铝胁迫下磷对水稻苗期生长的影响及水稻耐铝性与磷效率的关系

选用两个耐铝性差异较大的水稻品种武运粳7号(耐铝品种)和扬稻6号(铝敏感品种)作为实验材料,利用水培铝-磷交替处理试验研究了磷对水稻铝胁迫下苗期生长的影响及水稻耐铝性与磷效率之间的关系。结果表明,从水稻铝-磷交替处理下的生物量和根系形态等指标来看,P缓解了Al对两个水稻品种的毒害作用,且对敏感品种扬稻6号的缓解作用更加明显。铝-磷交替处理下,武运粳7号的体内磷含量显著高于扬稻6号的,而根部铝含量显著低于扬稻6号,因此武运粳7号体内的P/Al显著高于扬稻6号;同时,虽然两个品种间根表及根自由空间中Al浓度没有差别,而武运粳7号根表及根自由空间中P浓度显著高于扬稻6号,表现出耐铝品种更强的质外体解铝毒能力,这可能与武运粳7号较强的磷吸收效率有关。此外,与耐铝品种武运粳7号相比,铝敏感品种扬稻6号虽然磷吸收效率低,但利用效率高,即两个水稻品种的耐铝性与水稻的磷吸收效率和利用效率不一致,这为酸性土壤水稻育种提供了理论基础,即选育适应酸性土壤的水稻基因型不仅要关注其耐铝性还要关注其磷利用效率。     

不同水稻品种磷利用效率与耐铝性的关系研究

铝毒和磷缺乏是酸性土壤上作物生产的主要限制因子。本研究中我们探究了5个粳稻和5个籼稻品种的磷利用效率和耐铝性之间的相互关系。结果表明,粳稻品种的耐铝性显著高于籼稻品种。对于耐铝性强的水稻品种,施加磷肥后地上部生物量显著增加,而铝敏感的品种对磷肥响应较小,这可能是由于其耐铝性差而酸性土壤中的铝毒导致根系结构和功能受损,从而影响养分的吸收和利用。不同水稻品种的耐铝性和磷吸收效率呈正比而与磷利用效率呈反比,且粳稻的地上部磷浓度及磷吸收效率高于籼稻,但磷利用效率则低于籼稻。这些结果对于酸性土壤中筛选耐铝和磷高效利用的水稻品种具有重要意义。     

酸性磷酸酶活性与大豆耐低磷能力的相关研究

在水培条件下研究了11个南方春大豆地方品种和育成品种对低磷胁迫反应的差异及其与酸性磷酸酶活性（APA）的相关关系。结果表明，不同大豆品种的地上部干重、根干重、植株全磷和全氮积累量差异极显著（P＜0.01），表现出品种间耐低磷的差异性。大豆品种地上部干重、根干重、植株全磷和全氮量与APA的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。APA是大豆品种磷效率的一种机制，它可作为耐低磷品种筛选的一个生化指标。     

施用磷、钙对红壤上胡枝子生长和矿质元素含量的影响

采用红壤土培试验,研究了施用P、Ca对耐Al性不同的两个胡枝子品种的生长和矿质元素含量的影响.结果表明,单独 +P处理显著增加了耐Al 品种根和地上部生物量,而对Al敏感品种无影响;单独 +Ca处理显著促进了Al敏感品种根部的生长,而对耐Al品种的生长无影响;+P+Ca处理显著增加了两个品种根和地上部生物量.耐性品种地上部Al含量显著低于敏感品种,而根部Al含量无显著差异.两个品种体内P含量在 +P处理时耐性品种显著高于敏感品种,其他处理品种间无显著差异.整体上,胡枝子体内Ca、K、Mn和Mg含量耐性品种大于敏感品种,Fe含量反之.结果表明,低P胁迫是酸性土壤上耐Al胡枝子品种生长的主要限制因子,增施P肥效果明显,而对于Al敏感品种,Al毒是其生长的首要限制因子,只有施用石灰后对其加P,生物量才能提高.耐性品种根部有阻碍Al 向地上部运输的机制,而这种机制与体内P含量较高有着直接或间接的关系.另外,推测耐Al胡枝子品种对其他养分的吸收利用能力也较强.     

