Chemical Mimicry in the Myrmecophilous Beetle Myrmecaphodius excavaticollis

The myrmecophilus beetle Myrmecaphodius excavaticollis (Blanchard) was found to have species-specific cuticular hydrocarbons acquired-from one of its hosts, the ant Solenopsis richteri Forel. Removal from its ant host resulted in loss of the host hydrocarbons, leaving a cuticular pattern innate to the beetle. When beetles were transferred to colonies of three other Solenopsis species, they acquired the specific hydrocarbons associated with each of the new hosts. This passive integration mechanism is coupled with the beetle's armored exterior to enable it to cope with multiple aggressive hosts.     

Freezing tolerance in an adult insect

The adult carabid beetle Pterostichus brevicornis tolerates freezing under natural conditions. Laboratory tests confirm that winter beetles tolerate temperatures below -35 degrees C, whereas summer beetles die if frozen at -6.6 degrees C. Winter beetles can be cooled to about -10 degrees C before freezing, and they thaw near -3.5 degrees C. Summer beetles thaw at -0.7 degrees C. To avoid freezing damage even in winter beetles, cooling rates must be near 20 degrees C per hour or less.     

Western pine beetle: field response to its sex pheromone and a synergistic host terpene, myrcene

In the field, both sexes of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis, are attracted by the female-produced bicyclic ketal exo-brevicomin; this response is enhanced by myrcene (a constituent of the beetle's host, ponderosapine), which is not an attractant by itself. This synergism may be part of the phenomenon of the mass attack on its host. Temnochila virescens chlorodia, one of the principal insectan predators of this beetle, is attracted by exo-brevicomin alone.     

Evolutionary biology. Chewed leaves reveal ancient relationship

On page 291, researchers describe a new beetle fossil based not on traces of the insect skeleton but on the distinctive gouges the beetles left when they munched on 11 ginger leaves many millions of years ago. The chew marks of the newly described Cephaloleichnites strongi prove that leaf beetles underwent rapid evolution and diversification more than 65 million years ago, possibly taking advantage of (and perhaps influencing) the rapid diversification among flowering plants occurring at the same time. What's more, C. strongi represents the earliest known rolled-leaf beetle species, hundreds of which today still prefer just one of the ginger- and heliconia-like plants in the Zingiberales order.     

球孢白僵菌和苏云金杆菌拟步甲血清亚种联合使用防治马铃薯甲

This paper reviews the potential for using insect pathogens to control the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata,and summarizes results from nearly 10 years of research by USDA-ARS-PPRU scientists aimed at developing methods and strategies for integrated use of Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana for biologically-based management of potato beetles in the northeastern USA.The described studies have resulted in 1) design of a tractor-mounted hydraulic spray system that improved targeting and consequent efficacy of microbial control agents, 2) discovery of synergism between the bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and the fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana (Bb),3) findings that substantial mortality of beetle larvae treated with B.bassiana during foliar spray programs did not occur until after they entered the soil to pupate, and 4) observations that spray applications made in the evening (at sunset) were significantly, but not substantially, more effective than applications made during the morning hours.These findings have led to development of a bio-based pest management system based on three spray applications made in the following order at 3-5-day intervals:Bt alone,Bt and Bb mixed,and Bb alone.This spray program,with the applications initiated at 50% egg hatch,is intended to control the actively feeding larval stages (providing protection from defoliation) and reduce survivorship to the adult stage (providing long-term control by reducing populations of overwintering adults). In the initial test of the integrated management system,beetle control and potato yields were statistically equivalent to those in plots in which the beetles were controlled with chemical insecticides.Demonstration of the effectiveness of this program will continue over the next 2-3 field seasons.     

Host Finding by Odor in the Myrmecophilic Beetle Atemeles pubicollis Bris. (Staphylinidae)

The beetle Atemeles publicollis orients to the odor of its host ants by positive anemotaxis and osmoclinotaxis. The chemical response changes with age of the beetles. After hatching they are attracted by Myrmica odors, and, after hibernating, by Formica odors.     

