Prevalence and Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Feral Pigs Throughout Texas

Feral pigs are one of the most abundant free‐roaming ungulates in the United States, yet their role in the ecology and transmission of foodborne pathogens is poorly understood. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella shedding among feral pigs throughout Texas, to identify risk factors for infection, and to characterize the isolates. Faecal samples were collected from feral pigs in Texas from June 2013 through May 2015. Standard bacteriologic culture methods were used to isolate Salmonella from samples, and isolates were characterized via serotyping and anti‐microbial susceptibility testing. The prevalence of faecal Salmonella shedding among sampled pigs was 43.9% (194/442), with positive pigs originating from 50 counties. Pigs sampled during fall and summer were significantly more likely to be shedding Salmonella than pigs sampled during winter. High serovar diversity was evident among the isolates, and many of the detected serovars are leading causes of human salmonellosis. The most common serovars were Montevideo (10.0%), Newport (9.1%), and Give (8.2%). Resistance to anti‐microbial agents was rare. The burgeoning feral pig population in the United States may represent an emerging threat to food safety.     

Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Detection of ESBLs Genes of Pathogenic Salmonella Isolates from Dairy Cows in Inner Mongolia

The aim of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of ESBLs genes of Salmonella isolates from dairy cows in Inner Mongolia.Micro-dilution broth method recommended by CLSI was used to determine the MICs of 22 antimicrobial agents commonly employed in veterinary clinic against the 38 Salmonella isolates.PCR analysis was carried out to detect the presence of 8 ESBLs genes mostly observed in animal origin Salmonella in the isolates with resistance to at least one β-lactam antibiotics, and the features of multi-resistance of the isolates were also analyzed.The results showed that most Salmonella isolates were resistant to trimethoprim(97.4%), sulfamethoxazole(94.7%), and to most of the β-lactam, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol and tetracycline antibiotics with the resistance rate ranging from 40% to 80%, however, all of the isolates were sensitive to fluoroquinolone drugs.76.3%(n＝29) of the isolates were simultaneously resistant to 6 categories antibiotics and the multi-resistance rate was 94.7%. 85.7%(n＝30) of the β-lactam antibiotics resistant isolates were ESBLs genes positive.Of the six genotype of ESBLs genes found in this study, CTX-M (40.0%) was the mostly encountered ESBLs gene, however, the SHV and PSE types gene were absent in the isolates.A total of fifteen genotypes of the ESBLs genes and nine ESBLs genes combinations were observed in this study, and 16 isolates (45.7%) simultaneously contained two or more than two ESBLs genes.It was indicated that the current situation of the resistance of the Salmonella isolates from dairy cows in Inner Mongolia to the commonly used antimicrobial agents in veterinary clinic was serious, and the prevalence pattern of the ESBLs genes in the isolates was complex, suggesting that the irrational employment of the antibiotic in the treatment of animal infectious diseases was the crucial reason causing the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates.     

内蒙古地区奶牛源致病性沙门氏菌耐药性分析及ESBLs基因检测

为研究内蒙古地区奶牛源致病性沙门氏菌的耐药特性及ESBLs基因流行特征,试验采用微量肉汤稀释法测定了22种兽医临床常用抗菌药物对临床分离沙门氏菌的最低抑菌浓度(MICs),并对其多重耐药特性进行了分析;采用PCR法对具有β-内酰胺类药物耐药表型的菌株进行了8种动物源沙门氏菌常见ESBLs基因的检测。结果显示,内蒙古地区奶牛源致病性沙门氏菌对甲氧苄啶(97.4%)及磺胺甲基噁唑(94.7%)的耐药率最高,对多数β-内酰胺类、氨基糖甙类、氯霉素类及四环素类药物的耐药性也较为严重(耐药率为40%~80%),所有菌株对氟喹诺酮类药物均敏感;菌株的多重耐药率为94.7%,有29株菌(76.3%)同时对6类抗菌药物具有耐药性;35株对β-内酰胺类药物耐药的菌株中,有30株(85.7%)为ESBLs基因阳性,共检出6种ESBLs基因,其中CTX-M型基因检出率最高(40.0%),未检出SHV和PSE型基因;共发现15种ESBLs基因型,9种ESBLs基因型组合,有16株菌(45.7%)同时携带两种或两种以上ESBLs基因。结果表明,内蒙古地区奶牛源致病性沙门氏菌对兽医临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性较为严重,且ESBLs基因的流行模式较为复杂,提示兽医临床抗菌药物不合理使用可能是造成该地区奶牛源沙门氏菌耐药性产生的原因。     

