我国香蕉茎叶残体利用现状与展望

阐述我国香蕉茎叶残体资源概况,介绍香蕉茎叶残体的利用价值、还田方式以及综合利用现状,并分析其存在问题,对前景进行展望,为香蕉茎叶残体的资源化利用提供借鉴。     

蚯蚓处理香蕉茎叶二因素配方筛选

以切碎状香蕉茎叶与牛粪按不同比例混合养殖蚯蚓，探索用蚯蚓处理香蕉茎叶，将香蕉茎叶转化为有机肥料并能最大量获得蚯蚓作为高蛋白动物饲料的二因素处理配方。结果表明：添加80%香蕉茎叶的处理产出蚯蚓数量最多，所产有机肥料含氮最高；添加90%香蕉茎叶的处理虽然产出蚯蚓数量略少，但蚯蚓的重量和80%处理所得蚯蚓重量差异不显著，而且能处理掉更大数量的香蕉茎叶，同时所产有机肥料含有机质更高。     

菠萝茎叶还田对土壤理化特性及下茬菠萝生长的调控效应

在大田条件下研究菠萝茎叶粉碎后直接还田(简称茎叶还田)对土壤理化特性以及下茬菠萝植株生长等的影响.结果表明,茎叶还田后土壤容重显著降低;土壤有机质、有效P、速效K含量等较对照有不同程度的提高,但土壤有效N含量降低.土壤中的脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶以及转化酶活性增强,其中酸性磷酸酶和转化酶显著提高.菠萝茎叶还田后土壤中的细菌、放线菌数量增多,真菌数量减少.菠萝茎叶还田促进了下茬菠萝植株生长,株高、叶长、叶宽、青叶数、根条数、根长以及地上部和地下部鲜质量等指标都高于对照.茎叶还田提高了下茬菠萝叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量,植株根系活力增强.茎叶还田后菠萝果实纵、横径增加,单果重、产量提高.     

3种澄清剂对香蕉汁的澄清效果

以完全黄熟的香蕉为原料，研究明胶-单宁、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVPP)和壳聚糖3种不同澄清剂对经过果胶酶初步处理后的香蕉汁澄清效果的影响。结果表明：3种澄清剂对香蕉汁中的可溶性固形物浓度影响差异很小；3种澄清剂对香蕉汁澄清效果的影响为壳聚糖处理效果最好，其次是聚乙烯吡咯烷酮，明胶-单宁效果最差；在香蕉汁中添加0.30 g/L的壳聚糖B，40 ℃下静置10 h后，可得到透光率为95%以上、清澈透明的香蕉汁。     

甘蔗叶不同还田方式对土壤养分的影响

为减轻秸秆焚烧所带来的环境问题和充分利用甘蔗叶资源,在大田环境下动态监测甘蔗叶粉碎、焚烧和深埋3种还田方式对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:甘蔗叶粉碎还田和深埋还田有利于甘蔗叶中有机碳及氮、磷、钾养分的缓慢释放;甘蔗叶焚烧还田提高了土壤碱解氮含量5.6~20.9 mg/kg和速效磷含量0.8~4.0 mg/kg,促进土壤中氮磷向有效态转化,焚烧还田初期显著增加了土壤速效钾的含量12.3~18.3 mg/kg,但焚烧会损失部分甘蔗叶中碳氮元素,也造成环境污染。综合分析认为甘蔗叶粉碎还田是比较省工、方便的处理方式。     

香蕉茎叶堆制还田对土壤各形态钾的影响

在室内模拟大田环境中香蕉茎叶堆肥还田对土壤中各形态钾的影响。结果显示:土壤中添加香蕉茎叶腐熟材料能提高土壤的pH值,在0～240mg/kg(以香蕉茎叶中的钾折算每千克土中添加钾的量,下同)添加量下,土壤pH值随添加量的增加而升高,总体维持在6.3～7.0范围内;土壤速效钾的含量也随着堆肥样品添加量的增加而增大。由于堆肥样品中各种物质的影响,土壤速效钾的量高于外源钾添加量和原始土壤中速效钾的量总和,且速效钾增率随堆肥样品添加量的增加而增大。90d后土壤中速效钾增率仍维持在36.83%～137.58%之间。缓效钾的量与速效钾相比,堆肥样品添加量对其在土壤中的含量变化影响不大,在大部分时间内不同堆肥样品添加量下缓效钾的量差异不显著。     

香蕉茎叶资源的饲料化研究

概述了香蕉茎叶作为饲料的营养价值，国内外研究现状以及开发利用香蕉茎叶资源的重要意义。     

秸秆还田降解对土壤肥力的影响研究现状

棉花生产同时产生大量棉秆剩余物，目前主要处理方式是直接粉碎还田。秸秆还田虽然可以增加土壤有机质含量、改善土壤肥力，但也存在一些问题，如受处理方式、环境条件等制约，秸秆还田后不能有效降解，不利于作物生长以及造成资源的浪费。通过文献查阅和实地调研，分不同影响因素阐述了秸秆还田降解对土壤肥力的影响，从而为新疆棉秆粉碎还田资源化利用技术提供参考。     