外源水杨酸对铝胁迫下栝楼光合特性及耐铝性的影响

以耐铝品种安国栝楼和铝敏感品种浦江栝楼为试验材料,采用溶液培养法研究800μmol/L铝胁迫下,不同浓度水杨酸对2个栝楼品种的生长特性、光合特性及抗氧化酶活性、MDA和紫外吸收物含量的影响。结果表明,经过800μmol/L铝处理15d后,安国栝楼和浦江栝楼的相对根长、株高及地上部鲜重、叶绿素含量、最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、最大荧光产量(Fm)及电子传递速率(ETR)明显下降,SOD、CAT活性却出现2种相反的变化趋势,显示出2个栝楼品种的耐铝性差异,POD活性和紫外吸收物含量降低,MDA含量及初始荧光(F0)升高。10,30,50μmol/L外源SA可不同程度地降低铝在根尖细胞壁中的积累、MDA含量及初始荧光(F0),提高栝楼的相对根长、株高、地上部鲜重、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光的相关指标和抗氧化酶活性。由此可知,外源SA通过提高栝楼抗氧化酶活性及光合作用能力增强栝楼抗铝毒能力。由隶属函数分析得出,SA具有缓解铝胁迫的效果,但并不能消除铝胁迫对栝楼生长的抑制作用。     

黑麦品种间耐铝差异性机制研究

采用室内模拟方法,研究了铝诱导黑麦根系分泌有机酸、根尖磷对铝的固定作用。结果表明,在铝胁迫下冬牧品种（Win）相对根伸长率高于King品种。在铝胁迫下,经磷预处理的根尖铝和磷含量增加,且以Win品种根尖中的Al、P含量较高,说明根尖磷对铝的固定是黑麦耐铝机制之一。另一方面,在铝胁迫下,两品种根系均分泌柠檬酸和苹果酸,且Win的分泌速率较高。有机酸的分泌随着铝处理浓度（10、30、50 mol/L）和时间（0.5、3、6、9、12 h）的增加而增加,但在低温（4C）下柠檬酸分泌量显著减少。Al处理0.5 h后苹果酸已明显分泌,而柠檬酸的分泌在铝处理6 h后才明显增加。在铝处理前,进行缺磷预处理（3 d）不能增加有机酸的分泌,10 mol/L的La3+、Cu2+、Ni3+也不能诱导根系分泌有机酸。说明铝诱导根系专一性分泌有机酸也是黑麦品种间耐铝性差异的机制。     

磷对铝胁迫下荞麦元素吸收与运输的影响

以不同耐铝基因型江西养麦(耐性)和内蒙荞麦(敏感)为材料,采用土培法研究磷对铝胁迫下荞麦生长和Al,P等元素吸收、运输的影响.结果表明,铝胁迫下0.2 g/kg的磷能有效缓解铝毒对荞麦根长的抑制.培养30d后,0.4 g/kg磷处理能显著降低铝在荞麦根系和地上部的积累.铝胁迫下加磷可影响养麦体内Ca,Mg,Mn,Zn,Fe的吸收,0.4 g/kg铝配施0.4 g/kg磷处理对荞麦根系Ca,Mg吸收最有利,内蒙荞麦根系Mg的含量比不加磷组提高了76.8%,但显著阻碍了铝胁迫下荞麦体内Ca,Fe的向上运输.铝胁迫下配施磷促进荞麦根系对Zn,Fe吸收,有利于Zn向地上部转运.施磷能有效缓解铝毒对荞麦生长的抑制,降低根系和地上部铝含量,有利于Ca,Mg,Mn,Zn,Fe的吸收和Mg,Zn的运输.     

