4种单胞藻对卤虫生长和生殖影响的比较研究

以亚心形扁藻、小球藻、湛江等鞭金藻、绿色巴夫藻为饵料,卤虫为投喂对象,建立五个实验组分别进行研究,观察不同饵料对卤虫生长和生殖的影响,结果表明:投喂亚心形扁藻的卤虫生长最快,成活率高,生殖量也最多,其次为绿色巴夫藻组,湛江等鞭金藻的饵料效果最差.混合4种单胞藻投喂的效果也较好.     

云斑尖塘鳢转饵期仔鱼生长和存活率的研究

在水温(30±1)℃条件下对人工孵化的云斑尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris marmorata)仔鱼进行转饵期不同投喂策略实验,对仔鱼生长和成活情况进行了研究,设计5个投喂组:轮虫投喂组(A组);70%轮虫+30%卤虫投喂组(B组);50%轮虫+50%卤虫投喂组(C组);30%轮虫+70%卤虫投喂组(D组);卤虫(幼虫)投喂组(E组)。结果显示:云斑尖塘鳢仔鱼对卤虫的摄食强度随卤虫在饵料中比例的升高而增大,其对混合饵料中轮虫和卤虫的摄食强度的比值(Ir/Ia)随食物组成的变化发生相应的变化。以轮虫-卤虫不同比例的混合饵料投喂时,D组仔鱼的增长率、增重率最高,可存活率不足50%,高于E组,显著低于其它各组;C组仔鱼生长指标略低于D组,但存活率为(74.00±2.29)%,综合指标显著好于其它各组。当混合饵料中轮虫和卤虫各占50%时,10日龄开始投喂组仔鱼的全长(13.07±0.13)mm,特定生长率(10.25±0.37)%/d,存活率(82.14±0.72)%,综合生长指标最好。结果表明,云斑尖塘鳢仔鱼转饵期进行联合投喂的最佳饵料比例为50%轮虫+50%卤虫,最佳转饵时间为10日龄。     

悉生条件下3株嗜盐古菌对卤虫生长及其抗弧菌感染的影响

嗜盐古菌存在于高盐水体中,是高盐环境微生物种群的重要组成部分。本研究利用从日晒盐场结晶池卤水中分离得到的3株红色嗜盐古菌,分别命名为Haloarcula sp.HG-1、Haloferax sp.KN-4和Halorubrum sp.IT-5。采用悉生实验系统,探讨不同盐度(30、100和150)条件下3株古菌能否作为卤虫(Artemia)的唯一饵料,并比较其作为饵料对卤虫存活、生长和抗鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)感染能力的影响。结果表明,在盐度30的悉生系统中,投喂3株古菌组卤虫存活率和体长均保持较高水平;鳗弧菌攻毒条件下,卤虫存活率有所下降,其中投喂Haloferax sp.KN-4菌株组卤虫抗鳗弧菌感染能力最强。正常和攻毒条件下,在盐度100和盐度150悉生系统中分别投喂3株古菌,卤虫均保持较高存活率和体长,其中投喂Haloarcula sp.HG-1菌株组卤虫具有最高存活率和最长体长,但攻毒组卤虫存活率和生长普遍优于未攻毒组,这可能与高盐条件下V.anguillarum毒力下降有关。本研究利用"卤虫-古菌"悉生实验系统,证实了3株嗜盐古菌均可作为卤虫的唯一饵料,为卤虫提供营养;利用"卤虫-古菌-致病菌"攻毒实验系统,证实3株嗜盐古菌均可以增强卤虫抗鳗弧菌感染能力。本研究结果为研究古菌在高盐环境食物链中的作用提供了基础数据。     

饵料和养殖密度对中国对虾幼虾生长及存活率的影响

在实验用虾遗传背景一致的情况下,分析了3种饵料(配合饲料、冰冻鲜鱼肉和活卤虫)和4个不同的养殖密度对小水体中国对虾幼虾生长和存活率的影响。结果表明,饵料和饲养密度对中国对虾幼虾生长及存活率有显著影响。在饵料、养殖密度单因子实验及饵料和养殖密度相结合的双因子实验中,幼虾的生长均表现出极其显著的差异(P<0.01),活卤虫对幼虾生长的效应尤为突出。而养殖密度对中国对虾的行为生物学、个体间体重增量均有影响。随着养殖密度的提高,中国对虾增重变慢;同时,个体间体重增量差异变大。随着养殖密度的增加,中国对虾幼虾的存活率呈下降趋势,但不同饵料对存活率影响变化幅度较大,波动在58.1%～85.2%之间,其中投喂活卤虫养殖密度为50尾/桶的存活率最高(85.2%);投喂配合饵料4个养殖密度梯度的存活率变化不明显;而投喂冰冻鱼肉4个养殖密度梯度的存活率变化较大。因此,采用合适的饵料和养殖密度,能够提高中国对虾的生长速度,提高对虾养成存活率,改善生长过程中对虾群体体长、体重的整齐度。     