玉米秸秆不同还田方式对土壤有机质及微生物数量的影响

2011～2015年采用玉米田间原位定位试验方法,探讨农户常规种植(根茬还田)、根茬+1/3秸秆还田、根茬+秸秆全量粉碎耕翻还田对土壤有机质及土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明,根茬还田(对照)土壤有机质年下降0.14 g/kg,根茬+1/3秸秆还田和根茬+全部秸秆还田处理土壤有机质年分别提高0.03 g/kg和0.26 g/kg。同时,秸秆还田能显著增加细菌、真菌、放射菌、自生固氮菌、硝化细菌、纤维素分解菌的总体数量。根茬+1/3秸秆还田和根茬+秸秆全量粉碎耕翻还田后可使土壤有机质年提高,是吉林中部黑土农田提高土壤有机质可行的农艺措施。     

香蕉幼苗对重金属Pb的吸收累积规律研究

研究重金属Pb在土壤-香蕉幼苗体系中的迁移分配规律。以沙质砖红壤为供试土壤，以香蕉幼苗为试验植物，采用实验室盆栽模拟试验进行研究。结果表明：Pb进入土壤后，从土壤向根系、茎、叶迁移，组织中Pb含量逐渐减少，表现为根系＞茎＞叶；不同Pb处理浓度对香蕉苗体内Pb富集效果有较大影响，随着Pb处理浓度的增加，香蕉苗各部位富集系数呈现先增后减的趋势，并在100 mg/kg处理时达到最大值；不同处理的香蕉苗各部位富集系数表现为根系＞茎＞叶。香蕉苗不同部位吸收累积重金属Pb大部分在根部，向茎和叶迁移的量较小。     

Effect of haulm treatment and harvest time on incidence of tuber rots of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) after standard wounding and on frequency of stem lesions caused byPhoma foveata Foister

Summary Various haulm treatments and harvest times differentially influenced the incidence of storage rots in potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) in field experiments in Sweden performed over 4 years. The incidence of gangrene caused byPhoma foveata Foister (Phoma exigua var.foveata (Foister) Boerema) increased in cv. Bellona after spraying haulms with diquat as did the amount of infection caused byFusarium avenaceum (Corda ex. Fr.) Sacc. in all three cultivars (Bintje, Bellona, and Magnum Bonum). The lowestP. foveata infection levels occurred after pulling haulms. Late harvesting increased the frequency ofP. foveata in cvs Bintje and Bellona both at 2 and 4 wks interval between haulm treatment and harvest. Tuber and visible stem infection caused byP. foveata were correlated for cvs Bintje and Bellona, but not for cv. Magnum Bonum. The possible relation between tuber and stem infection is discussed.     

Effect of haulm treatments on the formation of microsclerotia ofVerticillium dahliae Kleb. on potato

Summary In four pot experiments, potato plants of cv. Element were artificially infected withV. dahliae. At an early and a late harvest haulms were killed chemically, by burning or by various other treatments, including cutting them into pieces of different lengths and keeping the debris on the soil surface or covering with soil. After 4 weeks the plant material was air-dried and the number of microsclerotia per mg was determined. At the early harvest, in two experiments, the chemical treatment yielded more microsclerotia than the cutting treatments. Covering colonised haulm tissue with non-sterilised soil was effective in inhibiting microsclerotia formation. Shorter haulm pieces led to fewer microsclerotia at the later harvest if the material was kept on the soil surface. The variation in microsclerotial yield and in treatment effects among the different experiments was large.     

香蕉枯萎病致病分子机理与防治研究进展

香蕉枯萎病是一种由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型引起的土传毁灭性病害,一直严重危害世界香蕉生产,从而引起广泛关注和深入研究,但其致病机理到目前还不清楚。本文综述了香蕉枯萎病菌侵染寄主的过程、致病毒素的成分分析、致病相关基因、香蕉的抗病性和枯萎病防治等方面的研究进展,为全面、深入地揭示香蕉枯萎病致病的分子机理和开展新的防治途径提供研究方向和思路上的启发。     

Hydrolysis of glycoalkaloids fromSolanum tuberosum L. haulm by enzymes present in plant material and by enzyme preparation

Summary This paper deals with the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of glycoalkaloids from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) haulm. The hydrolysis was carried out by the action of the enzymes present in fresh haulm, juice of fresh haulm and in haulm dried at various temperatures. The highest degree of enzymatic hydrolysis of 90% was obtained during fermentation of haulm dried at 40 °C after 30 h incubation time. The enzyme preparation was obtained from the juice of fresh potato haulm by using capillary dialysator HM 16 (AQM 1681, 1.6 m² Hemofan 8 υ). The best degree of enzymatic hydrolysis by enzyme preparation, 68%, was achieved after 20 h time of incubation. The enzyme preparation from juice of fresh haulm was characterized by K_m of 0.70 mM at pH 5.5 and 35 °C.     

