Mars: northern summer ice cap--water vapor observations from viking 2

Observations of the latitude dependence of water vapor made from the Viking 2 orbiter show peak abundances in the latitude band 70 degrees to 80 degrees north in the northern midsummer season (planetocentric longitude approximately 108 degrees ). Total column abundances in the polar regions require near-surface atmospheric temperatures in excess of 200 degrees K, and are incompatible with the survival of a frozen carbon dioxide cap at martian pressures. The remnant (or residual) north polar cap, and the outlying patches of ice at lower latitudes, are thus predominantly water ice, whose thickness can be estimated to be between 1 meter and 1 kilometer.     

山西杂谷螟虫分布区划及综合治理技术研究

山西省不同生态区亚洲玉米螟和粟灰螟的地理分布规律受寄主作物、海拔高度和无霜期的影响。海拔１５００ｍ，无霜期１００天以下的内长城以北的高寒山区，为不发生区；海拔１０００～１５００ｍ以上，无霜期１２０天左右的地区，为１代发生区；地处北纬３８．５°～３６°的平川盆地，无霜期１５０天左右，为１～２代和２代发生区；北纬３６°以南的大部分地区，海拔较低，无霜期较长，一年两作区，为２～３代发生为害区；３代发生区极少，一般在北纬３６°以南地区。防治对策是：抓好大同、晋中、晋南盆地玉米螟的防治和忻定、吕梁山区、上党盆地粟灰螟的防治。防治措施以化学防治为主，辅之以农业和生物防治。     

Ground-based near-infrared imaging observations of venus during the galileo encounter

Near-infrared images of Venus, obtained from a global network of ground-based observatories during January and February 1990, document the morphology and motions of the night-side near-infrared markings before, during, and after the Galileo Venus encounter. A dark cloud extended halfway around the planet at low latitudes (>+/-40 degrees ) and persisted throughout the observing program. It had a rotation period of 5.5 +/- 0.15 days. The remainder of this latitude band was characterized by small-scale (400 to 1000 kilometers) dark and bright markings with rotation periods of 7.4 +/- 1 days. The different rotation periods for the large dark cloud and the smaller markings suggests that they are produced at different altitudes. Mid-latitudes (+/-40 degrees to 60 degrees ) were usually occupied by bright east-west bands. The highest observable latitudes (+/-60 degrees to 70 degrees ) were always dark and featureless, indicating greater cloud opacity. Maps of the water vapor distribution show no evidence for large horizontal gradients in the lower atmosphere of Venus.     

Photometric observations of jupiter at 2400 angstroms

The photopolarimeter instrument on Voyager 2 was used to obtain a map of Jupiter at an effective wavelength of 2400 angstroms. Analysis of a typical north-south swath used to make this map shows strong absorption at high latitudes by a molecular or particulate constituent in the Jovian atmosphere. At 65 degrees north latitude, the absorbing constituent extends to altitudes above the 50-millibar pressure level.     

高温胁迫─小麦超高产的主要障碍

小麦是冷季作物，最适生长温度为１５～２０℃。我国由于受季风的影响，夏季是同纬度除少数沙漠干旱地区以外最热的国家，淮河一秦岭以北冬小麦集中产区，小麦抽穗～成熟的日平均气温大于３０℃的高温天气占到该生育期的１／３，大约７０％的时间突破了临界温度。北方受高温干热风影响的小麦面积占到小麦播种面积的７１％，为害频率为十年七遇，小麦年减产１８．５～３５亿ｋｇ，热胁迫危害成为我国北方小麦高产的主要生理障碍。小麦耐热基因型与热敏感基因型存在广泛的变异，耐热品种的干物质积累显著高于热敏感品种，为小麦抗热筛选提供了依据。提高小麦的抗热性水平，缓解胁迫为害，是今后小麦超高产育种的重要方向。     

纬度对内陆低海拔地区一些冬型小麦品种生育天数的影响

东方红3号、新冬2号和泰山4号属于冬型小麦品种.1982-1985年,在北京、石家庄、济南、郾城和合肥,进行了秋播试验.这些地点属我国内陆低海拔地区.试验结果表明,纬度南北变动1度,播种至成熟的生育天数约减少或增加2～3天.     

Surface and airborne evidence for plumes and winds on triton

Aeolian features on Triton that were imaged during the Voyager Mission have been grouped. The term "aeolian feature" is broadly defined as features produced by or blown by the wind, including surface and airborne materials. Observations of the latitudinal distributions of the features probably associated with current activity (known plumes, crescent streaks, fixed terminator clouds, and limb haze with overshoot) all occur from latitude -37 degrees to latitude -62 degrees . Likely indicators of previous activity (dark surface streaks) occur from latitude -5 degrees to -70 degrees , but are most abundant from -15 degrees to -45 degrees , generally north of currently active features. Those indicators which give information on wind direction and speed have been measured. Wind direction is a function of altitude. The predominant direction of the surface wind streaks is found to be between 40 degrees and 80 degrees measured clockwise from north. The average orientation of streaks in the northeast quadrant is 59 degrees . Winds at 1- to 3- kilometer altitude are eastward, while those at &8 kilometers blow west.     

