枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域碳通量及固碳能力研究

为研究枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域不同季节碳通量及固碳能力, 本研究在 2020―2021 年监测和分析了养殖海域温度、盐度、pH、总碱度(TA)及水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)分布特征, 估算了枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域表层海水二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)及海–气界面二氧化碳交换通量(FCO₂)值, 并分析 pCO₂ 的影响因素, 探讨枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域固碳能力。结果表明, 枸杞岛海域表层海水 4 个季节的温度、盐度、pH、TA、DIC、 DOC、POC 的空间分布在季节上差异极显著(P＜0.01)。枸杞岛海域 pCO₂ 全年的变化范围为 65.19~719.1 μatm, 水团混合和生物活动等是影响海域表层海水 pCO₂ 的重要因素。枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域 FCO₂ 值的变化范围为–63.75~ 99.18 mmol/(m² ·d), 四季变化极显著(P＜0.01), 全年碳分布格局有较大差异, 其中, 春、夏、秋三季均为碳汇, 分别为 (–18.86±12) mmol/(m² ·d), (–11.59±7.95) mmol/(m² ·d), (–3.61±37.22) mmol/(m² ·d), 冬季为碳源[(78.24±5.09) mmol/(m² ·d)]。枸杞岛贻贝养殖区 FCO₂ 值均高于外海非养殖区, 且达到显著水平(P＜0.05), 是弱汇区。本研究区域内贝壳固碳量为 18425.59 t, 贻贝软组织固碳量为 4973.97 t, 单位面积贻贝固碳量达 22.83 t/hm² 。该研究可为贝类养殖碳汇评价提供参考。     

不同光强和温度对长石莼（缘管浒苔）光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用脉冲振幅调制叶绿素荧光仪对不同光照和温度条件下长石莼（缘管浒苔）光合作用和培养条件进行了优化。结果表明,长石莼（缘管浒苔）在25 ℃和72 μmol/(m2·s)条件下,其F_v/F_m、F_m、F_v和α值最高,分别高达0.74、4 567、3 406和0.305,低于该点为光不饱和,高于该点为光抑制,偏离越大,下降越显著（P<0.01）,其中在5 ℃和35 ℃时最小,分别是25 ℃最高值的32.24%~64.88%和22.99%~53.44%;光强为18 μmol/(m²·s)和216 μmol/(m²·s)时最小,其F_v/F_m、F_m、F_v和α值分别是25 ℃和72 μmol/(m²·s)条件下最高值的44.94%~82.62%和51.82%~76.72%。F₀变化不太明显,5~30 ℃为先上升后下降或再上升变化趋势,35 ℃为先下降后上升变化趋势。拟合参数α显示,长石莼（缘管浒苔）在达到光饱和点前通过增加光能吸收来增强光合作用,在光抑制后则迅速减少。rETR_maxDuncan检验表明,高温/低温和高光强对长石莼（缘管浒苔）光合作用影响显著（P<0.01）。总体上看,长石莼（缘管浒苔）光合作用和生长适宜条件为15~25 ℃和54~72 μmol/(m²·s),过高或过低均不适宜。且温度排序为25>20>15>30>10>5>35 ℃,光照强度排序为72>54/108>36/162>18/216 μmol/(m²·s)。     

3种载体生物滤器对养殖废水处理效果

采用沙子、活性炭与沸石作为生物滤器载体对牙鲆养殖废水进行处理。牙鲆体长10～15cm,在盐度30,pH8.0～8.1,水温(20±1)℃时的产氨速率为0.248g/(kg·d),产磷速率为0.537g/(kg·d),溶解有机物积累速率为1.406g/(kg·d)。以沙子、活性炭及沸石为载体的生物滤器对其废水处理的平均氨去除率分别为34.79g/(m~3·d)、35.60g/(m~3·d)和36.17g/(m~3·d),有机物平均降解速率分别为 1.760g/(m~3·d)、2.134g/(m~3·d)和2.420g/(m~3·d)。3种生物滤器对养殖废水都有明显的处理效果,其中沸石效果最好。     