食品动物源沙门氏菌质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因的检测与分析

为了解食品动物源沙门氏菌质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药性(Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance,PMQR),采用微量肉汤稀释法和PCR方法,检测了316株食品动物源沙门氏菌对20种抗菌药物的敏感性,以及菌株中PMQR基因的携带率.结果显示:316株沙门氏菌对20种抗菌药物呈不同程度的耐药性,95.57％菌株为多重耐药菌;316株菌中未检出qnrA、qnrC、qnrD、qnrS和qepA基因,7.91％菌株检出qnrB基因,15.19％菌株检出aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr基因,7.91％菌株检出oqxA基因,8.86％菌株检出oqxB基因,这是首次在沙门氏菌中发现oqxAB基因;98.11％PMQR阳性菌同时携带2种及以上的耐药基因,呈8～17耐的多重耐药性,其中以qnrB和aac(6′)-Ibcr基因型为主;53株PMQR阳性菌分属于5种不同的基因型,耐药表型或耐药基因型不同的菌株却有相同的PFGE谱型.本次检测的316株食品动物源沙门氏菌耐药较为严重;菌株主要携带qnrB、aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr及oqxAB基因;不同来源菌株存在同一耐药克隆株的流行.     

Prevalence of Salmonella among waterfowl along the Texas Gulf coast

Migratory waterfowl may play a role in the ecology and transmission of zoonotic pathogens, given their ability to travel long distances and their use of varied habitats. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella among waterfowl along the Texas Gulf coast and to characterize the isolates. Faecal samples were collected from hunter‐harvested waterfowl at four wildlife management areas from September through November, 2016. Standard bacteriologic culture methods were used to isolate Salmonella from samples, and isolates were characterized by serotyping and anti‐microbial susceptibility testing. The apparent prevalence of faecal Salmonella shedding was 0.5% (2/375). Serotypes identified were Thompson and Braenderup, and both isolates were susceptible to all anti‐microbial agents tested. Although faecal contamination of agricultural fields or surface waters could serve as a potential source of zoonotic Salmonella transmission, waterfowl along the Gulf coast during the fall hunting season appear to pose minimal risk.     

乌鲁木齐周边地区奶牛乳房炎沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解乌鲁木齐周边地区奶牛场奶牛乳房炎沙门氏菌的流行与耐药情况,本研究采集了5个牧场300份奶牛乳房炎奶样,进行沙门氏菌的分离、培养,利用荧光PCR方法鉴定,同时对分离出的阳性菌株采用纸片扩散法进行耐药性分析。结果表明：从奶牛乳房炎样品中分离出12株沙门氏菌,分离率4%;耐药性分析表明分离的沙门氏菌对氨苄西林、四环素、多西环素、链霉素耐药率超过50%,对氨曲南、诺氟沙星、多粘菌素B、头孢他啶敏感性大于70%。此外4株沙门氏菌分离株具有多重耐药性。本研究为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供了依据。     

Fecal shedding of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli among feral pigs in Texas

The population and range of feral pigs in the United States are rapidly expanding, yet key knowledge gaps exist regarding their role in the ecology and transmission of foodborne pathogens. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli shedding among feral pigs throughout Texas and to identify risk factors for positive status. Faecal samples were collected from feral pigs in Texas from February 2014 through May 2015, and target organisms were detected using PCR assays. The prevalence of C. jejuni shedding was 1.6% (6/370), and the prevalence of C. coli shedding was 3.5% (13/370). C. coli shedding was significantly more common (p = .008) among female pigs than among male pigs. Feral pigs may represent a source of human campylobacteriosis.     

