太白山山地土壤中的微量元素

用化学方法测定了陕西省太白山山地土壤中氟铜。锌、砷、钼、锑、钨、汞、铅和铋等元素的含量。结果如下:土壤中微量元素含量主要取决于成土母质;微量元素在剖面中的分布受成土过程影响;铜、锌、钼和汞的平均含量均低于世界土壤。     

Determination of Thallium and Other Elements (As,Cd, Cu,Mn, Pb,Se, Sb,and Zn) in Water and Sediment Samples from the Vicinity of the Zinc-Lead Smelter in Poland (3 pp)

Background, Goal and Scope   The aim of this study was to check the concentration of some elements in water samples collected near Pb-Zn mining and smelting works and comparison of the obtained data with results achieved for sediment samples originated from the same reservoirs. Objective   Here, 8 water samples and 3 bottom sediments collected from water reservoirs in the vicinity of 3 big Polish Pb-Zn smelters were analysed.Methods   Water analysis was performed after filtration through a 0.45 µm filter and pH adjustment to 2. For decomposition of dried sediment samples, microwave assisted digestion with total dissolution of silicate matrix was applied. The elements studied were determined using ICP-MS and ICP-OES methods. Results and Discussion   The concentrations of most studied elements in water samples were on the 0.X µg/L level, while only the contents of Tl, As, Mn, Cd, Pb and Sb in two water reservoirs were above the limits established for drinking water. The content of studied metals in sediments was in a wide range from X mg/kg (Se and Sb) to X000 mg/kg (Pb and Zn).Conclusions  and Recommendation. The study indicates that the impact of Tl, As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, Se and Sb on bottom sediments is much more extensive than on the water in ponds located in the vicinity of a post-flotation waste heap. Monitoring of surface and underground waters, if limited only to the dissolved elements, can lead to faulty conclusions about environmental pollution. The bottom sediments mainly contain easily mobilised phases, and water-sediment equilibrium could be changed easily.     

Multielement analysis of natural waters by neutron activation,group chemical separations,and gamma-ray spectrometric techniques

A multielement analytical technique of thermal neutron activation of frozen water samples has been developed and applied to the studies of natural waters. A rapid group chemical separation utilizing ion exchange resins and a precipitation step to reduce ²⁴Na and 42K interferences, followed by γ-ray analysis of the fractions with Ge (Li) and multiparameter NaI (TI) systems, permits the simultaneous measurement of a large number of trace constituents. Samples of river water, rain water, processed sewage water and Greenland ice were analyzed for 19 trace elements — Ag, As, Br, Cl, Co, Cs, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Se, Se, U, and Zn. These data have been used in studies of trace element concentration factors in aquatic biota, precipitation scavenging processes, and environmental pollution.     

Evidence of deposition of anthropogenic pollutants in remote rocky mountain lakes

Thirteen trace elements, the PAH fluoranthene and PCBs were measured in the sediments of four remote high altitude lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park. PCBs were found in the sediments of all four lakes providing substantial evidence of anthropogenic inputs, most likely through atmospheric transport. The results were less certain, but still suggestive as to the anthropogenic origins for the elements As, Cd, Pb, and Sb and the PAH fluoranthene. Several of these elements, as well as fluoranthene and the PCBs, were found to be elevated in surface sediments compared to samples taken at greater depths, inferring that loadings of these substances into Rocky Mountain National Park region have increased with time.     

中南某锑矿及其周边农田土壤与植物重金属污染研究

以南方某锑(Sb)矿区周边土壤与植物为研究对象,采集土壤与植物样品,测定其Sb、As、Cd、Zn、Pb浓度,研究土壤和植物中重金属的污染程度及富集特征。结果表明,矿区周边土壤受Sb污染严重,各采样点全量Sb为3.08~219 mg/kg,平均54.0 mg/kg,同时伴有As、Cd、Zn和Pb污染,其中Cd污染相对严重;但土壤中Sb与土壤As、Cd、Zn和Pb没有相关性,土壤As、Cd、Zn和Pb之间呈极显著的线性相关。矿区周边植物同样受到严重的Sb、As、Cd和Pb的污染,蔬菜可食部分Sb最高达2.05 mg/kg,存在较高的人体摄入风险,且蔬菜中As和Pb超标严重。所采集植物中水麻对Sb有较强的积累和转移能力,是修复Sb污染土壤的潜在植物资源。     