上海地区凡纳滨对虾淡水土池三级养殖模式探索

为探索凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)健康生态养殖模式,在上海市金山区开展了凡纳滨对虾淡水土池三级养殖模式试验。试验将虾苗至成虾的养殖周期分为虾苗暂养(一级养殖)、幼虾培育(二级养殖)、成虾养殖(三级养殖)3个阶段,每年进行2茬养殖。3个阶段养殖池塘数量的比例为1∶3∶3,面积比为1∶80∶300,养殖密度分别为1.1万尾/hm²、98万尾/hm²、44万尾/hm²,养殖时长分别为20~25 d、30~42 d、35~60 d,两茬养殖间隔为30~35 d。试验结果显示,在无尾水净化设施设备的情况下,所有试验塘水质均符合淡水池塘养殖水排放要求;幼虾驯养(一级养殖)成活率为73.2%,幼虾培育(二级养殖)成活率为(88.4±4.5)%,成虾养殖(三级养殖)成活率为(57.7±5.1)%;单茬养殖单位产量为(3 427±230)kg/hm²,两茬合计单位产量为(6 855±452)kg/hm²,高于当地传统养殖模式的平均水平。结果表明,三级养殖模式具有产量高、发病率低、环境友好等优点,可作为凡纳滨对虾的一种健康生态养殖模式进行推广。     

工厂化养殖密度对黄条鰤生长和生理特性的影响

养殖密度是水产养殖管理中一项非常重要的参数, 适宜的养殖密度能够降低养殖动物的应激胁迫水平, 促进其健康、快速生长。为探究黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)在陆基工厂化养殖条件下的最适密度, 本研究对 1 龄黄条鰤 [(565.83±70.22) g]开展为期 60 d 的养殖实验, 共设置 10 尾/m³ (低密度组)、20 尾/m³ (中密度组)和 30 尾/m³ (高密度组) 3 个密度组。实验过程中测量并计算包括增重率、特定生长率、肥满度和肝体指数在内的生长指标, 并检测血液生理、血清生化、肝脏和肾脏组织的非特异性免疫酶活性等指标。结果表明, 中、高密度组黄条鰤的增重率、 特定生长率在第 60 天时均显著低于低密度组对应的数值(P＜0.05); 在 3 个密度组中, 低密度组的特定生长率在 60 d 时显著高于 30 d 的数值(P＜0.05), 中密度组的特定生长率在 60 d 与 30 d 之间差异不显著(P＞0.05), 高密度组的特定生长率在 60 d 时低于 30 d 的数值, 说明高密度养殖对黄条鰤的生长产生了的胁迫。整个实验过程中, 血清中肾上腺素和皮质醇等的含量在 30 d 和 60 d 时均随养殖密度的增加而显著升高(P＜0.05), 生长激素和类胰岛素生长因子 Ⅰ的含量呈相反趋势; 肝脏和肾脏中超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和丙酮酸激酶的活性在 30 d 和 60 d 时整体呈现随养殖密度的增加而显著升高的趋势(P＜0.05), 说明高密度养殖对黄条鰤的生理造成了胁迫。由此可见, 从生长、生理和生产实践角度综合评价, 中密度(20 尾/m³ )是 1 龄黄条鰤工厂化养殖的适宜密度, 相关研究结果将为黄条鰤工厂化养殖技术进一步完善提供参考。     