基于结构方程的香蕉枯萎病认知及防控技术行为分析

香蕉枯萎病是一种传染性极强的土传病害，对生产危害极大。从研究香蕉种植户对枯萎病的认知特征和防控技术行为入手，可以为科学防控枯萎病提供基础。本研究以海南、广东、广西、福建和云南等香蕉主产区的20个县(区)的133份调查资料为样本，采用结构方程模型进行研究，结果表明：认知程度直接影响香蕉枯萎病防控技术的扩散，防控成本、受教育程度、收入水平、技术培训经历和种植经验等均不同程度地影响种植户对枯萎病的防控行为；蕉园土壤酸碱度及有机质含量、抗逆品种的选择对枯萎病蔓延有一定的影响。引导和规范种植户修复土壤、重施有机肥、注重土壤酸碱度平衡等生产技术行为，可以抑制或减缓枯萎病的蔓延；拓展香蕉种植户对枯萎病防控技术的认知深度，以“技术的供给与需求相结合”为导向，加大扶持力度，建立起枯萎病统防统治等综合防控体系，可以达到抑制枯萎病的目的。     

杀秧机及不同化学制剂对马铃薯杀秧效果比较试验

马铃薯杀秧措施已经广泛应用于脱毒马铃薯种薯生产中,但实际调查中杀秧效果和杀秧成本,有很大的差异,针对这一问题,本试验选出常用的杀秧机和硫酸铜、百草枯两种化学制剂进行杀秧处理,并对马铃薯的杀秧效果进行了综合比较。结果表明,自制2垄马铃薯杀秧机效果最好,其杀秧成本低,利于机械收获,安全性高,是可以大力推广的技术措施。     

Investigations into skin strength in potatoes: factors affecting skin adhesion strength

Summary A standardised test of skin set (scuff meter) has been used to demonstrate the increase in skin adhesion of six varieties following haulm destruction. Increases in skin adhesion were characteristically linear in the six varieties but increased at different rates. At 49 days after haulm destruction, skin adhesion strengths were similar in all varieties except cv. Record which had a much greater skin adhesion strength. Differences in skin adhesion strength were poorly related to skin morphological characteristics such as skin thickness, cell size and suberin content. The method of haulm destruction affected skin adhesion strength with skins adhering more rapidly and more strongly to the tuber following haulm pulling compared with either desiccation with diquat or mechanical flailing. The method of haulm destruction did not influence skin morphological characteristics.     

Isolation of solanidine from haulm and tuber sprouts of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary The kinetics of enzymatic transformation of total glycoalkaloids (TGA) in haulm and tuber sprouts of potato to solanidine and the kinetics of solanidine isolation from plant material were studied. The optimum reaction conditions for the enzymatic TGA transformation were found for haulm to be: plant material to liquid phase 1:4 w/v, temperature 35°C, pH 5.4; and for tuber sprouts: plant material to liquid phase 1:3 w/v, temperature 37°C, pH 5.4. The. maximum degree of enzymatic transformation of TGA in haulm and tuber sprouts of 65 and 75%, respectively, was achieved after 50h. Carbon tetrachloride was the best solvent for solanidine extraction from the plant materials. The optimum ratio of plant material to carbon tetrachloride for the isolation of solanidine was 1:8 w/v for both extraction cycles, ensuring a yield of solanidine of approximately 55 and 65% from haulm and tuber sprouts, respectively, after 30 min.     

香蕉抗枯萎病研究现状及展望

香蕉枯萎病严重影响香蕉的种植规模及产量,制约香蕉产业的发展。综述香蕉枯萎病的症状与传播途径、香蕉抗枯萎病机理、抗病基因挖掘及防治措施等国内外研究现状,并对该病的进一步研究进行展望。     

马鈴薯脱毒种薯早收试验

1984～1985年,作者在北京延庆县田间观察马铃薯脱毒种薯早收对减少种薯感染病毒的效果。在桃蚜迁飞高峰后10～15天割秧的(以下简称割秧)病毒感染率很低:1984年0.08～0.25%;1985年1.17～1.50%。不割秧的病毒感染率很高:1984年0.83%;1985年3.30%。翌年挖取芽眼经病毒提取作PVX、PVY和TMA血清鉴定,割秧者呈阴性反应,不割秧者呈阳性。翌年将所得种薯栽种田间目测病毒症状,割秧者未见症状,不割秧者病毒株率5.5%。割秧每亩8000穴的亩产10克以上的种薯块数达32240～37600块,而不割秧正常密度的亩产10克以上种薯块数只16400～26800块。因此,早割秧密植不仅可以减少病毒感染,而且利于加大种薯繁殖系数。