四川某奶牛场粪样中寄生虫的调查研究

为了解四川某奶牛场奶牛寄生虫感染情况,进而制订合理有效的防治措施,本调查对该场奶牛粪样做了寄生虫检查。采集了犊牛、育成牛、泌乳牛的新鲜粪样共90份,分别采用饱和盐水漂浮法、离心沉淀法和斯陶尔氏计数法对粪样中虫卵进行定性检查和定量检查。结果显示,在粪样中检出了球虫卵囊、线虫卵、吸虫卵和绦虫卵,其中球虫卵囊的阳性率为14.44%(13/90),线虫卵的阳性率为57.78%(52/90),绦虫卵和吸虫卵只在泌乳牛的粪样中检出,泌乳牛阳性率分别为2%(1/50)、12%(6/50)。该奶牛场混合感染率为33.33%(18/54)。结果表明,该奶牛场寄生虫感染普遍,总感染率为60%(54/90),主要为线虫,其次是球虫和吸虫,混合感染情况普遍。     

Clonal Spread of Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis in Serbia: Acquisition of Mutations in the Topoisomerase Genes gyrA and parC Leads to Increased Resistance to Fluoroquinolones

Quinolone‐resistant Salmonella Infantis (n = 64) isolated from human stool samples, food and poultry during the years 2006–2011 were analysed for their resistance phenotypes, macrorestriction patterns and molecular mechanisms of decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nalidixic acid (NAL) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were determined by the agar dilution procedure, and the susceptibility to additional antimicrobial agents was determined by the disc diffusion method. To assess the influence of enhanced efflux activity, MICs were determined in the presence and absence of the inhibitor PAβN. The results of pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing revealed that quinolone‐resistant S. Infantis in Serbia had similar or indistinguishable PFGE profiles, suggesting a clonal spread. All S. Infantis showed combined resistance to NAL and tetracycline, whereas multiple drug resistance to three or more antibiotic classes was rare (2 isolates of human origin). The MICs ranged between 512 and 1024 μg/mL for NAL and 0.125–2 μg/mL for CIP. A single‐point mutation in the gene gyrA leading to a Ser83→Tyr exchange was detected in all isolates, and a second exchange (Ser80→Arg) in the gene parC was only present in eight S. Infantis isolates exhibiting slightly higher MICs of CIP (2 μg/mL). The inhibitor PAβN decreased the MIC values of CIP by two dilution steps and of NAL by at minimum 3–6 dilution steps, indicating that enhanced efflux plays an important role in quinolone resistance in these isolates. The plasmid‐mediated genes qnr, aac(6′)‐lb‐cr and qepA were not detected by PCR assays.     

甘肃省某奶牛场肠杆菌性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为查明甘肃省某奶牛场发生临床型奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌并选择治疗用敏感药物,随机无菌采集了6份临床型病牛乳样和1份大罐乳样,采用划线分离、菌落形态观察、革兰染色镜检、生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析等方法进行细菌分离鉴定,同时采用K-B法测定主要分离菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明,从临床型乳房炎乳样中分离鉴定出大肠埃希菌、芽胞杆菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(腐生葡萄球菌)3种细菌,其中大肠埃希菌的分离率最高,为66.67%;从大罐奶样中也分离出大肠埃希菌。药敏试验结果表明,大肠埃希菌对氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢噻吩、杆菌肽、红霉素均存在不同程度的耐药,耐药率为29%~100%;对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、头孢哌酮等药物敏感。说明此次牛场临床型乳房炎的主要病原菌是大肠埃希菌、葡萄球菌和芽胞杆菌,而且分离的大肠埃希菌具有多重耐药性。根据检测分析结果,给奶牛场提出针对性的防控措施,临床型乳房炎的发病率下降,病情得以控制。     

新疆伊犁某牛场大肠杆菌耐药性调查

为了调查新疆伊犁某牛场饮水、饲料和粪样中分离的大肠杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。本试验采用微量肉汤稀释法,对饮水源、饲料源、牛粪源样品中分离出的大肠杆菌进行最小抑菌浓度测定。结果显示,25份牛场饮水源样品,大肠杆菌分离率为100.0%（25/25）,对阿莫西林/克拉维酸（12.0%）、氨苄西林（4.0%）、诺氟沙星（4.0%）、恩诺沙星（8.0%）和安普霉素（8.0%）5种抗菌药物耐药;72份牛场饲料源样品,大肠杆菌分离率为65.3%（47/72）,对阿莫西林/克拉维酸（36.2%）、氨苄西林（19.1%）、诺氟沙星（4.3%）和安普霉素（4.3%）4种抗菌药物耐药;80份牛粪源样品,大肠杆菌分离率为100.0%（80/80）,对阿米卡星（12.5%）、氨苄西林（7.5%）、恩诺沙星（7.5%）、庆大霉素（5.0%）、诺氟沙星（2.5%）、环丙沙星（2.5%）、阿莫西林/克拉维酸（1.3%）和头孢噻呋（1.3%）8种抗菌药物耐药,仅对安普霉素敏感。该牛场分离的大肠杆菌对常用抗菌药物耐药情况一般,但中介率较高,须在临床治疗细菌性疾病中避免使用不敏感和中介率高的抗菌药物,养殖场饮水和饲料有被耐药大肠杆菌污染的风险。     