三沙湾大黄鱼网箱养殖衍生有机物的沉降特征

为了解三沙湾大黄鱼（）网箱养殖衍生有机物（AOM）的沉降特征,采用原位实验方法,收集区域内使用颗粒饲料和冰鲜饵料两种典型饲喂方式下距离网箱200 m范围内AOM样品,分析其沉降量、营养物质[颗粒有机物（POM）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、颗粒态氮（PN）、总磷（TP）]沉降通量和扩散特点。研究结果表明,饲喂颗粒饲料状态下AOM沉降量显著高于投喂冰鲜饵料,两者均值分别为（563.66±119.18）g/（m²·d）和（266.07±139.15）g/（m²·d）。POM、POC、PN和TP沉降通量在两种饲喂方式下的差异与之相似,饲喂颗粒饲料时各参数均值分别为（27.25±2.43）g/（m²·d）、（6.03±0.58）g/（m²·d）、（0.66±0.06）g/（m²·d）和（0.39±0.04）g/（m²·d）;饲喂冰鲜饵料时各参数均值分别为（13.04±1.62）g/（m²·d）,（3.57±0.45）g/（m²·d）、（0.51±0.06）g/（m²·d）和（0.22±0.04）g/（m²·d）。沿近底层海流主导流向距离养殖网箱100 m的空间范围内,AOM沉降量和营养物质沉降通量均呈现自网箱处递减的变化特征,下降程度在饲喂冰鲜饵料时尤为显著。AOM中POC、PN和TP含量在饲喂冰鲜饵料时较高,在距离养殖网箱50 m范围内呈现递减趋势。综上,在三沙湾大黄鱼网箱养殖过程中,投喂颗粒饲料引发的环境污染程度高于冰鲜饵料,两种情形下的AOM沉降影响主要限于距离养殖网箱50~100 m的空间范围。三沙湾内饲喂颗粒饲料引发较高营养物质沉降通量源于较大的AOM沉降量,此现象说明养殖过程中可能存在颗粒饲料过度投喂、饵料利用效率较低等问题,围绕此类问题的针对性研究对于减缓区域内养殖活动的环境影响具有重要意义。     

中华鳖原生态养殖技术研究

为研究中华鳖原生态养殖技术,在湖南岳阳临湘黄盖湖中华鳖养殖基地进行了生产试验。试验养殖水面36.93 hm²(暂养池2 668 m²,大塘3.33 hm²,大湖33.33 hm²),同时混养部分花白鲢、黄颡鱼、团头鲂和抱卵青虾。从外塘集中培育稚鳖到大湖养殖商品鳖,均采用投喂天然饵料和鲜活饵料,生态调节防控鳖病的原生态的养殖方式,两年养成。大湖养殖成活率高达95.85 %,回捕率81.6 %,平均规格1.15 kg·只-1,平均亩产量28.75 kg(15亩=1 hm²,下同)。通过对外塘和大湖的循环利用,年利润达3 212元·亩-1。采用原生态养殖模式,养成的中华鳖无论外观、抗病力、口感都优于采用普通模式养殖的,生态效益及经济效益均较好。     

光强对多肋藻小孢子体生长及抗氧化生理的影响

在实验室条件下, 研究了多肋藻(Costaria costata)孢子体在不同光强下的生长、光合作用、营养成分以及抗氧化能力, 以期揭示多肋藻小孢子体对光强的适应性, 为多肋藻海区栽培提供参考。结果发现, 藻体在光照强度 30~120 μmol/(m² ·s)均具有较快的生长速率, 其中 60 μmol/(m² ·s)下相对生长速率(RGR)和藻体 PSII 最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)均最高。总光合速率(P_t)和最大表观光合速率(P_nmax)在培养前期(5 d)随光强增加而上升, 随着培养时间的延长(10 d)在 60 μmol/(m² ·s)下最高; 在 60 μmol/(m² ·s)下, 藻体呼吸速率(R_d)较低。叶绿素 a (Chl a)、岩藻黄素 (Fucox)和类胡萝卜素(Car)的含量为低光组稍高于高光组(P＞0.05)。粗蛋白、脂肪和粗纤维的含量与光强具有一定的正相关性, 而碳水化合物含量则与光强呈负相关。结果表明, 60 μmol/(m² ·s)适宜多肋藻小孢子体的生长。在较低或较高光强下, 藻体呼吸作用均显著增强; 此外, 高光下, 可溶性蛋白含量显著上升, 低光下, 抗超氧阴离子自由基(ASAFR)、超氧化物歧化酶 SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)比活力较高, 过氧化氢酶(CAT)比活力则在低光和高光下均下降, 这些生理响应对多肋藻小孢子体适应不同光强具有重要的调节作用。     

