New evidence for the antiquity of man in North America deduced from aspartic acid racemization

Ages of several Californzia Paleo-Indlian skeletons have been deduced from the extent of aspartic acid racemization. These dates suggest that man was present in North America at least 50,000 years before the present.     

Separate evolutionary origins of teeth from evidence in fossil jawed vertebrates

Placoderms are extinct jawed fishes of the class Placodermi and are basal among jawed vertebrates. It is generally thought that teeth are absent in placoderms and that the phylogenetic origin of teeth occurred after the evolution of jaws. However, we now report the presence of tooth rows in more derived placoderms, the arthrodires. New teeth are composed of gnathostome-type dentine and develop at specific locations. Hence, it appears that these placoderm teeth develop and are regulated as in other jawed vertebrates. Because tooth development occurs only in derived forms of placoderms, we suggest that teeth evolved at least twice, through a mechanism of convergent evolution.     

Measurements of turbulence in the venus atmosphere deduced from pioneer venus multiprobe radio scintillations

The 2.3-gigahertz log-amplitude fluctuations observed in the radio links of the Pioneer Venus entry probes during Venus encounter have been used to study turbulence in the Venus atmosphere. The deduced estimates of the upper bound of structure constant c(n) of the refractive index fluctuations (c(n) less, similar 4 x 10(-8) cm(-(1/3))) are inconsistent with similar entry probe measurements by Veneras 4 to 8 but are consistent with the radio occultation measurements by flyby (Mariners 5 and 10) and orbiting (Venerat 9) spacecraft. The Pioneer Venus measurements therefore provide a resolution of the long-standing order of magnitude discrepancy between these earlier measurements of c(n).     

Irradiation history of Itokawa regolith material deduced from noble gases in the Hayabusa samples

Noble gas isotopes were measured in three rocky grains from asteroid Itokawa to elucidate a history of irradiation from cosmic rays and solar wind on its surface. Large amounts of solar helium (He), neon (Ne), and argon (Ar) trapped in various depths in the grains were observed, which can be explained by multiple implantations of solar wind particles into the grains, combined with preferential He loss caused by frictional wear of space-weathered rims on the grains. Short residence time of less than 8 million years was implied for the grains by an estimate on cosmic-ray-produced (21)Ne. Our results suggest that Itokawa is continuously losing its surface materials into space at a rate of tens of centimeters per million years. The lifetime of Itokawa should be much shorter than the age of our solar system.     

Magnetic properties of hexagonal closed-packed iron deduced from direct observations in a diamond anvil cell

The attraction of hexagonal closed packed (hcp) iron to a magnet at 16.9 gigapascals and 261 degrees centigrade suggests that hcp iron is either paramagnetic or ferromagnetic with susceptibilities from 0. 15 to 0.001 and magnetizations from 1800 to 15 amperes per meter. If dominant in Earth's inner core, paramagnetic hcp iron could stabilize the geodynamo.     

非均匀温差下埋地双层管道过渡段长度的计算

在管道输送介质过程中,由于管内温度和周围环境温度的差别,热量传播不可避免,温差沿管道的分布是变化 的。引入了温度衰减长度概念,在温差沿管道均匀分布时过渡段长度计算方法的基础上。     

庄河产薏苡仁中氨基酸含量的测定

按照国标GB/T 5009.124-2003方法处理样品,对庄河产薏苡仁中氨基酸的含量进行了测定。结果表明,庄河产薏苡仁中含有16种氨基酸,Asp、Thr、Ser、Glu、Gly、Ala、Val、Met、Ile、Leu、Tyr、Phe、Lys、His、Arg、Pro的含量分别为1 350.0、252.0、349.0、1 480.0、214.0、699.0、297.0、84.3、181.0、544.0、169.0、215.0、208.0、170.0、456.0、846.0μg/kg。     

