都市型园艺专业《果树栽培学》实践教学改革与实施

《果树栽培学》是都市型园艺专业的骨干课程。为强化学生实践能力培养,以金陵科技学院为例,从改革思路、保障体系建设和方案实施3个方面探索并实施了《果树栽培学》的实践教学。     

应用型本科院校“果树栽培学（各论）”课程的教学改革——以金陵科技学院为例

《果树栽培学（各论）》是都市型园艺专业的骨干课程。为强化学生的能力培养,以金陵科技学院为例,从教学内容和教学方法上,探索并实施《果树栽培学（各论）》课程的教学改革。     

蒲瓜树式栽培技术

为了满足人们一年四季对观光农业的独特需求,以及高温环境下提高温室内的蔬菜树形化栽培展示效果,对连栋大棚内蒲瓜进行了树式栽培研究,从品种选择、播种育苗、造型架建设、环境调控、植株调整等方面介绍了相关栽培要点.充分利用蒲瓜茎分枝力强,以及喜温、耐热的特性,在较高温度条件下取得了坐果率高、观赏期长、果实品质好的理想效果,表明...     

世界有机农业现状与我国有机园艺发展策略

随着世界有机农业的迅速发展,中国目前已成为世界有机农业面积第三大国。有机园艺是有机农业的重要组成部分,是一种新的园艺生产方式。我国在劳动力、植物资源、地理条件、农业技术、农业思想等方面具有发展有机园艺的优势和潜力。为促进有机园艺生产的发展,应加强政府扶持,加强有机农业理论和技术研究,找出园艺生产中的危害分析和关键控制点（HACCP）,制定适合我国国情并符合有机农业原则的园艺良好农业技术规范（GAP）,通过GAP引导和规范有机园艺生产的发展。在具体实施中,要以生态学的原理和原则指导有机园艺的开发。     

Nährstoffaufnahme von Obstbäumen im 1. und 2. Standjahr

The nutrient uptake of fruit trees in the first and second year of cultivation was analyzed. The following fruit species and fruit varieties were examined: sour cherry (‘Schattenmorelle, Rheinland’, Hüttners Hochzucht 170?×?53, one year old tree), pear (‘Conference’, Quince A, two year old tree), apple on M 9 inoculated with the varieties ‘Pinova’ (two year old tree with one year old crown, two year old tree), ‘Elstar’ (one year old tree, two year old tree with one year old crown, two year old tree), ‘Jonagold’ (one year old tree, two year old tree with one year old crown, two year old tree) und Süßkirsche (‘Regina’, Gisela 5, two year old tree).

1. There was low nutrient uptake in the first and second year of cultivation.
2. In the second year of cultivation the nutrient uptake of all fruit species was clearly higher than in the first year of cultivation.
3. In average of the proved fruit varieties the nutrient uptake in the first year of cultivation was: 8?kg N/ha, 2?kg P/ha, 6?kg K/ha, 1?kg Mg/ha and 9?kg Ca/ha.
4. In average of the proved fruit varieties the nutrient uptake in the second year of cultivation was: 3?kg P/ha, 9?kg K/ha, 3?kg Mg/ha and 26?kg Ca/ha.
5. Especially in the first year of cultivation the trees of the stone fruits showed a higher nutrient uptake per tree than the trees of the pome fruits. But related to the nutrient uptake per hectar this difference reversed or became infinitely small.
6. The nutrient uptake of both the three apple varieties and the different plant materials showed only low differences.

     

不同容器对蓝莓幼苗培育的影响

蓝莓是近年来发展迅速的一种果树,其幼苗矮小、根系差、抗逆性弱、种植质量不高。为改善蓝莓栽培效果,试验研究不同容器对蓝莓幼苗培育质量的影响。结果表明,快速控根容器是一种理想育苗容器。     

Aus dem Leben meines Urururgroßvaters Franz Hermann Müschen—Kantor, Organist und Pomologe in Belitz

Franz Hermann Müschen worked from 1797 to 1847 as choirmaster, organist, and teacher in Belitz, a small town in the German region of Mecklenburg. His main work was to develop the Belitz fruit nursery, which was carried on by his youngest son Johann Georg Bogislav Müschen. Father and son published several leading papers on fruit growing in north Germany. The elder son Samuel Christian Heinrich Müschen became a well-known grower of dahlias and roses.     