松墨天牛对雪松挥发物的触角电位和嗅觉反应

用改进的水蒸气蒸馏法提取健康雪松枝条精油,结合气相色谱—质谱(GC-MS)联用仪进行定量和定性分析,共鉴定出20种化合物,主要为萜烯类化合物。利用嗅觉仪和触角电位(EAG)仪比较分析了松墨天牛成虫对健康雪松枝条挥发物的嗅觉反应和触角电位反应,及其对健康木挥发物的日龄变化规律。结果表明,交配前雄虫对挥发物的敏感性较雌虫强,15日龄前雌、雄虫的EAG反应值随日龄的增加而升高,未交配天牛对健康木挥发物表现为正趋性,已交配天牛则表现为负趋性;雌虫12日龄和雄虫9日龄正趋性最强,说明不同日龄的松墨天牛成虫对雪松挥发物具有不同的敏感性和选择性。雌、雄天牛之间在EAG和嗅觉反应方面无明显差异,两者对寄主挥发物的行为感受机制相同。     

马铃薯甲虫田间定殖过程及其种群消长动态

【目的】研究马铃薯甲虫田间定殖与种群消长动态,为马铃薯的科学防治提供参考和依据。【方法】系统调查乌鲁木齐市西山农牧场和三坪农场马铃薯生长期,田间马铃薯甲虫种群消长规律,分析比较田间不同空间位置寄主植物上马铃薯甲虫种群数量,确定定殖时间与迁移过程。【结果】西山农牧场和三坪农场马铃薯甲虫定殖规律为:寄主作物田外马铃薯甲虫成虫出土后,最初迁移抵达寄主田块边缘,随后逐步向田块中心扩散,直至覆盖整个田块;马铃薯甲虫种群数量与定殖时间呈负相关,定殖时间越早,马铃薯甲虫种群数量越大;马铃薯甲虫种群数量与定殖点距离有一定的关系,在马铃薯甲虫定殖的早期,马铃薯甲虫与定殖距离呈负相关,定殖距离越大,马铃薯甲虫种群数量越小;随后两者的相关性逐渐降低,在后期两者呈正相关。【结论】马铃薯甲虫的定殖时间和定殖位置均会对其种群数量产生影响,应在田块边缘区域开展越冬代马铃薯甲虫成虫的早期监测,有效确定轮作田块内马铃薯甲虫种群的定殖与迁移过程。     

应用北美小蠹信息素对中国一些小蠹的引诱研究(英文)

应用南松大小蠹Ｄｅｎｄｒｏｃｔｏｎｕｓｆｒｏｎｔａｌｉｓ、西松大小蠹Ｄ．ｂｒｅｖｉｃｏｍｉｓ,山松大小蠹Ｄ．ｐｏｎｄｒｏｓａｅ,云杉八齿小蠹Ｉｐｓｔｙｐｏｇｒａｐｈａｓ和Ｉ．ｓｐ的信息物,对华山松的小蠹和光臀八齿小蠹Ｉ．ｎｉｔｉｄｕｓ进行了三年的引诱试验。结果表明;云杉八齿小蠹信息素用于光臀八齿小蠹成虫诱集是成功的,可用于预测预报,也可配合防治处理;几种美洲的大小蠹信息素对华山松大小蠹Ｄ．ａｒｍａｎｄｉ等多种小蠹的引诱只可用以进行分布预测及成虫发生期预测;对小蠹天敌也有一定引诱效果。     

潮州单丛茶树天牛种群动态、空间分布型及成虫交配和产卵行为研究

【目的】明确广东省潮州市凤凰山单丛茶树天牛的发生规律及成虫交配和产卵行为,为潮州凤凰单丛茶树天牛的预测预报及有效防治提供科学依据。【方法】 2020年1月—2021年8月,在广东省潮州市凤凰山单丛茶区选取5块样地（大庵村古茶园、大庵村新茶园、山外山新茶园、竹留村新茶园和深垭村新茶园）,采用调查田间区块天牛排粪的方法研究天牛幼虫发生动态,根据种群聚集度指标法计算天牛幼虫的空间分布,利用性信息素诱捕法调查天牛成虫种群动态,通过室内观察的方法对天牛成虫交配和产卵行为进行研究。【结果】天牛幼虫种群动态监测结果表明,2020年天牛幼虫在3个样地均有发生,高峰期为8—11月,其中大庵村古茶园有虫株率明显高于大庵村新茶园和山外山新茶园,并具有2个明显的发生高峰期（2020年8月中旬—9月中旬和2020年10月中旬—11月中旬）,有虫株率分别为12.7%和12.6%;有虫株率随着海拔的升高呈增加趋势,其中大庵村新茶园（海拔1100 m）和山外山新茶园（海拔1200m） 9月有虫株率分别为9.3%和8.1%,二者差异不显著（P>0.05）;应用聚集度指标测定结果表明,天牛幼虫在各样地均为聚集分布。天牛成虫种群动态监测结果表明,大庵村古茶园诱捕到的茶树天牛成虫为四脊茶天牛（Trachylophus sinensis Gahan）,其羽化期于5月中旬—下旬开始,而后诱捕数量逐渐增加,7月中旬—下旬单个诱捕器的诱捕量为11.67±2.62头,形成一个明显的发生高峰,高峰期雄雌比率为1:1.92; 7月下旬—8月上旬结束羽化,诱捕数量逐渐下降。室内观察发现,雌雄成虫可多次交配,雄虫有假交配现象。雌虫多数喜将卵产在枝干上,是茶叶上产卵量的5.42倍;雌虫可多次产卵,交配后第5 d产卵数量最多,达9.00±5.10粒/雌,随后产卵量随产卵次数增加而减少。【结论】危害潮州单丛茶园的茶树天牛幼虫高峰期在8—11月,田间呈聚集分布;四脊茶天牛成虫高峰期在7月中旬—下旬,雌虫喜将卵产在枝干上。根据潮州单丛茶树天牛的发生规律,在天牛发生高峰期前进行有效的物理、农业、生物和化学防治等,减少虫口基数,以达到更高、更生态友好的防效。     