铝胁迫诱导八仙花根系分泌有机酸的研究

为揭示八仙花的耐铝机制,对铝胁迫下根系分泌的有机酸进行研究。以八仙花扦插苗为试材,研究其在铝胁迫条件下根系有机酸分泌种类、耐铝能力以及影响有机酸分泌的影响因子。结果表明,在铝胁迫下八仙花根系分泌草酸,当以50μmol·L-1Al Cl3处理八仙花时,根尖的铬天青染色明显,根尖伸长生长受阻显著,草酸分泌量也显著增加。铝处理后的最初4 h,草酸分泌量随铝胁迫时间的延长而增加,但在4~24 h内草酸分泌量并未增加。在铝溶液中加入阴离子通道抑制剂PG(10μmol·L-1和20μmol·L-1)和蛋白合成抑制剂CHM(25μmol·L-1和50μmol·L-1)后显著抑制根尖分泌草酸。说明八仙花根系分泌草酸是八仙花抵御铝毒的主要机制,而阴离子通道可能介导根系分泌有机酸。     

煤质腐植酸在农业生产中的作用

煤质腐植酸粗略分为腐植酸（ＨＡ）和黄腐酸（ＦＡ）两大类，是芳香稠环缩合程度不同、取代度不同的多取代芳香羧酸混合体，不可能用单一的化学结构表示。煤质腐植酸在农业上有广阔的应用前景，在改良盐碱地上有明显效应，能够促进土壤微生物活动，增加土壤酶活性；应用于化肥可作为缓释剂、包衣剂，可增加肥效，减少挥发，提高化肥利用率；有促进植物呼吸和新陈代谢功能，用来生产各种植物生长调节剂和增糖剂、抗旱剂、抗寒剂等；与农药配合使用有缓释和增效作用；在养殖业中可配制各种饲料添加剂。     

麸皮中阿魏酸体外抑菌作用及机理

明确麸皮阿魏酸体外抑菌活性及其作用机理。通过滤纸片扩散法测定麸皮阿魏酸对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性,筛选最显著菌株最小抑菌浓度,并分析在0MIC、MIC、3MIC下对该显著指示菌株生长曲线、胞外蛋白和碱性磷酸酶的变化以探讨抑菌机理。结果表明,麸皮阿魏酸对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最显著,抑菌圈直径为12mm,MIC为25μg/mL。经MIC、3MIC阿魏酸处理后,菌株生长潜伏期明显增长,胞外蛋白含量降低、AKP含量升高,且MIC条件下效果最显著。由此推测其抑菌机理与干扰蛋白质合成,破坏其细胞壁、细胞膜的通透性有关。该研究可为新型抗菌制剂提供理论支持。     

蒲公英绿原酸的酶法提取及其在卷烟中的应用

[目的]研究不同提取方法对蒲公英绿原酸提取效率的影响并完成工艺优化,通过加料评吸试验为蒲公英绿原酸在卷烟中的应用提供参考。[方法]采用3种提取方法对蒲公英绿原酸进行提取,针对酶解醇提法进行工艺优化,考察酶液添加量、料液比、酶解温度、酶解时间对绿原酸提取效率的影响,并通过正交试验确定最优工艺条件。[结果]最优工艺条件为:酶液添加量为3 m L,料液比为1∶12 g/m L,酶解温度为45℃,酶解时间为3 h。按照上述最优工艺条件制备得到的蒲公英提取物中,绿原酸提取率可达5.33 mg/g。将该提取物产品按照0.1%加料进行卷烟应用研究,结果显示:卷烟的甜润感、刺激性、余味、干燥感均有较为明显的提升,同时在烟香和香气浓度上损失也较小,总体较为均衡。[结论]酶解醇提法在蒲公英绿原酸提取中具有较高的效率,该提取物应用于卷烟中能显著提高烟气的感官舒适性,在烟用香料领域有一定的应用前景。     

不同产地金银花中绿原酸及木犀草苷的快速检测

[目的]利用HPLC法同时检测不同产地金银花中绿原酸和木犀草苷。[方法]采用迪马公司Kromasil-C18色谱柱(250×4.6mm,5μm),以甲醇-1%磷酸为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为350nm,柱温为室温,流速1ml/min,进样量5μl。[结果]绿原酸浓度在0~1mg/ml内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9991),回收率为98.79%~101.67%,相对标准偏差为1.05%;木犀草苷浓度在0~0.1mg/ml内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9987),回收率为98.06%~101.17%,相对标准偏差为1.17%。[结论]该方法可同时测定金银花中绿原酸和木犀草苷的含量,结果准确度高、精密度好,可为金银花药材的质量控制研究提供一种可靠的参考方法。     