Abteilung Maschinen, Ger?te und Anwendungstechnik

An increasing trend towards mechanisation of agriculture from the beginning of the 20th century has facilitated the deployment of efficient and powerful machines by fruit farmers of the Lower Elbe region. The transition from a muscle-driven one-horsepower traction and work machine to motorised vehicles falls into that period. Since fruit farmers were engaged also in cattle and dairy production in these early days, some aspects of the latter are also covered here. With a few exceptions, the Technical Section has been a one-man unit since 1947. Seed production, planting, soli cultivation, tree treatment, pest control, harvest, storage and packaging have been the important tasks. The most prominent of all challenges is crop protection technology. Additional aspects of work in the Technical Section are the organisation of the regional annual exhibition of machines and equipment for fruit producers, and recommendations in the course of seminars and articles in the regional journal Mitteilungen des OVR.     

滴灌施肥对‘特罗维它’甜橙生长结果的影响

 以卡里佐枳橙砧‘特罗维它’甜橙为材料,以每年撒施10次肥料为对照,研究了年施肥总量一定,不同滴灌施肥频率（每年4次、10次和16次）对树体生长、产量和品质的影响。2002—2007年的结果显示,仅个别年份的处理与对照的树干粗度、树高和冠径存在显著差异以外,到试验结束时,不同滴灌施肥频率对树干粗度、树高和冠径大小无显著影响,滴灌施肥与对照间的树体生长无显著差异。滴灌施肥可显著提高果实产量,处理的累计产量比对照高29.4% ~ 36.5%;增加滴灌施肥频率无显著增产作用;滴灌施肥对果实品质无显著影响。建议碱性紫色土柑橘园滴灌施肥频率为每年4次。     

Bioindikatoren für den Dormanzstatus bei Obstgehölzen

This contribution is part of a bachelor thesis, which reviews the literature about suitable bio-indicators for the current dormancy status of a (fruit) tree in the winter. This is part of an on-going chilling research project and evaluation of the three chilling models as to their suitability for fruit growing in temperate zone regions with cool winters. The aim is to provide information on the dormancy status of a tree for the application of cultivation techniques to overcome dormancy.     

Tree Fruit Growing—Research and Production in Germany: A Statistical and Bibliometric Analysis of the Period 1950–2010

Germany is one of the leading European countries in tree fruit growing and the fruit produced has an actual production value of 794?million?€. Six decades, from 1950 to 2010, of fruit production and internationally relevant scientific output for fruit crops—apple, pear, cherry, plum, apricot, and peach—were analysed in this study. Bibliographic and bibliometric analyses were based on the Science Citation Index^?. Data were compared and discussed in the European and global context. The German annual per capita consumption of fruit amounts to 125.5?kg/a originating from commercial intensive fruit growing, including 71.8?kg/a of fresh fruit, 48.3?kg/a of citrus and tropical fruit, 3.8?kg/a nut fruit, and 1.6?kg/a dry fruit. Approximately 25?kg per annum and inhabitant has to be added to the total fruit consumption, since a conspicuous amount of fruit originates from meadow orchards and house gardens. Nevertheless, Germany’s self-supply with fruit is a low 22.4%. Within the EU (2009/2010), Germany ranks fourth in apple production, tenth in pear production, fifth in cherry production, sixth in plum production, and 15th in the production of apricots and peaches. Based on the number of international scientific articles published in Germany, fruit crops can be ranked in descending order: apples, cherries, pears, plums, peaches and apricots. Relating the scientific output over the last six decades to the production data of the same country nowadays achieved, we obtain an indicator for the scientific impact on the crop production. On a worldwide comparison Germany ranks tenth for apple, sixth for pears, 21st for cherries, 17th for plums and first for apricots and peaches. With regard to the absolute output of scientific original articles Germany ranks fourth worldwide for apples, eighth for pears, second for cherries, fifth for plums, ninth for apricots and 14th for peaches, indicating that research on tree fruit growing in Germany supports the economic competitiveness of its production regions with highly specialized knowledge.     