不同耐铝性玉米自交系的营养特性

采用溶液培养方法,研究了三类不同耐铝性玉米自交系的营养特性。耐铝自交系根系对Ca2+、Mg2+的平均吸收速率与对照相同或略有提高,而多数敏感自交系显著下降。铝处理后,各自交系对磷的吸收能力均呈下降趋势,铝敏感自交系降幅相对较大。各自交系对钾的吸收表现不一,与自交系耐铝性无明显关系。根系和地上部铝含量随铝处理浓度增加而增加,且敏感自交系根系铝含量增幅较大。植株吸收的铝主要集中在根系部位,自交系地上部相对铝含量与耐铝性无相关关系。铝处理可使多数自交系根系钙、镁含量降低,但耐铝自交系与对照无显著差异。铝处理后,地上部钙含量均高于根系;铝处理可显著降低耐铝自交系根系镁含量,但地上部相对镁含量高于敏感自交系。铝处理下,多数自交系根系钾含量有所降低,但与耐铝性无相关性。铝处理可使多数自交系根系和地上部铁、锰、铜、锌含量降低,不同耐铝性自交系类型间具有差异。     

大豆品种耐低磷和对磷肥效应的遗传差异

大豆不同品种对低磷胁迫和磷肥效应有显著的遗传差异。低磷胁迫下,苗期植株叶片酸性磷酸酶活性（APA）和叶面积与品种的子粒产量呈极显著相关;APA、叶面积、干物质量和氮积累量与生物学产量呈显著或极显著相关。但在施磷条件下,它们之间则无相关关系。这表明APA、叶面积、干物质量和氨积累量可作为耐低磷基因型的筛选指标。试验表明,耐低磷能力弱的品种对磷肥反应更为敏感。在低磷和施磷条件下产量均较高的品种也是存在的,它们对不同的磷素营养环境有着广泛的适应性,进一步挖掘这类基因型很有意义。     

铝诱导大豆根系有机酸分泌的能量消耗的定量研究

铝诱导大豆根系有机酸分泌是其解铝毒的一种重要机制,该过程需要消耗能量,然而有关能量消耗的定量研究还未见报道。本文比较了铝胁迫条件下,两个大豆品种根尖有机酸分泌、 腺苷酸、 无机磷、 细胞质pH值等指标的变化。结果表明,铝处理（25 mol/L）明显诱导大豆根系苹果酸和柠檬酸的分泌。与对照相比,铝胁迫条件下中豆32和本地2号的根尖ATP含量分别降低40.1%和13.2%,根系细胞质子跨膜电化学势差分别增加1711.8和570.6 J/mol,然而,根尖无机磷浓度变化差异不大。运用Nernst-Gibbs方程定量计算自由能变化,发现中豆32和本地2号根尖细胞自由能分别消耗16.13 kJ/mol和14.59 kJ/mol, 中豆32分泌单位苹果酸和柠檬酸的能量消耗分别为0.96 kJ/mol和3.15 kJ/mol,本地2号则为2.01 kJ/mol和5.68 kJ/mol。这表明不同耐铝性大豆品种分泌有机酸消耗的能量存在差异,该结果为筛选耐铝作物品种提供了新思路。     