Prevalence of AmpC‐ and Extended‐Spectrum β‐Lactamase‐Harbouring Enterobacteriaceae in Faecal Flora of a Healthy Domestic Canine Population

In order to estimate the prevalence of AmpC‐ and ESBL β‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae in the faecal flora of a healthy domestic canine population, faecal samples were obtained from healthy dogs receiving routine parasitology screening at the Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, between January 2013 and April 2013. Samples were screened for the presence of AmpC and ESBL β‐lactamase phenotypes, and the clinically important genotypes, bla_CMY and bla_CTX‐M, were confirmed via conventional PCR. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for isolates and plasmids were characterized. Two hundred and twelve canine faecal samples were screened, of which 30 harboured isolates carrying the AmpC bla_CMY, representing 14.2% of the population (95% CI: 9.4–18.9%). Nine samples harboured isolates that carried the ESBL bla_CTX‐M, representing 4.2% of the population (95% CI: 1.5–7.0%). Isolates containing bla_CMY harboured multiple plasmid replicon types, while isolates containing bla_CTX‐M harboured few plasmid replicon types. Our results suggest that domestic dogs may serve as a reservoir for extended‐spectrum cephalosporin resistance genes for other domestic animal populations as well as for their human companions. This represents a potential veterinary and public health risk that warrants further investigation and continued surveillance to ascertain the nature and extent of the risk. The high level of diversity of plasmid content among isolates harbouring bla_CMY suggests broader dissemination relative to bla_CTX‐M isolates.     

昆明地区鸡源沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解昆明周边养鸡场的沙门氏菌耐药状况,采集昆明周边5家养殖场的50只疑似沙门氏菌病的发病鸡的肝脏和脾脏进行细菌分离,通过常规生化特性鉴定和PCR分子鉴定,然后通过药敏试验检测分离株耐药性,通过PCR技术对分离株的耐药基因进行检测。结果表明:共分离出8株沙门氏菌,8株菌的靛基质试验、尿素酶试验和VP试验结果均呈阴性,S3、S4菌株不产H2S,柠檬酸试验也呈阴性,针对沙门氏菌设计特异性引物进行扩增,得到目的条带495 bp,与预期一致;在药敏试验中,分离株对氨苄西林和头孢氨苄有较强的耐药性,对四环素中介耐药,对恩诺沙星、加替沙星、卡那霉素、庆大霉素以及氧氟沙星敏感,说明分离株已出现耐药性;在所检测的6种耐药基因中,β-内酰胺类的bla TEM-1和喹诺酮类的GyrA基因检出率为100%,四环素类的tetA基因未被检出,其他三种耐药基因aadA1、tetB和strB检出率均在50%以上,说明分离株耐药基因的携带率较高,需要引起养殖业的重视。     

屠宰猪肠道沙门氏菌的分离鉴定、耐药性分析及致病性试验

为了解广西南宁市猪源沙门氏菌的污染状况、耐药状况及致病力情况,在南宁市某生猪屠宰场随机直接从131头屠宰猪的肠道采集样品,采用鉴别培养基分离,生化鉴定的方法对样品中的沙门氏菌进行分离鉴定,并采用标准K-B纸片法对分离菌株进行25种抗生素敏感试验,最后对分离株进行小白鼠致病性试验。结果从131份屠宰猪的肠道中共分离到沙门氏菌45株,检出率为34.35%;其中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌14株,甲型副伤寒杆菌2株,肠炎沙门氏菌3株。45株分离菌株全部耐药,耐药率高达100%,其中44株为多重耐药菌株,占97.78%。45株沙门氏菌中有40株对小白鼠具有致病性,致病率达88.89%。这表明南宁市的屠宰猪存在一定程度的沙门氏菌污染,并且分离菌株存在较严重的耐药现象以及具有较强的致病性。应采取有效措施控制沙门氏菌在猪群中的污染和限制抗生素在养猪过程中的使用并严格遵守休药期,以减少细菌耐药性的产生,保障猪肉及猪肉制品的食品安全。     