褐煤的碳缓释特征及其对池塘底泥脱氮作用的影响

厌氧氨氧化和反硝化作用是底泥生物脱氮的主要过程,碳源是调控厌氧氨氧化和反硝化作用的关键因子。本研究以褐煤为对象,对褐煤的静态碳释情况及其对池塘底泥中脱氮作用的影响进行了研究。结果显示,褐煤在室温条件下的碳释放规律符合二级动力学方程,具备作为反硝化碳源的可行性;在脱氮实验中,发现褐煤对底泥上覆水体中的亚硝酸盐氮(NNO₂^--N)的去除具有促进作用,NNO₂^--N的去除率随褐煤浓度的增加而升高,当褐煤质量浓度为40 g/L时,N\${\rm{O}}_2^ - $\-N去除率最高达99.61%,此时硝酸盐氮(NO₃^--N)的浓度也最低;同时发现,水体中氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)氧化的最适褐煤质量浓度为10 g/L,其去除率达99.39%;对底泥中的厌氧氨氧化菌群进行Illumina高通量测序发现,其中浮霉菌门占比最大(39.6%~71.8%),优势菌属为Candidatus Brocadia (13.9%~35.8%)和Desulfovibrio (17.1%~34.8%),添加褐煤组Candidatus Scalindua菌属比例高于未添加组;荧光定量PCR得出,随着褐煤质量浓度升高,底泥中的反硝化菌丰度呈增长趋势,而厌氧氨氧化菌丰度则低于无褐煤添加组,表明添加褐煤对底泥反硝化有促进作用,而对厌氧氨氧化有一定的抑制作用。研究表明,褐煤具备作为反硝化碳源的条件,可用于池塘养殖底泥脱氮作用。     

梭鱼池塘养殖密度对其生长性能的影响

为了解池塘养殖密度对梭鱼生长性能的影响,进行了为期126 d的室外池塘规模化海水养殖试验,研究了体长为(84.17±13.95)mm、体质量为(12.58±5.12)g的梭鱼在两种养殖密度(5.4、11.9尾/m²)下的生长情况和摄食行为。试验结果:梭鱼的生长与养殖密度呈正相关,低密度组梭鱼的终末体质量(243.23 g)、体质量增长率(1 833.5%)、特定生长率(2.39%/d)、肥满度(1.46)、成活率(91.1%)及饲料系数(1.86)均优于高密度组(173.88 g、1 282.2%、2.12%/d、1.39、83.2%、2.41);高密度组的单位面积产量(1.72 kg/m²)比低密度组(1.20 kg/m²)高30.2%;2个密度组梭鱼的体长与体质量呈幂函数相关(高密度组:W=5×10-5L2.781 8;低密度组:W=7×10-5L2.731 8),且为异速生长;体长、体质量与养殖天数呈线性相关(高密度组:L=1.370 9d+91.798 8,W=2.013 5d-3.602 0;低密度组:L=1.119 5d+94.134 3,W=1.303 2d+6.672 7)。结果表明,该试验条件适合于梭鱼的规模化生产,低密度组梭鱼生长情况更好,但单位面积产量要低于高密度组,生产中需要综合考虑产量与饲料利用之间的关系,平衡成本和收益。     