Variation of tolerance to manganese toxicity in Australian hexaploid wheat

High concentrations of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and aluminium (Al) induced in waterlogged acid soils are a potential constraint for growing sensitive wheat cultivars in waterlogged‐prone areas of Western Australian wheat‐belt. Tackling induced ion toxicities by a genetic approach requires a good understanding of the existing variability in ion toxicity tolerance of the current wheat germplasm. A bioassay for tolerance to high concentration of Mn in wheat was developed using Norquay (Mn‐tolerant), Columbus (Mn‐intolerant), and Cascades (moderately tolerant) as control genotypes and a range of MnCl₂ concentrations (2, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, and 3000 μM Mn) at pH 4.8 in a nutrient solution. Increasing solution Mn concentration decreased shoot and root dry weight and intensified the development of toxicity symptoms more in the Mn‐intolerant cv. Columbus than in Norquay and Cascades. The genotypic discrimination based on relative shoot (54% to 79%) and root dry weight (17% to 76%), the development of toxicity symptoms (scores 2 to 4) and the shoot Mn concentration (1428 to 2960 mg kg^–1) was most pronounced at 750 μM Mn. Using this concentration to screen 60 Australian and 6 wheat genotypes from other sources, a wide variation in relative root dry weight (11% to 95%), relative shoot dry weight (31% to 91%), toxicity symptoms (1.5 to 4.5), and shoot Mn concentration (901 to 2695 mg kg^–1) were observed. Evidence suggests that Mn tolerance has been introduced into Australian wheat through CIMMYT germplasm having “LERMO‐ROJO” within their parentage, preserved either through a co‐tolerance to Mn deficiency or a process of passive selection for Mn tolerance. Cultivars Westonia and Krichauff expressed a high level of tolerance to both Mn toxicity and deficiency, whereas Trident and Janz (reputed to be tolerant to Mn deficiency) were intolerant to Mn toxicity, suggesting that tolerance to excess and shortage of Mn are different, but not mutually exclusive traits. The co‐tolerance for Mn and Al in ET8 (an Al‐tolerant near‐isogenic line) and the absence of Mn tolerance in BH1146 (an Al‐tolerant genotype from Brazil) limits the effectiveness of these indicator genotypes to environments where only one constraint is induced. Wide variation of Mn tolerance in Australian wheat cultivars will enable breeding genotypes for the genetic solution to the Mn toxicity problem.     

Potassium and sodium fertilization affects leaf nutrient content and growth of ‘Shawnee’ blackberry

Aluminum (Al) has many detrimental effects on plant growth, and shoots and roots are normally affected differently. A study was conducted to determine differences among sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes with broad genetic backgrounds for growth traits of plants grown at 0,200,400,600, and 800 μM Al in nutrient solutions (pH 4.0). Genotypes were categorized into “Al‐sensitive”, “intermediate Al‐tolerant”, “Al‐tolerant”, and SC 283 (an Al‐tolerant standard). As Al increased, shoot and root dry matter (DM), net main axis root length (NMARL), and total root length (TRL) became lower than controls (0 Al). Aluminum toxicity and/or nutrient deficiency symptoms become more severe, and shoot to root DM ratios and specific RL (TRL/root DM) values also changed as Al in solution increased. Root DM had greater changes among genotypes than shoot DM, and NMARL at 400 μM Al, and TRL at 200 μM Al had greater differences among genotypes than root DM, ratings for toxicity and/or deficiency symptoms, and other DM and RL traits. The wide differences among genotypes for NMARL and TRL could be used more effectively to evaluate sorghum genotypes for tolerance to Al toxicity than the other growth traits.     

COMPARISON OF ZINC EFFICIENCY AMONG WINTER WHEAT GENOTYPES CULTURED HYDROPONICALLY IN CHELATOR-BUFFERED SOLUTIONS

Zinc (Zn) efficient genotypes grow and yield well in Zn deficient environments. The objective of this study was to compare Zn efficiency and seed Zn content among nine winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown in chelator-buffered nutrient solutions containing 0 μmol Zn L^?1 (?Zn treatment) or 3 μmol Zn L^?1 (+Zn treatment). The Zn efficiency of the genotypes ranged from 24% to 46%. Zinc efficiency was positively correlated with shoot dry weight, shoot Zn content, but there was no significant correlation between Zn efficiency and shoot Zn concentration, seed Zn concentration, or seed Zn content. The results suggested that variation in Zn efficiency among these nine wheat genotypes is genetically inherent. Differences in Zn efficiency among these wheat genotypes, which are widely grown in northern China, indicate the potential to breed for wheat genotypes with increased tolerance to soil Zn deficiency.     