Timing the radiations of leaf beetles: hispines on gingers from latest cretaceous to recent

Stereotyped feeding damage attributable solely to rolled-leaf hispine beetles is documented on latest Cretaceous and early Eocene ginger leaves from North Dakota and Wyoming. Hispine beetles (6000 extant species) therefore evolved at least 20 million years earlier than suggested by insect body fossils, and their specialized associations with gingers and ginger relatives are ancient and phylogenetically conservative. The latest Cretaceous presence of these relatively derived members of the hyperdiverse leaf-beetle clade (Chrysomelidae, more than 38,000 species) implies that many of the adaptive radiations that account for the present diversity of leaf beetles occurred during the Late Cretaceous, contemporaneously with the ongoing rapid evolution of their angiosperm hosts.     

一种防治贮粮甲虫的新型种子处理剂-ADAGE

Adage是美国Syngenta公司近年开发成功的一种新型杀虫剂。实验表明，用0.5ppm-4ppm的剂量处理玉米种子，对赤拟谷盗、玉米象和锯谷盗的防治效果因虫种、剂量、处理时间和处理温度而有差异。当处理浓度为4ppm、处理时间为1-6d时，玉米象成虫在22℃、27℃和32℃时的死亡率分别为79．3％－89．3％、91．2％－99．2％和97．5％－100％。而对于赤拟谷盗，处理时间比处理温度更重要，当处理浓度为4ppm、温度为27℃、处理时间为1、2、3、6d时，赤拟谷盗成虫死亡率分别为23.4%、40.1%、60.8%和100％。同样，Adage对锯谷盗的防治效果也明显受到处理时间的影响。当处理浓度为4ppm、温度为32℃、处理时间为1、2、3、6d时，锯谷盗成虫死亡率分别为66．0％、88．5％、96．7％和100％。     

黑角直缘跳甲的治理

对黑角直缘跳甲 (OphridaspectabilisBaly)的治理 ,不宜采用化防 .每年春季盐肤木幼叶萌发前摘除枝、干上的跳甲越冬卵块是最易行而有效的防治方法 .人工摘除跳甲幼虫栖叶 ,中耕灭蛹 ,捕杀产卵前跳甲成虫和保护如赤眼蜂(Trichogrammasp) .等跳甲天敌 ,也是有效的辅助方法     

引诱剂和川硬皮肿腿蜂对单丛古茶区天牛的防控效果

【目的】明确引诱剂和川硬皮肿腿蜂对单丛古茶区天牛的防治效果，为广东省潮州市凤凰山单丛古茶区天牛的生物防控提供技术支持。【方法】采用引诱剂诱捕的方法研究ZM-80型诱捕器不同悬挂高度对天牛诱捕效果的影响；利用天牛诱捕器研究F-8、APF-Ⅰ （普通型、持久型、加强型）、蜜糖水、CY-1和CY-2引诱剂对天牛的诱捕效果；采用田间释放法评价川硬皮肿腿蜂不同释放量和释放时间对天牛幼虫的防治效果，并进行川硬皮肿腿蜂区域化防控效果试验。【结果】诱捕效果试验结果表明，诱捕器悬挂高度2 m（高于树冠）诱捕到的天牛总数为13.25头/诱捕器，而悬挂高度1 m （树冠以下）诱捕到的天牛总数仅为2.15头/诱捕器，两者间差异显著（P<0.05）； APF-Ⅰ加强型和CY-1引诱剂对多种天牛均有较好的诱捕效果，诱捕总数分别为19.40和18.35头/诱捕器，两者间差异不显著（P>0.05）；川硬皮肿腿蜂防治效果试验结果表明，释放川硬皮肿腿蜂对单丛古茶区天牛幼虫有较好的控制作用，其中9和10月分别释放30000头/ha川硬皮肿腿蜂1次的效果最好，放蜂30和60 d后的防效分别为63.62%和68.72%。川硬皮肿腿蜂区域化防控试验结果表明，其平均防效为55.03%。【结论】利用APF-Ⅰ加强型或CY-1引诱剂，配合ZM-80型天牛诱捕器悬挂高度高于树冠，对天牛的诱捕效果较好； 9和10月分别按照30000头/ha各释放川硬皮肿腿蜂1次，能有效控制潮州凤凰山区单丛古茶园天牛危害。     