基于矿物元素指纹的羊肉产地溯源技术

为探讨矿物元素指纹对羊肉产地溯源的有效性,找寻表征地域特性的元素指标,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析中国内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟、锡林郭勒盟和呼伦贝尔市3个牧区,及重庆市和山东省菏泽市2个农区脱脂羊肉和土壤样品中4种常量元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg)和13种微量元素(V、Mn、Fe、Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Be、Sb、Zn、Se、Ba、Tl)的含量,对其进行方差分析、相关分析和判别分析。结果表明,羊肉中矿物元素含量组成在地域间有明显差异,农区元素含量普遍高于牧区。脱脂羊肉中Ca、Zn、Be、Ni、Fe、Ba、Sb、Mn和Se9种元素含量的地域差异与土壤相关,它们对农牧区的正确判别率达90%以上,对5个地域的正确判别率在70%～100%之间。利用羊肉中矿物元素指纹分析技术可鉴别和追溯羊肉的产地来源,为羊肉及其他食品的产地溯源研究提供方法参考。     

广东阳春双滘原产地产品沙姜的特征元素

植物特征元素及其组合能一定程度上反映特定区域对该地植被生长产生的影响。为了探讨元素及其组合能否作为原产地产品的元素指纹标记,分析了广东阳春双滘地区沙姜与土壤中十多种元素的含量、相关性及元素吸收系数。该研究中微量元素在沙姜和土壤中均具有较好的传承性;沙姜对各种元素的吸收具有差异性,沙姜与土壤中元素也具有一定的相关性;通过权重分析初步认定该区域沙姜特征元素为Mn、Zn、Mg、Sr、Cu、Ni、Fe。区域地球化学背景对原产地产品的影响值得深入探讨。     

Determination of “normal” levels and upper limit values of trace elements in soils

To determine “normal” levels of trace elements in soils, soil samples taken all over Belgium were analysed. The selection of the sampling places was based on the geological substrata, from which the soils originate and on the texture class to which they belong. The elements As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Ti, V and Zn were determined using an extraction method with strong acids. The found concentrations were called “total acid extraction concentrations”, although this extraction does not extract all the elements which are incorporated into the minerals. This has been done, however, by arc emission spectrography which was applied to determine the elements Ag, B, Co, Cr, Ga, Mo, Ni, Sn, Sr and V. The greatest difference between the “overall total” concentrations and the “total extractable concentrations” were found for chromium. Based on the obtained results, an upper limit for normal levels of trace elements was fixed. For Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb and Sb, this upper limit value is almost the same for all the investigated soils irrelevant of their texture. The same conclusion could not be made for the other elements. For these elements, the soil texture and also the geological parent material, on which the soil was formed, have an influence on the upper limit value.     

Trace Element Emissions from some Cement Plants in Turkey

The cement industry has been one of the major sources of air pollution in the past and the Turkish Air Quality Protection Regulation has issued limits also to trace elementemissions to minimise the polluting effects of this industrialsector. In the present study, dust samples were obtained isokinetically from 18 main stacks of 10 cement plants locatedin different geographical areas of Turkey. The samples were analysed for trace elements Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Se, Te, TI, V, Sb, Ba, Zn, Co, Sr, Cu, Bi, Mo, Be, and As. The results are presented both as concentration in the dust samples as well as emissions per unit production, and concentration inthe stack gas. The trace element emissions of the main stacksagree to great extent with the values given in the literature. On the other hand, the trace element emissions of the plants considered are well below the limits set in the Turkish Air Quality Protection Regulation.     