园艺学国家自然科学基金项目申请和资助情况分析

 对近5年来国家自然科学基金园艺学面上、青年和地区基金的申请和资助情况进行了统计,就申请和资助项目在农学学科中的比例、研究领域分布、项目类别、受资助单位类型等进行了分析,旨在使园艺学领域的科研工作者了解国家自然科学基金的申请和资助情况。     

浅析苹果树的病害防治对策和措施

苹果树是较为常见的蔷薇科落叶乔木,也是世界四大水果之一.苹果树经常会发生各类病害,不但威胁到产品的产量及品质,而且对于果农的经济收益和生产效益也会造成不同程度的影响.因此,采取有效的措施防治苹果树病害是果农面临的技术问题.     

Die Entwicklung des Obstbaus in Südtirol: I. Die landwirtschaftliche Aus- und Weiterbildung

South Tyrol (northern Italy) harbours the largest continuous apple producing area in Europe, with an annual fruit harvest of around one million of metric tonnes. Every tenth apple produced in EU-28 originates from South Tyrol and this fruit thus represents the most important export product of this region, which contributes to 55 % of the added value from agriculture. The success of apple production depends on several key factors, one of which is education and professional training in agriculture and fruit production, and this topic is elaborated in greater detail in the present work. In 1874, the ‘Agricultural Institute and Experimental Station’ in S. Michele upon Etsch/Adige was inaugurated as an institution for higher agricultural education and research for the entire territory of the historical Tyrol. The first vocational school for agriculture in South Tyrol was founded in 1909 in Sterzing/Vipiteno (later transferred to Dietenheim/Teodone nearby Bruneck/Brunico), but soon, with World War I, the agricultural education in German language collapsed completely and was re-established only after World War II. The work of the vocational school in Dietenheim/Teodone was pursued, and in 1952 opened the Vocational School for Agriculture and Forestry Fürstenburg, in 1962 the Vocational School for Fruit, Viticulture and Horticulture Laimburg and in 1978 the Vocational School for Agriculture and Domestic Economy Salern. Increasing student numbers demonstrate the success of these schools. In 1980, finally, the High School for Agriculture in Auer/Ora nearby Bozen/Bolzano was founded and in 1999 started the Bachelor’s study programme in Agricu­ltural Technology and Economics at the Free University of Bozen/Bolzano. Nowadays, the agricultural education in South Tyrol is covered by a full range of school types ranging from vocational schools to university level doctoral studies.     

Comparison of sampling strategies for determining fruit mineral concentrations in ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.)

Summary

Spatial and temporal variation in mineral and dry matter (DM: % dry weight) concentrations were examined in ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit to identify sampling strategies for examining fruit mineral, DM and fruit quality relationships. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and DM concentrations were compared from different parts of the same fruit, from fruit harvested from different shoot types and locations within the same tree, and at different stages during the growing season, from fruit set to commercial harvest. The main source of variation within fruit was longitudinal, with K and DM concentrations being higher at the distal end of the fruit. Sampling methods based on equatorial plugs of tissue provided the best estimates of whole fruit values for DM and mineral nutrients. While there was much variability in the internal distribution of minerals within the fruit, the distribution was the same for fruit from both the northern and southern aspects of the tree. During the first 4 months after fruit set, fruit from determinate floral shoots (i.e., with a flower in the terminal position) had higher Ca and Mg concentrations than fruit from indeterminate shoots (i.e., with a shoot in the terminal position). After this time, fruit Mg and Ca concentrations were higher on indeterminate shoots, possibly because of changes in sink-strength and increased transpirational flow associated with new leaf growth on indeterminate shoots. The data showed that shoot type was a source of fruit-tofruit variability in an avocado crop, and that care should be taken in sampling fruit tissues for nutrient analyses.     