河鲀苗种培育中饵料应用研究

对刚孵出2d的暗纹东方鲀仔鱼进行2个阶段培育，结果发现：第1阶段使用轮虫投喂仔鱼组其生长速度、成活率明显大于蛋黄投喂组；第2阶段使用相同量卤虫和发头裸腹蚤作为饵料投喂以上两组鱼苗，结果仍是第1阶段轮虫投喂组在生长速度和成活率方面大于蛋黄投喂组，这表明仔鱼培育阶段其饵料的选择对以后河鲀的生长和存活率仍起着关键作用。     

不同饵料对中国对虾幼虾生长及感染WSSV存活率的影响

采用4种饵料投喂中国对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）幼虾，用投喂感染的方法人工感染WSSV。测定体长、体重以及各组的攻毒存活率，实验周期15d。ANOVA分析结果表明，投喂鲜活卤虫组体长、体重的增长明显优于其他各组，差异达极显著水平（P〈0．01）；投喂人工配合饵料实验组的体长、体重增长量最小；投喂鱼肉组体长增长慢于投喂蛤蜊肉组，而体重的增长快于投喂蛤蜊肉组，差异均不显著（P〉0．05）。投喂卤虫成体和投喂鱼肉两组的攻毒存活率最高，明显高于投喂配合饵料和蛤蜊肉两实验组，差异达极显著水平（P〈0．01）；投喂卤虫组和投喂鱼肉组之间存活率无显著差异（P〉0．05），投喂人工配合饵料组和蛤蜊肉组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。巢式PCR检测表明，人工感染前的中国对虾幼虾少数携带WSSV，人工感染后全部个体检测到病毒特征片段。     

不同饵料对卤虫高密度养成的影响

分别用米糠、麦麸、玉米、酵母以及黄豆对卤虫进行养成。经过25d的培养,用酵母投喂的卤虫生长最好,体长12.65 mm,体质量7.50 mg;其次是黄豆、麦麸、米糠;最差的是玉米,体长为10.33 mm,体质量为5.70 mg。就成活率而言,玉米组最高,为10%;其次是黄豆、麦麸组;米糠和酵母组最低。投喂黄豆整体效果最好。     

4种饵料对玉足海参幼体生长和发育的影响

为了解单一饵料或混合投喂对玉足海参(Holothuria leucospilota)幼体生长的影响,采用2种单胞藻(牟氏角毛藻、球等鞭金藻)和2种酵母(酿酒酵母、海洋红酵母)单一或组合搭配投喂玉足海参耳状幼体,测定并比较海参幼体的体长、胃宽、水体腔长、变态成活率等指标。试验结果显示：单一饵料组中,牟氏角毛藻对玉足海参幼体体长的生长及变态存活最有利,而球等鞭金藻对其脏器(胃、水体腔)的发育最有利;综合所有处理组的投喂效果看,混合投喂组比单一饵料组更有利于玉足海参幼体的生长和存活,其中酿酒酵母+海洋红酵母的混合投喂组合得到了最高的体长、胃宽和水体腔长特定生长率,牟氏角毛藻+海洋红酵母投喂组的变态成活率最高,变态发育速度最快。结果表明,在玉足海参幼体培养早期适合以混合酵母为主投喂,后期则可较多投喂牟氏角毛藻和海洋红酵母。     