Trace element distributions in soils developed in loess deposits from northern France

A pedo‐geochemical survey was carried out in the Nord‐Pas de Calais region (France) on soils developed in loess deposits. Total concentrations of Al, Fe and 18 trace elements, as well as common soil characteristics, were determined in samples from 52 surface and 97 deep horizons developed in these loess deposits. The Pb isotopic composition was determined in two sola. The composition of deep horizons, compared with that of the upper continental crust, with that of horizons developed from 21 other sedimentary rocks from the region and with that of loess from various parts of the world, confirms that loess from the Nord‐Pas de Calais region derives from multi‐recycled and well‐mixed ancient sedimentary rocks. Correlation analysis shows that least mobile (i.e. ionic potential (Z/r) is between 3 and 7) geogenic elements (Bi, Co, Cr, Cu, In, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl, V, Zn) are associated with the fraction <2 µm (which we define as ‘lutum’). More mobile elements (As, Cd, Hg, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se) are less associated with this fraction. Cadmium is particularly linked to Mn. The distribution of [trace element]/([Al] or [Fe]) in the French loess gives the background content for soils developed from most sedimentary materials in northwestern Europe. Topsoils are enriched with all the trace elements examined, except Co, Cr and Ni. Enrichments with Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn are greater in cultivated soils than in forest soils. Enrichments with Pb and with Cu, Hg, Mo, Sb, Se and Sn are mainly due to human contamination through atmospheric fallout. Organic matter seems to act as a sink for all the exogenous trace elements.     

Uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy elements by two earthworm species from a smelter contaminated area in northern Kosovo

As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn concentrations were determined in two earthworm species (Allolobophora rosea and Nicodrilus caliginosus) from a mining and industrial area in northern Kosovo and compared with their contents in the bulk soil and the main soil fractions. Earthworm specimens were collected at fifteen sites located at different distances from a Pb–Zn smelter along a gradient of decreasing contamination. Individuals of A. rosea and N. caliginosus showed similar tissue levels of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn, suggesting that earthworm species belonging to the same eco-physiological group have a similar propensity to uptake and bioaccumulate heavy elements. Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn concentrations in both earthworm species were positively correlated with the respective total soil contents and generally decreased with distance from the smelter. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) revealed that Cd and Zn were the only elements bioaccumulated by earthworms. The rank order of BAF values for both species was as follows: Cd > > Zn > > Cu > As = Pb = Sb. The absorption of Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn by earthworms mostly depended on the extractable, reducible and oxidable soil fractions, suggesting that the intestine is likely the most important uptake route. The extractable soil fraction constantly influenced the uptake of these heavy elements, whereas the reducible fraction was important mainly for Pb and Zn. The water soluble fraction had an important role especially for the most mobile heavy elements such as Cd and Zn, suggesting that dermal uptake is not negligible. As a whole, the analytical data indicate that soil fractionation patterns influence the uptake of heavy elements by earthworms, and the extractable fraction is a good predictor of heavy element bioavailability to these invertebrates in soil.     

广东红壤微量元素含量及分布特征

2004年对广东部分红壤9种微量元素含量调查结果表明,9种微量元素平均含量为B 41.38 mg kg-1,Mo21.71 mg kg-1,Cu 77.37 mg kg-1,Pb 33.94 mg kg-1,Zn 265.52 mg kg-1,As 19.018 mg kg-1,Hg 0.056 mg kg-1,Cr 248.95mg kg-1,Cd 0.324 mg kg-1。同族微量元素相比,原子量小的元素的含量大于原子量大的元素的含量。母岩、成土风化作用影响这些微量元素在土壤中的含量。     

Distribution Assessment and Source Identification Using Multivariate Statistical Analyses and Artificial Neutral Networks for Trace Elements in Agricultural Soils in Xinzhou of Shanxi Province, China

Multivariate statistical analyses were used to assess the contents and distributions of trace elements in agricultural soils in Xinzhou of Shanxi Province, China, and to identify their sources. Samples with high levels of trace elements were concentrated in eastern Xinzhou, with contents declining from the east to west. Principal component and redundancy analyses revealed strong correlations among Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, V, and Zn contents, suggesting that these elements were derived from similar parent materials. There were also strong correlations between the contents of these elements and soil properties. Contents of Cd and Pb were significantly higher in the agricultural soil samples than in the background soil samples (P < 0.05), and were higher in areas with higher levels of gross domestic product but decreased with distance to the nearest road. Therefore, human activities appear to have a strong influence on the Cd and Pb distribution patterns. A novel artificial neural network (ANN) model, using environmental input data, was used to predict the soil Cd and Pb contents of specified test dates. The performances of the ANN model and a traditional multilinear model were compared. The ANN model could successfully predict Cd and Pb content distributions, projecting that soil Cd and Pb contents will increase by 128% and 25%, respectively, by 2020. The results thus indicated that the economic condition of an area has a greater effect on trace element contents and distributions in the soil than the scale of the economy itself.     

