inoculated with strain 35 had a significantly greater fresh weight than uninoculated plants, and the fresh weight of plants inoculated with strain B501 tended to be higher than that of uninoculated plants. We conducted a laboratory-scale experiment to confirm the above results and to investigate the colonization and nitrogen-fixing abilities of these bacteria. Plants inoculated with Enterobacter sp. strain 35-1, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled strain derived from strain 35, had larger bacterial populations and greater acetylene reduction activity than those inoculated with Herbaspirillum sp. strain B501 gfp 1. Strain 35-1 colonized the intercellular spaces and the junctions of the lateral roots with the parent root. The results indicated that isolates from monocots can successfully colonize B. oleracea (a dicot) and promote plant growth.     

Analysis of genotypic and environmental effects on rice starch. 2. Thermal and retrogradation properties

Eight rice varieties with wide diversity in apparent amylose content (AC) were selected and planted in the early (HZE) and late season (HZL) in Hangzhou and in the winter season in Hainan (HN) for two consecutive years to study the genotypic and environmental effects on starch thermal and retrogradation properties of grain. Genotypic variation (all at P < 0.01) accounted for >56% of the total variation for onset (T(o)), peak (T(p)), and completion (T(c)) temperature, width at half-peak height (DeltaT(1/2)) of gelatinization, enthalpy (DeltaH(r)) of retrograded starch, percentage of retrogradation (R%), and 45.8% for enthalpy (DeltaH(g)) of gelatinization. Seasonal variation accounted for about one-fifth for T(o), T(p), and T(c) and one-third for DeltaH(g), but less for T(1/)(2), DeltaH(r), and R% of the total variation, indicating that T(o), T(p), T(c), and DeltaH(g) were highly affected by seasonal environment in addition to the genotypic variation. The T(o), T(p), T(c), and DeltaH(g) in HZL were much smaller than those in HZE and HN. Correlation analysis for the eight genotypes showed that AC was significantly correlated with DeltaH(g) (r = -0.83, P < 0.01) and R% (r = 0.734, P < 0.05). DeltaH(g) was also positively correlated with T(c) (r = 0.878, P < 0.05), but it did not have any correlation with DeltaH(r), whereas the latter was positively correlated with R% (r = 0.994, P < 0.001). The intercorrelation of T(o), T(p), T(c), and DeltaT(1/)(2) themselves was significant at P < 0.001. The correlation analysis results suggest that there are different molecular mechanisms to regulate thermal properties (T(o), T(p), T(c), and DeltaH(g)) and retrogradation properties (DeltaH(r) and R%) as affected by environmental conditions. The implications of the results for rice breeders and starch-based food processors are discussed.     

钾镁硫复肥生物学效应的研究——Ⅰ．钾镁硫复肥对甘蔗产量和品质的影响

本论述了从卤水中提取的钾镁硫(KMgS)复肥对甘蔗产量和品质的影响。结果表明,发育于硅质岩的酸性硅质砂壤土,其K、Mg、S含量均潜在不足,施用KMgS复肥对甘蔗有显着的增产效果,蔗茎产量达102．3t／hm^2,比光施NP增产57．9％,比NP KCI增产11％,且能改善甘蔗品质,使蔗糖分含量增加,还原糖含量降低,从而提高浸出糖的比例,经济效益显着。     

Comparison of studies on saccharin and sodium nitrite.

A review of long term animal studies of saccharin and sodium nitrite was undertaken to assess the effect of variability of selected protocol elements on the results obtained. These elements were divided into 4 general categories: design, including selection of test animals, basal diet, dosage form and doses of test substance, route of administration, and duration of exposure; observations, including gross observations during life and at necropsy, clinical tests, and histopathology; performance, including conduct of the test and animal husbandry; and analytical procedures, including chemical and statistical analyses. Because many of the protocol elements are not fully discussed in study reports, it was often impossible to determine what actually had been done. The review of various saccharin studies suggests that bladder tumors resulted following in utero exposure. In utero exposure with sodium nitrite did not appear to cause reticuloendothelial changes. The numerous variations in protocol elements in the nitrite studies precluded identification of a prime element responsible for the variation in reticuloendothelial changes observed. It can be concluded from this review that achievement of reproducibility in long term studies requires minimal variation of protocol elements for the new study.     