室内集约化养虾池以低频率运转水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支

采用低频率运转循环水处理系统(含粗滤器、臭氧仪、气液混合器,蛋白分离器、暗沉淀池等)联用池内设施(微泡曝气增氧机与净水网)开展凡纳滨对虾室内集约化养殖实验。研究了养虾池以水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支。结果表明,养虾水经系统处理后,NO₂-N(53.4%～64.5%)、COD_Mn(53.4%～94.4%)与TAN(31.6%～40.4%)被显著去除,有效改进虾池水质;养殖周期内未换水与用药,虾池主要水化指标均控制在对虾生长安全范围,7号实验池(100 d)与8号对照池(80 d)主要水化指标变化范围:DO分别为 5.07～6.70 mg/L和4.38～6.94 mg/L,TAN 0.248～0.561 mg/L和0.301～0.794 mg/L,NO₂-N 0.019～0.311 mg/L和0.012～0.210 mg/L,COD_Mn 10.88～21.22 mg/L和11.65～23.34 mg/L。7号池对虾生长指数优于8号池(80 d虾病暴发终止),单位水体产量分别为1.398 kg/m²与0.803 kg/m²。氮磷收支估算结果:7号与8号池饲料氮磷分别占总收入:氮93.70%与92.37%,磷98.77%与99.09%;初始水层与虾苗含氮共占总收入6.30%与7.63%,磷共占1.23%与0.91%。总水层(含排污水)氮磷分别占总输出:氮56.45%与59.86%,磷53.26%与55.79%;收获虾体氮磷分别占总输出:氮37.07%与31.94%,磷21.37%与13.11%。7号池饲料转化率较高;池水渗漏与吸附等共损失氮磷分别占总输出:氮7.00%与9.34%,磷25.37%与31.10%。实验结果表明,虾池以低频率运转循环水处理系统联用池内设施可有效控制水质与虾病,具较高饲料转化率。     

Transport limitation of oxygen in shrimp culture ponds

A 120-acre shrimp farm located in southeast Texas has failed for three years to produce expected yields of shrimp despite intensive management. Data obtained from these ponds are combined with observations from other culture facilities to support the hypothesis that the degree of mixing of pond water is the primary limitation to oxygenation of the benthic biomass in a shrimp culture pond. The implication of this conclusion is that shrimp ponds are advection limited; therefore, rational design of such facilities will require detailed data concerning the impact of interactions of pond size, depth and geometry with wind speed, and aerator placement, upon pond mixing.     

盐碱地低盐水池塘网箱套养漠斑牙鲆技术研究

根据漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)适广温、广盐和较强的抗逆性等优良生态习性,采用地下卤水、盐碱地渗水,通过合理淡水配兑使其适合漠斑牙鲆生理生长需求,在我国中纬度地区利用盐碱地低盐水养殖过洋、暖温性漠斑牙鲆。2004-2005年,利用盐碱地低盐水池塘虾池设置网箱套养漠斑牙鲆349.5m2,产鱼3.749t,产虾55.065t,其中2005年虾池设置网箱套养漠斑牙鲆306m2,产鱼3.245t,平均10.6kg/m2,平均全长34.0cm,体重527.4g,养殖成活率为90.5%,产虾49.003t,平均408.4kg/亩,平均规格11.9cm,养殖成活率为71.23%。虾池设置网箱套养漠斑牙鲆,可充分利用水体空间,促使池塘高产高效,提高养殖经济效益。     

上覆水类型及流速对养殖池塘底泥耗氧速率的影响

为了探究上覆水类型及流速对养殖池塘底泥耗氧速率(SOD)的影响,在实验室进行6组水池平行实验,实验期为2 d,采用6个装置相同的玻璃缸进行对照实验,分别选取自来水和池塘原水作为上覆水体,在实验过程中利用水泵对上覆水进行循环流动,调节水泵循环流量以得到不同的上覆水流速,并采用2台溶氧仪测定不同实验条件下的上覆水水温和DO浓度,记录每次测量的对应时间点,测量间隔约为30 min。结果表明,当上覆水体为自来水和池塘原水时,在不同的循环流速下,SOD的范围为0.042~0.426 g/(m~2·d)。实验第2天各水池的SOD值较第1天均有一定下降,说明SOD随着水体中DO降低也相应减小,表明SOD与DO浓度有显著相关性。当上覆水处于静止状态时,其类型对SOD值有较大的影响,池塘原水在第1天和第2天的SOD值分别为0.426 g/(m~2·d)和0.297 g/(m~2·d),而自来水在第1天和第2天的SOD值均为0.258 g/(m~2·d),与上覆水体为自来水相比,有机物质含量高的池塘原水在第1天和第2天的SOD值分别高出65.12%和15.12%;当上覆水处于流动状态时,池塘原水的SOD为0.042~0.237 g/(m~2·d),自来水的SOD为0.045~0.252 g/(m~2·d),增幅仅为5.9%~15.0%,表明在此条件下上覆水体类型对实验水池的SOD值影响不显著。SOD与上覆水流速存在一定的相关性,对应最小的SOD值有一个流速较低值。     