Chemical Investigation of Water Resources Around the Yatagan Thermal Power Plant of Turkey

In this work, trace metals such as Hg, Pb, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in underground water samples obtained from three wells, an ash-pond and drinking water located near the Yatagan Thermal Power Plant were measured. As, Hg, Cu and Zn contents of the underground water were lower than those reported in the EEC (European Economic Community) and WHO (World Health Organization) guidelines. In contrast, the levels of Fe, Pb, Cd and Mn in some groundwater samples were higher than EEC and WHO guideline values. The trace metal concentrations in coal ash-pond water were observed to be lower than water quality standards with the exception of Pb. The obtained results indicated that the trace metal concentration in the sampled drinking water site did not exceed WHO limits.     

Levels and Bioaccessibilities of Metals in Dusts from an Arid Environment

The elemental composition and bioaccessibility of trace metals have been determined in a variety of geosolids (soils, road dusts and house dusts) from an arid, coastal region (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia). Concentrations of many elements reflected those of the local geology, ascertained by analysis of desert sand. Several trace metals (e.g. Cu, Sb, Zn, Pb, Tl and Sn) were moderately enriched in both road and house dusts, reflecting external and internal (household) anthropogenic sources. For a given trace metal, bioaccessibilities, assessed using a physiologically based extraction test, were broadly similar across the range of geosolids. Median values for a simulated gastric phase ranged from less than 10% (Ba, Cu, Cr, Ni and V) to more than 50% (As, Cd, Sb, Sn and Tl), and for a subsequently simulated intestinal phase from less than 15% (Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, V and Zn) to more than 50% (As, Cd, Sb, Tl and U). Results suggest that the levels and bioaccessibilities of trace metals in dusts from arid environments are controlled by the dilution of anthropogenic particulates by variable (but significant) proportions of fine, baseline sand.     

广州市流花湖沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评估

近年来重金属污染日益加重,对人类及水生态系统健康产生较大危害。本研究选择广州市典型城市湖泊——流花湖,利用地累积指数(Igeo)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)对沉积物中12种重金属的污染水平、垂向分布特征及其潜在生态风险进行评价,并通过多元统计分析对金属元素的来源进行解析。结果表明:①湖泊沉积物重金属含量(Mn、V除外)均显著高于区域土壤背景值,自下而上呈现先增加后减少的趋势;②地累积指数评价结果显示Cd、Zn、Sb、Cu、Pb和As这6种重金属污染较严重,其中Cd偏重度污染的状态(Igeo=3.89);③不同重金属元素污染水平有较大差异,Cd、Cu、Zn、Sb、Pb、As、Ni、Cr、Tl、Co的单个重金属污染指数(Cif)均为中等污染水平以上,而生态风险系数(Eif)表现为Cd(Eif=818.6)极严重等级,Sb(Eif=82.64)重度风险等级,其他10种重金属Eif均为轻度风险等级;④该湖RI指数变化幅度剧烈(105.85相似文献   

Multielement composition of wines and their precursors including provenance soil and their potentialities as fingerprints of wine origin

The influence of the provenance soil and vinification process on the wine multielemental composition was investigated. For this purpose, two different vineyards from the Douro wine district, Portugal, were selected. Monovarietal grapes from a 10 year old vineyard were used to produce a red table wine, in a very modern winery. Polyvarietal grapes from a 60-70 year old vineyard were used to produce a red fortified wine, similar to Port, through a traditional vinification process. The multielement compositions (Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ti, Th, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) of soil, grape juices (prepared in the laboratory), and samples collected in the different steps of each winemaking process were measured. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used, after suitable pretreatment of the samples (by UV irradiation for liquid samples and high-pressure microwave digestion for soil). Both vinification processes influenced the multielement composition of the wines. Most of the elements presented similar or even lower concentrations in the wine as compared to that observed in the respective grape juice, probably as a result of precipitation or coprecipitation with suspended particles during fermentation and/or wine aging. Evidence of effective contamination during grape pressing, fermentation, and/or fining of wines (depending on the element) was observed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in the fortified wine and Al, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, and V in the table wine. Nevertheless, significant correlations were obtained between the multielement composition of the wine and the respective grape juice (R = 0.997 and 0.979 for the fortified and table wines, respectively, n = 31, P < 0.01), as well as between that in the wine (median of the two studied wines) and the provenance soil (R = 0.994, n = 19, P < 0.01), for the set of elements determined in common in the different types of samples. These results are promising concerning the usefulness of the elemental patterns of both soil and wine as fingerprints of the origin of the studied wines. Nevertheless, more wines from the same and other wine districts must be studied in order to consolidate this conclusion. The multielement compositions of the studied wines were compared with those of wines of different characteristics and origins, as well as with the respective legal threshold limit values, when available. Relatively low metal levels, below their threshold limit values, were found in all cases.     