不同饵料对美洲西鲱仔鱼生长、相关酶活力及体脂肪酸的影响

以美洲西鲱(Alosa sapidissima)仔鱼(孵化后10 d)为实验对象,在室内进行为期30 d的摄食生长试验,分别投喂不同的饵料[单独投喂卤虫(Artemia)、单独投喂微颗粒饲料、卤虫与微颗粒饲料混合投喂],分析不同饵料的投喂对存活、生长、消化酶活性、非特异性免疫相关酶活性以及体脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:(1)混合投喂组的存活与生长表现都要显著优于卤虫组和微颗粒饲料组(P0.05),微颗粒饲料组与卤虫组相比差异不大,而试验后期(20~30 d)微颗粒饲料组的存活与生长表现要优于卤虫组;(2)消化酶的结果显示,胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力在各组中无显著性差异(P0.05),胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶在卤虫组中活力最低,显著低于其他两组(P0.05),其中糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性在微颗粒饲料组中要显著高于混合投喂组(P0.05);(3)碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物岐化酶活力在各组中无显著性差异(P0.05),过氧化氢酶和溶菌酶活力在微颗粒饲料组中最高,卤虫组中最低,两者之间差异显著(P0.05);(4)鱼体脂肪酸受饵料脂肪酸组成影响较大,微颗粒饲料中n-3HUFA和DHA含量较高,其投喂后在鱼体中的含量也高。综上所述,不同饵料投喂对美洲西鲱仔稚鱼存活、生长、消化酶活性、非特异性免疫相关酶活性以及体脂肪酸影响显著,在试验20 d之前使用卤虫与微颗粒饲料混合投喂,20 d后完全转食微颗粒饲料,可以降低成本,同时提高生产效率。     

高白鲑稚鱼人工培育比较试验

对高白鲑稚鱼投喂卤虫初孵无节幼体、鸡蛋黄、去壳卤虫卵和配合铒料等4种不同铒料，结果表明摄食卤虫无节幼体的稚鱼生长速度较快，体长、体重生长比分别是2.24和4.63；其次是鸡蛋黄、配合铒料和去壳卤虫卵。以稚鱼在不同投喂频率下的生长速度进行了比较，稚鱼生长速度表现出随每天的投喂次数的增加而加快的趋势。     

Rearing zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae without live food: evaluation of a commercial, a practical and a purified starter diet on larval performance

Owing to the increasing importance of zebrafish as a vertebrate model in many fields of research, efforts must be made to breed and maintain this species in laboratory. Zebrafish larvae are traditionally reared on cultured live paramecia during the first 9 days of exogenous feeding, followed by a combination of paramecia and artemia nauplii until day 21, making larval rearing expensive, labour intensive and unpredictable. Thus, a trial was conducted with zebrafish larvae in order to evaluate the suitability of artificial diets as an alternative to live food during the first 21 days of exogenous feeding. Five dietary treatments were tested: (1) artemia nauplii; (2) a commercial; (3) a purified; (4) a practical diet, all delivered continuously; (5) the same practical diet delivered manually. The best overall larval performance was achieved in the group fed artemia nauplii (86% survival, 14.3 mm standard length, 46.1 mg wet weight). Compared with existing results obtained with the traditional live food schedule, our results suggest that paramecia might not be the most suitable first food for zebrafish, and that artemia nauplii could be used as the only live food. The present work demonstrates that zebrafish larvae can be reared without live food with a significant growth and a high survival, provided that an appropriate artificial diet is presented in a continuous way. Among the diets tested, the practical diet, if continuously delivered, led to the best performance assuring a mean standard length of 72% of that obtained with artemia and a similar survival rate. Moreover, the purified diet, supporting over 50% survival and an appreciable growth, could be useful in some toxicological studies in which a well‐defined diet is needed.     

微藻饵料对紫海胆浮游幼体生长及存活影响的研究

文章采用湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)、纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)、绿色巴夫藻(Pavlova viridis)、扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)及混合藻(金藻和角毛藻1∶1混合)投喂紫海胆(Anthocidaris crassispina),研究了微藻饵料对紫海胆浮游幼体生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同饵料对紫海胆浮游幼体生长发育的效果有差异,金藻是最佳饵料品种,角毛藻次之,其后分别为巴夫藻、小球藻和混合藻,扁藻不适于作为紫海胆浮游幼体的开口饵料。就饵料种类而言,金藻作为紫海胆浮游幼体饵料的成活率可达(23.12±1.8)%,显著高于其他单胞藻类(P<0.05)。就发育速度而言,以角毛藻和金藻混合喂食的海胆浮游幼体整体发育速度最快,幼体平均体长为(885.25±30.49)μm,显著高于其他5种处理(P<0.05);投喂巴夫藻的浮游幼体前期生长较慢,体长为(337.98±24.56)μm,后期较其他单胞藻类生长快,体长可达(580±32.95)μm,适宜作为紫海胆浮游幼体后期饵料。     

Experiments of the rearing of larval turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L.

Experiments on the live food requirements of cultured turbot larvae are described. A mixture of six species of unicellular algae did not sustain early larvae, but the growth and survival of larvae fed with rotifers were considerably improved when the rotifers were feeding on Isochrysis galbana rather than on Dunaliella tertiolecta. Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae offered alone or with rotifers, did not produce higher larval growth or survival than rotifers alone. Black tanks were found to be more suitable than white tanks for rearing larval turbot.     