早熟油蟠桃新品种‘中油蟠5号’的选育

‘中油蟠5号’是通过多代杂交聚合选育的早熟黄肉油蟠桃新品种,其母本为单株‘99-7-14’油桃,父本为优系‘砧1-3’油蟠桃。该品种果实扁平,平均单果质量130 g,大果200 g;果实无茸毛,果皮底色黄色,果面全红;果肉黄色,硬溶质,黏核;肉质细腻,可溶性固形物含量14.0%。花为蔷薇型,花粉多,自花结实,丰产稳产;在郑州地区果实6月底成熟,果实生育期85~90 d。     

中早熟葡萄新品种‘秦秀’

‘秦秀’葡萄是以‘京秀’为母本,‘郑果大无核’为父本杂交育成的中早熟新品种。果穗圆锥形,平均单穗质量554 g,最大686 g。果粒红色,椭圆形,平均单粒质量4.9 g,最大9.4 g。肉脆,软核或无核,可溶性固形物16%,可滴定酸0.95%,品质中上。在陕西杨凌7月底成熟,挂树时间可至11月初,耐贮运。适合北方干燥地区栽培,也适合南北方设施栽培。     

水分胁迫下宁夏日光温室特色樱桃番茄引种试验

在水分胁迫下,比较了“小霞”、“贝美”、“贝蒂”、“74-104”、“格雷斯”、“夏日阳光”、“千禧”7个番茄品种的生育期、植株长势及果实品质和产量.结果表明:7个番茄品种在生育期、植株长势、风味、产量等方面各有特色,在生产上既要保证较好的风味品质,又要兼顾一定的产量,因此确定“贝美”、“贝蒂”、“74-104”适用于设施节水高品质番茄栽培.     

早熟、耐贮桃新品种‘中油15号’的选育

‘中油桃15号’是中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所选育的耐贮型白肉油桃新品种,母本采用7月中旬成熟的白肉油桃优系‘89-1-28’,父本是早熟白肉油桃品种‘中油桃5号’。该品种果实大,平均单果质量180~200 g,大果质量可超过250 g;果形圆且对称,果顶圆平,果实的缝合线中等深度,梗洼中等宽度,较深;果皮不能被剥离且底色为白色,果面无茸毛并着艳丽的红晕,果肉呈白色,含较多花色苷但近核处花色苷较少;花为蔷薇型,花粉多自花结实;品质上,果肉质地很硬,耐贮性好;果肉纤维很少,风味甜,果实可溶性固形物含量为12.6%;丰产、稳产性好。在河南省郑州地区的果实发育期为85 d左右,6月中旬成熟后,可持续留树采收直到7月初。     

不同更新周期对‘绿岭’核桃坚果品质及产量的影响

以6年生‘绿岭’核桃树为试材,调查了‘绿岭’核桃短期更新处理(枝条更新周期为2～3年)和常规更新处理(枝条更新周期为3～4年)的坚果品质及产量,研究了早实核桃枝条更新对坚果品质及产量的影响,以期为早实核桃更新提供科学依据。结果表明:短期更新处理的坚果三径、单果质量、出仁率均大于常规更新处理,其中出仁率差值可达2.45个百分点,存在极显著差异。短期更新处理的好果与轻病果的蛋白质含量分别为20.64%和19.73%,均显著高于常规更新处理,2种处理间核仁脂肪含量无显著差异。短期更新处理的单株产量为2.54 kg,比常规更新处理高出28%,且好果产量占比为69.18%,比常规更新处理高出14.48%。说明短期更新处理可以显著提高坚果的外观品质及蛋白质含量,在提高单株坚果产量方面效果显著,且可极显著提高好果的产量占比。