Hibernation in black bears: independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature

Black bears hibernate for 5 to 7 months a year and, during this time, do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate. We measured metabolic rate and body temperature in hibernating black bears and found that they suppress metabolism to 25% of basal rates while regulating body temperature from 30° to 36°C, in multiday cycles. Heart rates were reduced from 55 to as few as 9 beats per minute, with profound sinus arrhythmia. After returning to normal body temperature and emerging from dens, bears maintained a reduced metabolic rate for up to 3 weeks. The pronounced reduction and delayed recovery of metabolic rate in hibernating bears suggest that the majority of metabolic suppression during hibernation is independent of lowered body temperature.     

不同产地云当归中阿魏酸的含量比较

[目的]比较不同产地云当归中阿魏酸的含量。[方法]以高效液相色谱法测定14个产地的云当归中阿魏酸含量。[结果]14个不同产地云当归样品中阿魏酸的含量为0.598-1.459mg／g。大理鹤庆马场产云当归中阿魏酸含量最高,富源洞上村岔河产云当归中阿魏酸含量最低。[结论]为进一步开发利用云当归资源提供了依据。     

南疆地区青贮玉米中乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

为了从青贮玉米中筛选产酸能力强的乳酸菌菌株,利用MRS培养基从青贮玉米中筛选到两株乳酸菌菌株F和菌株J,对它们进行形态特征、生理生化特征、分子生物学鉴定。形态学和生理生化结果表明菌株F符合葡萄球菌属,菌株J符合芽孢杆菌属特征,经16S rDNA鉴定结果表明菌株F属于葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus sp,J菌株属于芽孢杆菌属Bacillus sp。     

HPLC测定不同产地盘龙七中没食子酸的含量

[目的]建立高效液相色谱法测定盘龙七中没食子酸含量的方法,并测定14个不同产地盘龙七中没食子酸的含量。[方法]高效液相色谱法,Inertsil ODS-3C18(4.6×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(7∶93),流速1.0 ml/min,检测波长271 nm,柱温30℃。[结果]没食子酸在5.3~53.0μg/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系,Y=31 446X-15 550(R2=0.999 9),平均加样回收率99.995%,RSD为1.704%。不同产地盘龙七中没食子酸的含量不同,其含量随产地的不同而显示出明显差异,其变化范围在1.704 4~8.639 3 mg/g。[结论]该研究建立的没食子酸含量测定方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于不同产地盘龙七药材的质量控制。文县产盘龙七中没食子酸含量较丰富,具有进一步的开发利用价值。     

不同产地云归中阿魏酸的含量测定

考察不同产地云归(Angelica sine nsis)中主要化学成分阿魏酸含量的差异.采用反相高效液相色谱法测定4个产地的云归中阿魏酸的含量.色谱条件:ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相为0.5％冰醋酸和甲醇;检测波长275 nm;进样体积10 μL;流速1.0 mL/min;柱温25℃.结果表明,不同产地的云归中阿魏酸的含量分别为0.713 0 mg/g(大理)、0.646 5mg/g(丽江)、0.6294 mg/g(楚雄)、0.630 1 mg/g(保山).大理所产的云归中阿魏酸的含量最高.     

模拟酸雨淋溶下中原地区幼褐土壤中营养元素的流失规律研究

[目的]研究酸雨对中原地区土壤中氮、磷、钾的淋溶特性的影响,以期为土壤养分缺失的综合防治和土壤酸化的控制提供科学依据。[方法]取郑州地区土壤作为试验土样,配制模拟酸雨进行淋溶试验。[结果]土壤中总氮、总磷和总钾的淋失量随酸雨pH增大而下降;与对照相比,不同酸度酸雨对磷、钾淋失量均无显著差异,而且淋失量很少。随着模拟酸雨淋滤速率的降低,土壤中N、P、K淋失量均增大,且增大幅度显著,在同一pH和同一淋滤速率条件下土壤中营养元素溶出量大小顺序均为N〉P〉K。[结论]强酸性酸雨会促进土壤营养元素的淋失,相对来说土壤中磷、钾对酸雨不敏感。长期的酸雨淋洗会导致土壤养分库的损耗,造成土壤养分贫瘠。