长春市市售猪肉鸡肉中金黄色葡萄菌和沙门氏菌分离及耐药性分析

对肉品中金黄色葡萄球菌及沙门氏菌进行耐药分析,以期为其风险评估提供依据。采集吉林省长春市市售猪肉、鸡肉样品,按照国标方法分离金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌,利用K-B法药敏试验检测金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌对头孢噻肟钠、左旋氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、四环素4种抗生素的耐药性。结果显示：共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌46株,检出率为46％;沙门氏菌48株,检出率为16．84％。金黄色葡萄球菌对4种抗生素的耐药率在0～56．52％之间,共产生6种耐药谱。沙门氏菌对4种抗生素的耐药率在16．67％～87．5％之间,共产生9种耐药谱。长春市肉品中金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌耐药现象普遍。     

上海市肉鸽沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及流行血清型和耐药性分析

为了解上海市农贸市场肉鸽群体中沙门氏菌流行血清型和耐药情况,本试验于2011-2014年间从上海市各区农贸市场采集肉鸽新鲜粪便样本92份,用XLD平板和沙门氏菌属显色培养基分离疑似沙门氏菌,革兰氏染色镜检并进行生化试验,共获得沙门氏菌24株,分离率为26.1%。采用Kauffmann-White法和K-B纸片法对24株沙门氏菌进行血清型鉴定和16种抗生素的药敏试验。血清型鉴定显示,24株沙门氏菌可分为鼠伤寒（66.7%）、阿贡纳（25.0%）和科瓦利斯（8.3%）3种血清型。药敏试验结果显示,有75.0%（18株）的分离株表现出不同程度耐药,其中分离株对四环素和磺胺异唑耐药率最高,均达到62.5%,其次为链霉素（58.3%）、萘啶酸（50.0%）、氨苄西林（20.8%）。多重耐药菌株15株（62.5%）,耐4种抗菌药物的菌株最多,占16.7%（7株）。另外,分离菌株对头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟、头孢噻甲羧肟、亚胺培南、氧氟沙星等5种药物的敏感率为100.0%,对奥格门丁和环丙沙星有12.5%的中介敏感率。本研究结果表明,上海市肉鸽中沙门氏菌的携带率较高,且菌株多重耐药现象较严重,这为食品中沙门氏菌的防控工作带来较大的挑战和风险,肉鸽沙门氏菌的流行和耐药情况应值得密切关注。     

Isolation,Identification and Analysis of Serotype and Drug Resistance of Salmonella from Pigeon in Shanghai

The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular types and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from pigeon in Shanghai from 2011 to 2014. A total of 92 fecal samples were collected from markets. XLD plate and Salmonella chromogenic medium were used to isolate suspected Salmonella colonies, and then determined the number of Salmonella through gram staining and biochemical tests. Among them, 24(26.1%) were positive for Salmonella. Kauffmann-White method and the K-B method were used respectively for serotype identification and susceptibility testing. In result, serological identification showed that 24 isolates from pigeon could be divided into 3 serotypes including S.typhimurium (66.7%), S.agona (25.0%) and S.corvallis (8.3%). Drug susceptibility test showed that 75.0% of the isolates were resistant to one antibiotic at least. The highest level resistance were found for tetracycline as well as sulfisoxazole (62.5%), followed by streptomycin (58.3%), nalidixic acid (50.0%) and ampicillin (20.8%). Multi-drug resistant strains accounted for 62.5% (15), in which the largest number of strains (7, 16.7%) were resistant to four drugs. In addition, isolates were 100.0% susceptible to cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem and ofloxacin, but 12.5% were moderately sensitive to the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin. The study showed that Salmonella had a high separation rate of pigeon in Shanghai farmers market and performed serious multidrug resistance, which would bring great challenges and risks to the prevention and control of Salmonella in food, so that the prevalence and drug resistance of Salmonella in pigeon deserved close attention.     