Strontium-90 Fallout: Comparison of Rates over Ocean and Land

Measurements of strontium-90 in waters residing on the Bahama Banks for periods between 12 and 180 days suggest that fallout rates onto these waters are substantially the same as the average rates at all fallout collection stations between 20 degrees and 30 degrees north latitude. If the amount of preciptation on the Bahama Banks is reasonably representative of the oceanic areas in this latitude band, our results support the conclusion that the amount of strontium-90 deposited per unit area of ocean surface is within a factor of 2 of that on land.     

小崎齿瓢虫属AfidentulaKapur1955的种类及地理分布

小崎齿瓢虫属 Afidentula Kapur 1955自建立以来,迄今该属共有14个种,其中包括我国云南省记载的一新种。本文在概括小崎齿瓢虫属的分类地位、种类及分布的基础上,讨论了小崎齿瓢虫属的区系,色斑类型等问题。列出了已知种的检索表,文后并附种的特征图。     

Evidence for a polar ethane cloud on Titan

Spectra from Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer reveal the presence of a vast tropospheric cloud on Titan at latitudes 51 degrees to 68 degrees north and all longitudes observed (10 degrees to 190 degrees west). The derived characteristics indicate that this cloud is composed of ethane and forms as a result of stratospheric subsidence and the particularly cool conditions near the moon's north pole. Preferential condensation of ethane, perhaps as ice, at Titan's poles during the winters may partially explain the lack of liquid ethane oceans on Titan's surface at middle and lower latitudes.     

白蜡虫(ERICEROS PELA CHAVANNES)自然种群分布的新发现

福建沙县湖源乡位处北纬26°15′,东经117°32′海拔310米。年平均气温15.98℃,降雨量1836.4mm,日照时数384.1小时,无霜期234天。属亚热带季风气候,植被为常绿阔叶林。在该处200年生大叶女贞(Ligustium Lucidum Ait.)树上发现白蜡虫自然种群。据测定,白蜡虫雌虫虫体长0.80mm,宽10.90mm,高8.60mm。蜡花厚度平均6.65mm,其虫囊大小及蜡花厚度均接近全国主要蜡区水平。湖源白蜡虫自然种群的发现,证实了《农政全书》有关福建白蜡虫分布的记载,表明闽北山区自然条件适合发展白蜡生产。     

湿加松F_2子代一年生苗高的变异

在四川省泸州市泸县、宜宾市珙县、广元市元坝区进行了湿加松Pee×Pch (Pinuselliottiivar .elliottii×P .caribaeavar .hondurensis)F2 子代育苗试验。结果表明 :3个地点的平均苗高分别为 33 12cm、2 5 4 2cm、2 1 0 3cm ,差异达极显著水平 ,呈现随海拔和主要气象因子的渐变变异趋势 ,海拔越低、年均温和≥ 10℃积温越高、年降水量越大、无霜期越长 ,平均苗高越大且变异系数越小。初步认为湿加松在四川引种的适宜条件为 :海拔 5 0 0m左右 ,年均温≥ 17 0℃ ,≥ 10℃积温 5 6 0 0℃以上 ,年降水量 115 0mm左右 ,无霜期≥ 32 0d。     

和林格尔县近40年气候变化浅析

对和林格尔县1971-2010年的气温、降水、蒸发量、大风日数、无霜期日数等资料进行统计分析,得出和林格尔县近40年的气候变化特征。结果表明:近40年来,和林格尔县年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,每10年平均上升0.43℃;年降水量1971-1990年为下降趋势,1991-2010年呈波动上升趋势;年蒸发量1971-2000年为下降趋势,2001-2010年呈波动上升趋势;大风日数在1～38d;无霜期107～212d。     

Viking: Mars atmospheric water vapor mapping experiment--preliminary report of results

Observations made from the Viking I orbiter show very little water vapor in the Mars atmosphere in the southern hemisphere (0 to 3 precipitable micrometers) with a gradual increase across the equator to northern latitudes. Maximum amounts between 20 and 30 micrometers have been observed in the short period covered by the observations to date. The season, northern midsummer, corresponds to the beginning of the water vapor cycle in that hemisphere. A strong repetitive diurnal cycling between the solid and vapor phases is observed at a site to the east of the Tharsis Ridge at 10 degrees north latitude; the vapor lies close to the martian surface and is most probably in saturation equilibrium with a surface haze or fog throughout much of the day.     