Multi-element analysis of soils and sediments by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Soil and sediment reference materials were used to calibrate and evaluate an analytical method for the determination of major (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Mn, P, Ti) and trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mo, Mb, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sn, Sr, Th, U, V, Y, Zn, Zr) by sequential wavelength X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Samples were prepared as pressed pellets and analysis was done with a total measuring time of thirty minutes per sample. Special attention was given to the selection of the thirty reference materials used for calibration of the spectrometer. Another set of eleven RM (reference materials) was analyzed for the evaluation of accuracy. Detection limits for trace elements (1-2 mg kg^-1) are adequate both for geochemical and environmental purposes, except for Cd and Sb. Accuracy for trace elements falls within the expected interval of certified or recommended values in most cases, but for some major elements, like SiO₂, some results showed discrepancies, evidencing difficulties associated with the determination of light elements in complex matrices. But when quality criteria proposed by mapping programs are applied to the results, their requirements are fulfilled. Both instrumental precision, obtained by twelve sample replicate analyses, and analytical precision, considering also sub-sampling and pellet preparation, lie between the limits of the Horwitz expression, except at concentrations close to the detection limits.     

Effect of processing conditions on trace elements in fish roe from six commercial new zealand fish species

The concentrations of trace elements in fish roes and the effect of processing conditions (karasumi-like or karashi mentaiko) were investigated in six commercial fish species from New Zealand. The studied elements were As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, and the roes were from the following species: chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), hoki ( Macruronus novaezelandiae), southern blue whiting ( Micromesistius australis), hake ( Merluccius australis), blue warehou ( Seriolella brama), and barracouta ( Thyrsites atun). The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in the roes were lower than literature values for fish muscles. Only Zn in barracouta roe and Cu in salmon roe and their products were relatively higher than the generally accepted levels in fish muscles and could be of safety concern. Hence, the consumption of barracouta and salmon roes among certain parts of the population needs to be monitored and assessed. Dry salting (karasumi-like) processing increased ( P < 0.001) the concentrations of the studied trace elements while salting fermentation (karashi mentaiko) processing tended to decrease the levels of trace elements. Fermentation may be a useful process to decrease the level of toxic trace elements.     

Contamination of Urban Soils in an Area of Northern France Polluted by Dust Emissions of Two Smelters

The contamination of 27 urban topsoils has been assessed around two lead and zinc smelters (Metaleurop Nord and Umicore) in the North of France. Eighteen trace elements have been analysed (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, In, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, Th, U and Zn). The investigation included the study of the vertical distribution of Cd, Pb and Zn as indicators of pollution. It was shown that Cd, In, Pb, Sb and Zn were major pollutants followed in lesser quantities by Ag, Bi, Cu and Hg. In addition, As, Ni, Se, Sn and Tl were present at levels slightly higher than regional agricultural values. The other elements (Co, Cr, Th and U) were at endogenous levels. The observations have highlighted the strong heterogeneity of the physico-chemical parameters of urban soils and the existence of heavy contamination of the under layers by Cd, Pb and Zn. A potential transfer of metals from the topsoil to the deeper layers and especially Cd and Zn, is not excluded. Indeed the soil rework is not the only factor explaining contamination level of the deeper layers of the studied soils. The comparison of the studied element concentrations in urban soils with nearby local agricultural values shows that the dust emission originating from the Metaleurop and Umicore smelters were not the only source of contamination. Thus a large contamination of the studied urban soils by Sb and In could be explained by domestic combustion of coal for heating.