The effectiveness of a commercial microbial product in poorly prepared tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds

The efficacy of a commercial microbial product was tested in commercial tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds for one culture period in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Four ponds with replicates for treatment and control were used. The pond bottom was dried but the organic sludge was not removed as normally practised in pond preparation. The ponds were stocked with 15 post‐larvae at the rate of 31.m^?2. Physical, chemical and biological parameters of the pond were analysed every 2 weeks during the culture period. Water quality parameters remained within the optimum range for shrimp culture except for ammonia‐nitrogen being significantly higher in control ponds and silica in treated ponds. Benthic organisms were not found in any of the ponds. The average counts of different bacteria were not significantly higher in treated ponds than control. Because of poor health, the shrimp were harvested earlier (72 days) than the usual 120 days. An average of 875.60 ± 67.00 kg shrimp ha^?1 was obtained in treated ponds with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.57 ± 0.10 and survival rate of 42.35 ± 5.37% compared with 719.50 ± 130.94 kg shrimp ha^?1, 2.99 ± 0.70 and 21.25 ± 3.26%, respectively, in control ponds. Neither the microbial product nor the frequent water exchange was effective in overcoming the problems caused by the poor pond bottom.     

Intensive Culture Potential of Penaeus vannamei

Tank and pond rearing studies were conducted to assess the potential for intensive culture of Penaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Postlarvae were stocked in intensive nursery tanks at 500/ m². Growth and survival were compared for shrimp reared in control fiberglass tanks and in tanks with artificial substrates (fiberglass screen). Addition of substrate improved survival (82% versus 58%), but not growth. Juvenile shrimp (mean weight, 1.3 g) from the nursery trial were stocked into 6 m diameter tanks at densities of 10, 20 and 40/m². Growth rate was inversely related to stocking density, with mean sizes of 33.9, 32.5, and 26.7 g attained at the low, medium, and high densities respectively after 168 days. At harvest, standing crop biomass averaged 225.6, 442.0, and 685.4 g/m² for the three densities. To further test the intensive culture potential, two 0.1 ha ponds were stocked with hatchery-reared postlarvae at densities of approximately 40 and 45/m². The ponds were managed intensively using paddlewheel aerators and water exchange averaging 16–17%/day. The ponds were harvested after 138 and 169 days and yielded 6,010 kg/ha of 16.7 g (mean weight) shrimp and 7,503 kg/ha of 17.9 g shrimp, respectively. Average production was 6,757 kg/ha with a food conversion of 2.51. These data suggest good potential for intensive pond culture of P. vannamei in South Carolina and other areas of the continental United States.     

Growth Trial with the American Oyster Crassostrea virginica Using Shrimp Pond Water as Feed

This study was conducted to quantify the potential of Crassostrea virginica biculture using marine shrimp pond water. It was envisioned that this biculhre could avoid cost and reliability problems associated with the mass production of algae as oyster feed. Such problems contributed to the failure of previous attempts to commercialize oyster culture.
Oysters were reared in each of two flow through 310 L tanks receiving shrimp pond water from selected commercial semi-intensive shrimp ponds. In each tank, pond water was delivered to the upper trays and flowed downward through each of two seven tray stacks. For both tanks, mean oyster growth rate (2 g/wk) and survival (79%) from seed (0.04 g) to market size (55.0 g) compared favorably with previous reports and for the first time approximated the growth projected in a 1968 engineering study by American Cyanamid (Calbo et al. 1968).
Oyster growth within and between tanks indicated a relationship between biomass and exchange rates. During a 65 d controlled monitoring period mean oyster growth rates of 3.7 g/wk were achieved in upper trays of both tanks. Data are provided to estimate optimum pond water flow rate and oyster biomass relationships. The prospects for shrimp and bivalve co-culture appear promising.     

凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘硝化细菌的分离鉴定及脱氮效果研究

利用平板稀释涂布法和平板划线分离纯化法,自凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘中分离得到5株细菌,经过形态观察、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,对分离菌株进行鉴定,同时对其硝化功能和氨氮去除特性进行研究。试验结果显示,分离得到的5株细菌分别为门多萨假单胞菌、嗜胺甲基杆菌、放射根瘤菌、施氏假单胞菌和氧化微杆菌。对其净化效果进行验证可知,门多萨假单胞菌和施氏假单胞菌对氨氮的去除率超过85%,分别为88.83%和91.73%;对亚硝态氮的去除率超过90%,分别为95.08%和97.39%;对硝态氮的去除率超过90%,分别为90.49%和91.22%。以上两种菌株有较高的氨氮和亚硝态氮去除效果,具有潜在的应用价值。     

分段养殖模式在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖过程中的应用

通过测定凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能和监测池塘水质变化,研究分段养殖模式在对虾养殖过程中的应用价值.养殖实验在6口池塘内(0.267 hm2/口)进行,首先在其中2口池塘内进行对虾的中间培育,养殖密度为300×104尾/hm2.经过36 d和48 d的中间培育后,将对虾先后转移到其他4口池塘内,养殖密度为60×104尾/hm2,分别记为T1和T2组.剩余的对虾继续养殖在中间培育池塘内,记为C组.结果显示,经过分段养殖的T1和T2组对虾,在分池养殖阶段7d内,生长速度均明显增加,其特定生长率(SGR)分别达到9.36 ％/d和6.76 ％/d;养殖期间,T1组具有最大的SGR (9.36 ％/d)和饲料投喂量,然而其饲料系数(FCR) (1.053)高于T2组(0.822);经过分段养殖的对虾FCR均低于C组(1.082).在分池养殖阶段的大部分时间,T2组对虾的SGR高于T1组;C组NH4+-N、NO2-N和Chl-a浓度低于T1组和T2组,而颗粒物含量(TPM)和总磷(TP)高于T1组和T2组;T2组Chl-a含量明显高于T1组和C组.结果显示,经过48 d中间培育后,即对虾体重约为2 g时进行分池养殖仍可保证对虾在较长时间内保持较大的生长速度,对于饲料的节约具有重要意义.由于分池养殖阶段具有较多的饲料投喂,经过36 d中间培育后的对虾具有最大产量.分池养殖池塘内饲料投喂少于全期养殖,有利于养殖系统的稳定,然而单位时间内投喂量增加则会影响水质.分段养殖模式在提高分池养殖阶段对虾的生长速度和保持水质稳定方面具有重要的应用价值.     

The Potential Use of Mangrove Forests as Nitrogen Sinks of Shrimp Aquaculture Pond Effluents: The Role of Denitrification

A generalized nitrogen budget was constructed to evaluate the potential role of mangrove sediments as a sink for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in shrimp pond effluents. DIN concentrations were measured in pond effluents from three semi-intensive shrimp ponds along the Caribbean coast of Colombia between 1994–1995. Mean NH₄⁺ concentrations in the discharge water for all farms were significantly higher (67 × 12 μg/L) than in the adjacent estuaries (33 × 8 μg/L). Average NH₄⁺ concentrations in the pond discharge over all growout cycles were similar, representing an approximate doubling in relation to estuarine water concentrations. In contrast, NO₂^-+ NO₃^- concentrations were similar in both pond effluent and estuarine waters. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen loading of the ponds was similar. The estimated reduction of DIN in pond effluents by preliminary diversion of outflow to mangrove wetlands rather than directly to estuarine waters would be × 190 mg N/m² per d. Based on this nitrogen loss and depending upon the enrichment rate, between 0.04 to 0.12 ha of mangrove forest is required to completely remove the DIN load from effluents produced by a 1-ha pond.