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella Isolates from Apparently Healthy Slaughtered Cattle in Ethiopia

The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates was determined from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle at Debre Zeit (Ethiopia). A total of 323 cattle were examined for the presence of Salmonella in faeces, mesenteric lymph nodes, abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles. Salmonellae were cultured from 23 (7.1%) of the animals. Salmonellae were isolated from 2 (3.1%) and 3 (4.5%) of 65 pooled faecal and mesenteric lymph node samples, respectively. Nine (2.8%) abdominal muscle and 10 (3.1%) diaphragmatic muscle samples (n = 323 of each) were contaminated by Salmonella. About 60% of the serovars identified in the abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles were also detected from faeces and mesenteric lymph node samples. The five different serovars isolated were Salmonella mishmarhaemek (48%), S. typhimurium (20%), S. enteritidis (12%), S. guildford (12%) and S. dublin (48%). The antimicrobial resistance profiles of 25 of the Salmonella isolates with 17 antimicrobials showed that 52% (13/25) of them were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. Both strains of Salmonella (S. mishmarhaemek and S. typhimurium) showed multiple resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and ticarcillin. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Prevalence,Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Isolates in Large Corvid Species of Europe and North America Between 2010 and 2013

It is well understood that Salmonella is carried by animals and in majority of cases as asymptomatic hosts. Surveillance efforts have focused on the role of agriculture and contamination points along the food chain as the main source of human infection; however, very little attention has been paid to the contribution of wildlife in the dissemination of Salmonella and what effect anthropogenic sources have on the circulation of antibiotic resistant Salmonella serovars in wildlife species. A purposive survey was taken of large corvids roosting yearly between November and March in Europe and North America. Two thousand and seven hundred and seventy‐eight corvid faecal specimens from 11 countries were submitted for Salmonella spp. culture testing. Presumptive positive isolates were further serotyped, susceptibility tested and analysed for antibiotic resistance genes. Overall, 1.40% (39/2778) (CI = 1.01, 1.90) of samples were positive for Salmonella spp. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most prevalent serovar followed by S. Infantis, S. Montevideo and S. Typhimurium. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in the proportion of Salmonella recovered in Europe versus North America. The most variability of serovars within a site was in Kansas, USA with five different serovars recovered. European sites were significantly more likely to yield Salmonella resistant to more than one antibiotic (OR 71.5, P < 0.001, CI = 3.77, 1358) than North American sites, where no resistance was found. Resistance to nalidixic acid, a quinolone, was recovered in nine isolates from four serovars in four different sites across Europe. Large corvids contribute to the transmission and dissemination of Salmonella and resistance genes between human and animal populations and across great distances. This information adds to the knowledge base of zoonotic pathogen prevalence and antibiotic resistance ecology in wild birds.     

Evaluation of Pet‐Related Management Factors and the Risk of Salmonella spp. Carriage in Pet Dogs from Volunteer Households in Ontario (2005–2006)

The purpose of this study was to determine pet‐related management factors that may be associated with the presence of Salmonella spp. in feces of pet dogs from volunteer households. From October 2005 until May 2006, 138 dogs from 84 households in Ontario were recruited to participate in a cross‐sectional study. Five consecutive daily fecal samples were collected from each dog and enrichment culture for Salmonella spp. was performed. A higher than expected number of the dogs (23.2%; 32/138) had at least one fecal sample positive for Salmonella, and 25% (21/84) of the households had at least one dog shedding Salmonella. Twelve serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were identified, with the predominant serotypes being Typhimurium (33.3%; 13/39), Kentucky (15.4%; 6/39), Brandenburg (15.4%; 6/39) and Heidelberg (12.8%; 5/39). Univariable logistic regression models were created with a random effect for household to account for clustering. Statistically significant risk factors for a dog testing positive included having contact with livestock, receiving a probiotic in the previous 30 days, feeding a commercial or homemade raw food diet, feeding raw meat and eggs, feeding a homemade cooked diet, and having more than one dog in the household. In two‐variable models that controlled for feeding raw food, the non‐dietary variables were no longer statistically significant. These results highlight the potential public health risk of including raw animal products in canine diets.