四川二郎山不同海拔与微生境隐翅虫资源分布

2005年7~9月在四川省二郎山区域选择不同的海拔区域(1400~2300 m2、300~2600 m、2600~3100 m和3100~3400 m)和微生境(草堆、森林铺垫物、粪便、真菌、腐肉和腐木)进行隐翅虫资源调查,共设置样地72块,收集各海拔区域和各微生境内隐翅虫的物种组成和数量数据。结果表明:共获隐翅虫标本2389号,分属12个亚科,75个属,206个种。从个体数量上来看,前角隐翅虫亚科个体数最多,占48.35%,隐翅虫亚科次之,占14.48%;在物种数量上表现出同样的趋势,前角隐翅虫亚科物种数最多,占28.64%;隐翅虫次之,占16.99%,它们为该地区隐翅虫的优势类群;在个体数量上,胸片隐翅虫亚科、毒隐翅虫亚科、异形隐翅虫亚科、尖腹隐翅虫亚科、大眼隐翅虫亚科、筒隐翅虫亚科、和四眼隐翅虫亚科所占比例均在1%以上,它们为该地区的常见类群。总体上,隐翅虫个体数和物种数随海拔的升高呈现逐渐减少的趋势,在微生境选择上,草堆和森林铺垫物内隐翅虫个体数和物种数均明显多于其他几种微生境。     

黄曲条跳甲对十字花科蔬菜的选择性

本文首次从产卵选择性和取食选择性两方面研究黄曲条跳甲对芥菜、萝卜、大白菜、山西白和芥蓝等5种十字花科蔬菜的寄主选择性.结果表明,黄曲条跳甲的产卵选择性与取食选择性基本一致,芥菜为其最嗜寄主,芥蓝为最不嗜寄主,两者差异显著(P<0.05).利用黄曲条跳甲在供试植株上的落虫量和取食面积来分析其取食选择性时,所得结果一致,且两者呈显著性正相关(r=0.9597,P<0.05).但该跳甲对不同寄主的子叶取食选择性与真叶取食选择性两者间表现不同.     

白榆优良无性系65212对榆毛胸萤叶甲的抗虫性研究

通过室内饲养、幼树罩笼饲养、大树枝条套笼和野外调查等方法研究了白榆优良无性系６５２１２对榆毛胸萤叶甲的抗性，结果表明，白榆优良无性系６５２１２对榆毛胸萤叶甲致死率达９３．４０％，使幼虫发育期延长７．３ｄ；对个体间发育影响作用大小不同，造成榆毛胸萤叶甲世代不整齐。经野外调查，６５２１２的虫口密度、树干化蛹量和叶面积被害指数均明显低于对照，其生长量明显高于对照。     

寄主树木、小蠹与天敌三重营养关系的化学生态学研究进展

综述了寄主植物、小蠹、天敌三重营养关系的化学生态学研究。重点阐述了三方面:①信息化合物的来源及基本特性;②信息化合物在小蠹选择寄主行为过程中的作用;③信息化合物对天敌选择寄主行为的影响。④对寄主植物、小蠹和天敌三重营养关系的全面了解,将为小蠹的综合治理提供新思维。     

蔬菜品种对小猿叶甲生物学特性影响的研究

小猿叶甲取食不同品种蔬菜对其生长发育,存活和菜株上的产卵量都有影响。了食６种蔬菜的小猿叶甲,从幼虫到蛹期,取食白菜的发育历期、存活率和选择在白菜上的产卵量都显著地优于其他蔬菜,分别为２５．８８ｄ、８６．９９％和１２４．１０粒,而芥蓝对小猿叶的发育、存活和在菜株上的产卵量具一定的抑制作用,分别为２５．３６ｄ、４２．４８％入１．７０粒,表明了取食白菜有利于小猿叶甲种群的增长。     

Methylcyclopentanoid monoterpenes mediate interactions among insect herbivores

Beetles secrete an array of chemicals generally believed to mitigate attack by predators. Methylcyclopentanoid monoterpenes secreted by larvae of the willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora, deter feeding by conspecific adults. Furthermore, the secretion elicits a strong repugnancy response in larvae of another willow herbivore, Nymphalis antiopa. Leaves bearing beetle larvae are less likely than leaves not bearing beetles to be frequented and consumed by Nymphalis larvae. Predator defense may not be the sole function of glandular secretions produced by herbivorous insects; secretions may also mediate interactions among herbivores that use a common resource.