Differential Zinc Efficiency of Barley Genotypes Grown in Soil and Chelator-Buffered Nutrient Solution

Genotypic variation to zinc (Zn) deficiency in barley indicates that selection for Zn efficiency is possible. Sahara (Zn-efficient) and Clipper (Zn-inefficient) were evaluated at different Zn nutrition in soil and chelator-buffered nutrient. Zinc deficiency symptoms appeared first in Clipper and later in Sahara. At 0.8 mg Zn/kg soil, shoot and root Zn concentration and content were higher in Sahara than Clipper. The root:shoot dry matter ratio of genotypes increased as Zn application decreased. The 4th and 5th leaf elongation were depressed greater in Clipper than Sahara by Zn deficiency. The genotypes responses to Zn in solution and soil were consistent in all parameters except root growth. In contrast to soil, root drymatter was greater in Clipper than Sahara in solution under Zn deficiency. Shoot Zn concentration and content can be used in assessment of barley genotypes, and may be useful criteria in screening large genotypes aimed at developing molecular markers for Zn efficiency.     

Identification of an aluminum tolerant tropical cowpea cultivar by growth and biomass accumulation parameters

Ten‐day‐old seedlings of four cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp) genotypes were subjected to six levels of aluminum (Al) (0, 74, 148, 222, 296, and 370 μM/L) to test their tolerance to Al toxicity in a nutrient solution at pH 4.0±0.1. Seedlings were grown in the presence of Al under controlled environmental conditions in a growth chamber. The nutrient solutions were replenished once a week. After 20 days, treatments were terminated and the differences in their growth patterns were compared. Standard growth parameters, such as plant growth, dry matter production, relative growth reduction in roots (RGRS) and shoots (RGRS), and root and shoot tolerance indices (RTI and STI) have been used as markers of Al toxicity. The cowpea genotypes studied exhibited a wide range of responses in their tolerance to Al. Though the genotypes were subjected to six levels of Al, a good degree of separation in their responses was observed only at the 222 μM Al/L treatment level. Therefore, this concentration was chosen to treat and compare the performances of the genotypes. The genotype Co 3 showed an increase in growth, while Paiyur 1 and other genotypes showed severe inhibitions in the presence of Al. Furthermore, for RTI and STI, Co 3 also registered its tolerance to Al by showing increased ratios in the presence of Al. Whereas, Paiyur 1 recorded severe reductions. The RGRR and RGRS data also substantiates this finding. Based on the growth parameters, the four cowpea genotypes were ranked based on their tolerance to Al: Co 3 > Co 4 > KM > Paiyur 1. Co 3 was the most Al‐tolerant genotype which performed extremely well in the presence of Al, while Paiyur 1was the most Al‐susceptible genotype. Therefore, the Al‐tolerant genotype can be used for future breeding programmes to produce Al‐tolerant genotypes, subsequently, can be recommended for acidic infertile soils in the tropics.     

EXPLOITATION OF GENETIC VARIABILITY AMONG WHEAT GENOTYPES FOR TOLERANCE TO PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY STRESS

Forty six wheat genotypes from different origins were tested at stress (25 μM P) and adequate (250 μM P) levels of phosphorus (P) developed in a modified Johnson's nutrient solution. Response of wheat genotypes for tolerance to P deficiency stress was measured at two growth stages in terms of growth, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency. Substantial differences in shoot and root growth were observed among genotypes at both stress and adequate P levels in the growth medium. Reduction in shoot biomass due to P deficiency varied from >50% to 27%. Similarly P concentration in shoot and root, P uptake, specific absorption rate of P, and P utilization efficiency varied significantly at both levels of applied P. A significant negative correlation between P stress factor and root dry weight (r = ?0.396**), shoot P uptake (r = ?0.451**), and specific absorption rate of P (r = ?0.281**, P < 0.01) suggested that the genotypes with greater root biomass, higher P uptake potentials in shoots, and absorption rate of P were generally more tolerant to P deficiency in the growth medium. Wheat genotypes were grouped according to the ranking order of investigated plant characteristics and shoot dry matter yield per unit of P absorbed. Genotypes Inqlab-91, SARC-II, SARC-IV, Chakwal-86, 90627, 89626, and Parvaz-94 were P efficient, while genotypes Pak-81, Pato, 88042, 88163, 89295, 4072, 89313, and 91109 were P inefficient. All other genotypes were intermediate in P use efficiency.     