Study of the effect of DATEM. 1. Influence of fatty acid chain length on rheology and baking.

To answer the question of which fatty acid residue is the most effective, diacetyltartaric esters of monoglycerides (DATEMs) with fatty acids of chain lengths 6:0-20:0 were synthesized. The activity of synthesized DATEMs and commercial DATEM products was studied by means of rheological methods and a microscale baking test with 10 g of flour. Variation of the acyl residue from 6:0 to 22:0 showed that stearic acid (18:0) had the best effect on the baking activity of DATEM (loaf volume increased by 62%). DATEMs containing unsaturated fatty acids (18:1, 18:2) or DATEMs produced from diacylglycerols instead of monoacylglycerols showed a slight increase of the loaf volumes. A slight effect of DATEM on the rheology of dough was observed. However, much greater was the effect on the gluten isolated from doughs prepared with DATEM. The resistance of gluten to extension was increased after the addition of increasing amounts of DATEM (0.1-0.5%). Within the series of DATEMs derived from the homologous series of monoacylglycerols the product based on glycerol monostearate (18:0) showed a maximum increase of the gluten resistance.     

土壤环境因素对致病性尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响

为了探索土壤环境因素对致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)存活和生长繁殖的影响,通过设定环境温度、土壤含水量和土壤p H等,研究了这些因素对尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(FON)和黄瓜专化型(FOC)生长繁殖的影响。结果发现,致病性尖孢镰刀菌在21℃~30℃范围内能快速繁殖,而在45℃条件下则无法生长;土壤含水量为20%时该菌繁殖速度最快,而含水量为5%时则受到明显抑制;p H 4~5.5的偏酸性土壤适宜尖孢镰刀菌繁殖,而p H为中性或以上土壤均不利于该菌生长。结果表明,高温、干旱和碱性是减轻土壤中致病性尖孢镰刀菌繁殖的有利环境因素,通过创造相应环境条件,可以控制枯萎病的发生或蔓延。     

Frequency of defoliation and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Andropogon gayanus Kunth. II. Macroelement concentrations

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in a semi‐arid region located in the State of Zulia, western part of Venezuela (10°32'N and 71°42'W, and 600 mm average annual rainfall), to evaluate ash and macroelement concentrations of Andropogon gayanus Kunth as affected by two frequencies of defoliation (every 42 and 63 days) and fertilization with three levels of nitrogen (N) (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha^‐1‐year^‐1) and two levels of phosphorus (P) (0 and 75 kg P₂O₅ ha^‐1#lbyear^‐1) in a factorial array using a split‐split‐plot experimental design with frequencies in the main plots, N in the sub‐plots, P in the sub‐sub‐plots, and two replications. Soil was a sandy‐loam Andisol with pH 5.5. Average soil calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and P contents were 0.6, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.17 meq#lb100 g^‐1 soil and 6 ppm, respectively. Data from six and four cuttings for the frequencies of 42 and 63 days were analyzed over the total duration of the study (252 days) as well as separately for periods with “high”; (168 days, 384 mm) and “low”; rainfall (84 days, 69 mm). In the overall analysis, forage ash content was increased (P≤0.05) by increasing the cutting interval, whereas macroelement concentrations were not affected (P>0.05). Mean Ca, P, Mg, and Na were: 0.20, 0.11, 0.10, and 0.029 with over 90% of the samples inadequate for grazing ruminants. Only mean K content (1.2%) was considered adequate. Nitrogen fertilization did not influence (P>0.05) macromineral composition. Applied P fertilizer increased (P<0.05) forage P concentration from 0.09 to 0.12% and reduced (P≤0.05) the Ca:P ratio, but within the normal range. Most macroelement concentrations in A. gayamts are extremely low, indicating the need for mineral supplementation to prevent deficiencies in ruminants consuming this species.     