Global distribution of neutrons from Mars: results from Mars odyssey

Global distributions of thermal, epithermal, and fast neutron fluxes have been mapped during late southern summer/northern winter using the Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer. These fluxes are selectively sensitive to the vertical and lateral spatial distributions of H and CO2 in the uppermost meter of the martian surface. Poleward of +/-60 degrees latitude is terrain rich in hydrogen, probably H2O ice buried beneath tens of centimeter-thick hydrogen-poor soil. The central portion of the north polar cap is covered by a thick CO2 layer, as is the residual south polar cap. Portions of the low to middle latitudes indicate subsurface deposits of chemically and/or physically bound H2O and/or OH.     

Atmospheric Circulation from Fission-Product Radioactivity in Surface Air

The beta-activity of fission products in surface air are analyzed in a diagram, with latitude and time as coordinates. Spring-season maxima and spread of new debris are readily discerned. Debris from 1961 Soviet testing, traveling by way of the upper troposphere or the stratosphere, arrived at 16 degrees to 35 degrees S more than a month before debris transported through the troposphere. A maximum lateral-diffusion coefficient of about 4 x 10(5) m(2) sec(-1) is implied for the tropical troposphere, and a much larger value in middle and high latitudes. Debris in the troposphere from United States testing at 2 degrees N spread mostly into the southern hemisphere.     

Structure of the Atmosphere of Venus up to 110 Kilometers: Preliminary Results from the Four Pioneer Venus Entry Probes

The four Pioneer Venus entry probes transmitted data of good quality on the structure of the atmosphere below the clouds. Contrast of the structure below an altitude of 50 kilometers at four widely separated locations was found to be no more than a few degrees Kelvin, with slightly warmer temperatures at 30 degrees south latitude than at 5 degrees or 60 degrees north. The atmosphere was stably stratified above 15 or 20 kilometers, indicating that the near-adiabatic state is maintained by the general circulation. The profiles move from near-adiabatic toward radiative equilibrium at altitudes above 40 kilometers. There appears to be a region of vertical convection above the dense cloud deck, which lies at 47.5 to 49 kilometers and at temperature levels near 360 K. The atmosphere is nearly isothermal around 100 kilometers (175 to 180 K) and appears to exhibit a sizable temperature wave between 60 and 70 kilometers. This is where the 4-day wind is believed to occur. The temperature wave may be related to some of the wavelike phenomena seen in Mariner 10 ultraviolet photographs.     

黄山松地理种源性状的变异规律

经对4个试点3个年度营造的黄山松地理种源试验林的调查和方差、典型相关,逐步回归及趋势面分析,结果表明黄山松种内存在着丰富的遗传变异。树高,粗,冠幅生长,1级侧枝数,针叶长度,结实株率,兼生树脂道百分率等性状在种源间都有显著的差异。这些变异与种源产地地理、气候上的不同密切相关。树高,粗生长以及与之相关的一些性状呈经纬双向渐变,表现为从南到北、从东到西种源的生长量逐渐减少、球果变大的地理变异规律;1级侧枝数量主要呈垂直变异,结实株率则为经向渐变,兼生树脂道百分率变异与纬度有关,除此一定的地理渐变外,还存在生态型变异。经逐步回归分析表明:影响各性状变异的主要气候因子是年降水量,年日照时数,其次为年平均气温和无霜期。     

Ulysses solar wind plasma observations at high southerly latitudes

Solar wind plasma observations made by the Ulysses spacecraft through -80.2 degrees solar latitude and continuing equatorward to -40.1 degrees are summarized. Recurrent high-speed streams and corotating interaction regions dominated at middle latitudes. The speed of the solar wind was typically 700 to 800 kilometers per second poleward of -35 degrees . Corotating reverse shocks persisted farther south than did forward shocks because of the tilt of the heliomagnetic streamer belt. Sporadic coronal mass ejections were seen as far south as -60.5 degrees . Proton temperature was higher and the electron strahl was broader at higher latitudes. The high-latitude wind contained compressional, pressure-balanced, and Alfvénic structures.     

The polar ionosphere of venus near the terminator from early pioneer venus orbiter radio occultations

Fourteen profiles of electron density in the ionosphere of Venus were obtainecd by the dual-frequency radio occulation method with the Pioneer Venus orbiter between 5 and 30 December 1978. The solar zenith angles for these measurements were between about 85 degrees and 92 degrees , and the latitudes ranged from about 81 degrees to 88 degrees (ecliptic north). In addition to the expected decreasein peak electron density from about 1.5 x 10(3) to 0.5 x 10(3) per cubic centimeter with increasing solar zenith angle, a region of almost constant electron density above about 250 kilometers was observed. The ionopause height varies from about 300 to 700 kilometers and seems to be influenced by diurnal changes in solar wind conditions. The structures of the profiles are consistent with models in which O(2)(+) dominates near the ionization peak and is replaced by O(+) at higher altitudes.