铝胁迫对不同耐铝大麦基因型干物质积累与铝和养分含量的影响

以苗期表现为耐铝性具有明显差异的 10份大麦基因型为材料 (耐铝和铝敏感基因型各 5个 ) ,研究铝胁迫条件下生育后期植株生物量、铝和养分元素含量的差异。结果表明 ,铝胁迫抑制植株干物质积累 ,但抑制程度因基因型而异 ,上 70 119等铝敏感基因型受影响较大 ,且两类基因型之间的差异成熟期明显大于乳熟期。铝胁迫显著降低敏感基因型的子粒产量 ,但对耐性基因型的影响较小。铝胁迫增加所有基因型根系和地上部的Al含量 ,但增加幅度基因型之间存在着明显差异 ,耐铝基因型增加较少 ,而铝敏感基因型表现显著增加。酸性土壤上 ,根系和地上部N、P、K、Ca、Mg和Zn等养分含量 ,铝敏感基因型显著减少 ,耐铝基因型受影响较小。     

接种菌根真菌对不同磷效率基因型大豆生长和磷吸收的影响

接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)能显著促进大豆生长和对磷的吸收,但不同磷效率基因型大豆对AMF接种的响应还少有报道。为探究接种AMF对不同磷效率基因型大豆生长和磷转运基因表达的影响,以磷高效大豆BX10和磷低效大豆BD2为试验材料进行盆栽试验,设置接菌和不接菌处理,对大豆干重、菌根侵染性状、氮磷养分含量、根系性状,以及菌根诱导的磷转运基因表达进行了分析。结果表明, AMF接种显著促进了大豆的磷吸收,并且接菌效果存在显著的基因型差异,接种AMF显著增加了BD2的地上部干重、磷含量以及植株总磷吸收量,但只增加了BX10的地上部磷含量和总磷吸收量,对植株地上部干重没有显著影响。无论接种与否,BD2的地上部磷含量均显著高于BX10,表明磷低效的BD2具有较高的植株体内磷转运能力。不接菌条件下,两个大豆基因型根系性状无显著差异;接种AMF后BX10的根系体积和根系平均直径均显著高于BD2。BD2的菌根生长反应(MGR)和菌根磷反应(MPR)均显著高于BX10,对菌根依赖性更高。此外,在接菌处理的BD2根系,代表菌根途径磷吸收的磷转运基因GmPT8、GmPT9和GmPT10表达均显著高于BX10;相应地,BD2的总磷吸收量也显著高于BX10。以上结果表明,接种AMF对促进磷低效大豆BD2生长和磷吸收的作用更大,这可能主要是由于BD2菌根途径的磷吸收量较高,体内磷转运效率较高。以上结果将为研究AMF接种对磷吸收的贡献提供理论依据。     

烤烟苗期营养特性的基因型差异及其杂种优势分析

试验选用6个杂交烤烟组合共13种基因型,研究了苗期营养特性的差异,并分析F1代烟苗营养特性与亲本之间的相关性和杂种优势。结果表明: 1）不同基因型烟苗的生物量、 根冠比、 养分（氮、 磷、 钾）含量和吸收量、 硝酸还原酶活性、 叶绿素含量、 根系活力差异显著,表现出多样性; 2）在F1代烟苗中,根系氮、 磷、 钾和地上部氮、 钾含量,以及干物质积累量、 根系活力和根冠比与父本和母本值之间相关性不显著,地上部磷含量与中亲值之间呈显著负相关,叶片硝酸还原酶活性与母本值之间呈显著正相关,叶绿素含量与父本值、 中亲值和低亲值之间呈极显著正相关; 3）烟苗根系磷、 钾含量、 地上部氮含量、 硝酸还原酶活性、 叶绿素含量、 根系活力、 根冠比、 干物质积累量具有一定的中亲优势。根系磷含量、 硝酸还原酶活性、 根系活力、 根冠比和干物质积累量具有超高亲优势。尽管根系氮含量和地上部磷、 钾含量无明显杂种优势,但有的试验组合也表现出中亲优势和超高亲优势。