Reward and learning in the goldfish

An experiment with goldfish showed the effects of change in amount of reward that are predicted from reinforcement theory. The performance of animals shifted from small to large reward improved gradually to the level of unshifted large-reward controls, while the performance of animals shifted from large to small reward remained at the large-reward level. The difference between these results and those obtained in analogous experiments with the rat suggests that reward functions differently in the instrumental learning of the two animals.     

One-trial interhemispheric transfer of a learning engram

By using spreading depression to decorticate temporarily one hemisphere in rats, a learning trace was established in the opposite functional hemisphere. Spontaneous transfer of the engram from the trained hemisphere to the untrained hemisphere does not occur when both hemispheres are functional. If, however, the animal was allowed to make one reinforced response, complete transfer of the engram to the untrained hemisphere occurred.     

Synthetic scotophobin in goldfish: specificity and effect on learning

Synthetic rat scotophobin was injected intracranially into common goldfish (Carassius auratus) which were then trained to avoid light or dark. The substance interacts with the learning process in goldfish in an apparently specific way, facilitating the acquisition of dark avoidance, a task homologous with that acquired by rats from which the natural peptide was isolated, while inhibiting acquisition of light avoidance.     

试论农事操作课程的教与学

针对高等农业院校普遍存在的农事操作课教学质量问题提出三方面解决方案,一是需要重新认识农事操作课的重要性;二是教师需要端正教学态度和组织好教学工作;三是参与农事操作课学习的学生也应该持有良好的学习态度和自我检查学习效果的能力。     

农业气象学课程开展混合式教学的实践与探索

本文分析了混合学习的基本理论,通过对农业气象学课程开展混合式教学的实践,探索了构建适用于混合学习的农业气象学课程资源的方法、应用课程资源开展混合式学习的教学策略、对混合式课程资源以及所进行的教学进行评价的方法3个问题.     

Fetal movement: development and time course

Prenatal behavior develops in three phases: early rates, acceleration and maintenance, and deceleration to birth. Fetal activity occurs as discrete movements, bursts of activity, and prolonged activity. Four-hour samples were most representative of the daily rates of movement.     

Puromycin and retention in the goldfish

A first experiment compared the behavior of goldfish injected with puromycin immediately after each of a weekly series of brief discriminative training sessions in the shuttlebox to that of appropriate controls. Discrimination was not prevented, nor was escape from shock impaired, but probability of response to the conditioned stimuli, both positive and negative, was reduced substantially. These results suggest that puromycin interferes with the consolidation of conditioned fear. The null outcome of a second experiment, in which all training was given in a single long session instead of a series of short sessions, suggests (contrary to recent indications) that consolidation begins in the training session. The conditioned-fear hypothesis is supported by the results of a third experiment in which the animals were shocked upon entering a goalbox to which they had previously learned to swim for food; animals injected with puromycin, immediately after the shock, entered the goalbox more readily 1 week later than did appropriate controls.     

以问题为基础的教学方法在医学文献检索课教学中的实践

介绍了在医学信息系学生的医学文献检索课中实践以问题为基础的教学方法的总体思路及实施过程，并对学生发放调查表以评价该方法的教学效果及存在问题。结果表明，该教学方法充分培养了学生的组织能力、协作能力、思维能力、动手能力以及自主学习能力等素质，深受学生的喜爱，但其具体的实施方法尚需改进。

     

Conditioned reinforcement in the goldfish

Goldfish were trained to press a lever on a 10:1 fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. They were extinguished under three conditions. Responding was followed by (i) solenoid noise and water delivery formerly associated with food reinforcement, (ii) solenoid noise only, or (iii) nothing. The number of extinction responses was largest in condition 1, less in condition 2, and smallest in condition 3, thus providing evidence for conditioned reinforcement in goldfish.     

Order in the optic nerve of goldfish

A small amount of horseradish peroxidase, injected into the goldfish optic nerve and transported into the retina, filled an annulus of ganglion cells. Since the retina grew by annular addition of cells, this result shows that axons from cells of similar age clustered together in the nerve.     

Stage 4 sleep: influence of time course variables

Age, length of prior wakefulness, length of time asleep, and a circadian influence all affect stage 4 sleep. The amount of stage 4 sleep decreases as subject's age increases and as time asleep increases. Longer periods of wakefulness before sleep result in greater amounts of stage 4 sleep in the first 3 hours of sleep. Sleep periods that begin at times other than the regular onset time tend to produce less stage 4 sleep; this decrease suggests a circadian effect.     

PBL教学方法在医学文献检索课中的实践及效果评价

为了提高医学文献检索课的教学质量,南方医科大学在医学本科生中进行了PBL教学改革。在课程结束后,对成绩进行了比较分析。结果表明PBL教学点的学生不仅在数据库掌握程度上优于传统教学的学生,而且自学能力及团队合作能力也有了很大的提高。     

对高校体育课学习评价体系的研究

在知识经济和创新意识作为经济发展主导的今天,高校体育教学改革也在不断深入开展。然而,河南省高校现行的教学评价体系已经不能适应新形势的要求,影响和制约了学校体育教学的改革和发展。通过对高校体育课现行评价体系现状的分析,提出高校体育课评价体系改革的具体措施和新的思路,是培养大批高素质的综合人才的必由之路。我国高校体育课受传统教育模式和体育评价体系的制约,越来越明显地表现出许多学生是在被动地参与课程学习和锻炼,这种状况严重地影响着快乐体育的落实和终身体育的实现。学生在课堂上消极被动,主要原因是体育课的内容体系…     

高等农业院校强化文化素质课程教学的改革与实践

根据农业院校学生知识的结构单一、智能结构不全的特点，在本科学生中进行了强化化素质课程教学的改革与实践。在课程设置上，首先确立一二门核心课程，并以此为基点进行辐射性的课程安排。与此同时从适应学生个性发展出发，优化课程体系，把课程分为三大快：基础知识性课程、运用技能性课程、欣赏提高性课程。从99级新生入学开始，进行了改革与实践，在实践过程中还进行了教学手段和教学方法的改革与创新，取得了一定的成效。