南方红豆杉扦插繁殖技术研究——Ⅲ.叶面肥与透光度对扦插苗生长的影响

试验研究叶面肥和透光度对南方红豆杉扦插苗生长的影响结果表明,喷施叶面肥对扦插苗生长和叶绿素含量的影响呈正效应,而透光度的影响则呈负效应,且前者效应大于后者。喷施叶面肥和未喷施叶面肥处理间扦插苗新梢长、苗鲜物质量和根鲜物质量及叶绿素含量间差异均达显著水平;且喷施叶面肥处理40%与80%透光度间以上指标差异达显著水平,40%与60%透光度间或60%与80%透光度间差异仅部分指标差异显著;而未喷施叶面肥处理透光度对扦插苗叶绿素含量的影响仅部分处理间有明显差异,但不足以导致扦插苗生长量的显著差异。     

Effect of defoliation and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Andropogon gayanus Kunth. III. microelement concentrations

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in a semi‐arid region located in the State of Zulia, western part of Venezuela (10°32'N and 71°42'W, 600 mm average annual rainfall), to evaluate microelement concentrations of Andropogon gayanus Kunth as affected by two frequencies of defoliation (every 42 and 63 days) and fertilization with three levels of nitrogen (N) (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha¹#lbyear^‐1) and two levels of phosphorus (P) (0 and 75 kg P₂O₅ ha^‐1#lbyear^‐1) in a factorial array using a split‐split plot experimental design with frequencies in the main plots, N in the subplots and P in the sub‐subplots, and two replications. Soil was a sandy‐loam Aridisol with pH 5.5. Average soil calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and P contents were 0.6, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.17 meq‐100 g^‐1 soil, and 6 ppm, respectively. Data from six, four, and three cuttings for the frequencies of 42, 63, and 84 days were analyzed over the total duration of the study (252 days) as well as separately for periods with “high”; (168 days, 384 mm) and “low”; rainfall (84 days, 69 mm). Mean forage selenium (Se) concentration was reduced (P≤0.05) from 0.13 to 0.9 and 0.10 ppm as applied N level increased, with 93% of the values below the critical concentration (CC) for deficiency. Forage cobalt (Co) declined (P≤0.05) from 0.13 to 0.10 ppm with P fertilization, and 61% deficient values were found. No other main effects or interactions were detected (P>0.05). Average contents (ppm) of other elements and percentage of values below CC (in parenthesis) were: iron (Fe), 57.1(52); zinc (Zn), 24.1(81); copper (Cu), 2.74(99), and manganese (Mn), 133(0). Mean forage molybdenum (Mo) was 0.19 ppm. Deficiencies of most trace elements could be a constraint to production of ruminants consuming A. gayanus under these conditions, unless adequate supplements are supplied.     

Establishment of trees on mixtures of pulverized fuel ASH and Gypsum. I. Tree performance

Experiments that investigated the performance of nine tree species planted in pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and gypsum power stattion wastes are described. Lombardy and white poplars, common alder and false acacia were the most successful in gypsum and PFA-gypsum mixtures, but tree growth in pure PFA was unsatisfactory. Co-disposal of gypsum and PFA is the best means of promoting the growth of tolerant species planted in power station wastes. Tree performance is improved if these materials are covered by a soil layer, which promotes tree rooting into the underlying wastes.     

遮荫对百山祖冷杉光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探索百山祖冷杉对光环境适应的生态学意义,通过模拟阳坡和阴坡光环境,研究了遮荫处理对百山祖冷杉叶片光合特性和叶绿素a荧光参数的影响。结果表明,遮荫导致百山祖冷杉净光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率和比叶重降低。全光下净光合速率日变化为双峰型,遮荫下正午光合速率未下降而呈平稳状态;全光下最大净光合速率和日均净光合速率高,而遮荫下光能利用率高;无论全光下还是遮荫下气孔导度与净光合速率、蒸腾速率之间均存在相似的变化趋势,且显著正相关。遮荫导致叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量以及叶绿素a荧光参数Fv/Fm和Fv'/Fm'增加,叶绿素a/b降低。综上,百山祖冷杉是一种适应于阳生环境又具有较强耐荫性的植物,通过降低光补偿点、光饱和点、净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、比叶重以及叶绿素a/b,增加总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量以及PSⅡ最大光化学效率和PSII有效光量子产量,可增强其在弱光条件下的适应能力。本研究结果为人工驯化或恢复百山祖冷杉种群选择适宜光环境奠定了基础。