卤虫在WSSV病毒病传播中的媒介作用

2003年8月对卤虫进行投喂(浸泡)感染,并进行中国明对虾投喂实验。各组对虾阳性感染率的单因素方差分析比较结果表明,卤虫可以携带有活性的WSSV病毒粒子,并可通过摄食导致对虾间接地携带病毒,但病毒感染能力有限。卤虫病理切片观察结果显示,攻毒后卤虫细胞核没有显著深染及核肿大现象,但无论是横切还是纵切均显示有上皮脱落、部分组织结构松散、细胞结构不完整现象。本试验确定卤虫成体可以携带WSSV并通过投喂感染对虾,使其潜在携带病毒,仔虾阶段投喂成体卤虫应经过严格检疫,制作含有经过检疫卤虫的微囊饵料作为卤虫及其他鲜活饵料的替代品或许是有效的防病措施。     

扇贝亲贝配合饲料的研究

“配合饲料”以植物蛋白质和碳水化合物为主，加以适量各种添加剂，经科学调配混合组成。蛋白质含量２５－２６％，脂肪８４－１２９％，碳水化合物４３－５６％，并含有扇贝亲贝性腺成熟必需的微量元素和其他促进性腺成长发育的重要成分。经饲喂试验表明：亲贝性腺指数提高２０－３０％，亲贝成活率９８％，比对照提高２６％，亲贝产出优质精、卵，受精卵的孵化率９３％，饲料成本降低５０％，是一种完全可以代替单胞藻喂养扇贝亲贝的优良配合饲料。     

ω_3HUFA对中华绒螯蟹幼体存活率及体脂肪酸组成的影响

分别以经海水小球藻、牟氏角毛藻和５０ＤＥ－Ｇ强化剂强化的轮虫投喂中华绒螯蟹早期幼体,至Ｚａｏ状Ⅲ期后改喂卤虫无节幼体,探讨了饵料ω－３系列高度不饱和脂肪酸对幼体发育和存活的影响。结果表明：小球藻轮虫组的幼体发育至第Ⅰ期幼蟹的存活率最高,为１２．００％,强化剂轮虫组和角毛藻轮虫组次之,分别为１０．６７％和９．６７％,而酵母轮虫组最低,仅为３．６７％;结合分析Ｚａｏ状Ⅴ期幼体脂肪酸组成可知,幼体发育至第Ⅰ期幼蟹的存活率与其总脂含量和ω－３ＨＵＦＡ含量密切相关,而Ｚａｏ状Ⅴ期幼体总脂含量与ω－３ＨＵＦＡ含量随饵料轮虫总脂和ω－３ＨＵＦＡ含量的增加而提高,表明早期幼体所摄取的ω－３ＨＵＦＡ对后期幼体发育和存活有明显的促进作用。     

光合细菌在卤虫饵料中的应用

以螺旋藻作为卤虫的饵料,在卤虫培养液中添加不同体积分数的光合细菌(0,0 1%,0 3%,0 5%),经15d的养殖,卤虫的成活率、内禀生长率、粗蛋白含量均比对照组显著增加。卤虫必需氨基酸的总量和氨基酸总量添加组与对照组差异不大,成体卤虫均可作为河蟹蟹苗的优质蛋白源。     

Use of the Nematode Panagrellus redivivus as an Artemia Replacement in a Larval Penaeid Diet

Penueus vannumei larvae (P₂ through M₃) and early postlarvae (<24 h old postlarva) were fed diets consisting of algae-only, nematodes ( Panugrellus redivivus ) plus algae or Artemia plus algae. Growth (dry biomass gain) of second and third stage protozoea larvae fed the nematodealgae diet was significantly better than that of larvae fed the Artemia-algae diet. From the first mysis through the postlarval substage (<24 h old), growth of shrimp fed the nematodealgae diet equalled that of larvae fed the Artemia-algae diet. All larval substages fed nematodes plus algae accumulated significantly greater biomass than those fed a diet of only algae. Survival and percent metamorphosis of larvae fed nematodes plus algae did not differ significantly from that of larvae fed either Artemia plus algae or algae alone. A nematodealgae feeding regime, which potentially yields growth, survival and metamorphosis equal to that obtained on the standard Artemia plus algae regime, is proposed for P. vannamei .     

The Effect of Live and Artificial Diets on Growth, Survival, and Trypsin Activity in Larvae of Penaeus indicus

In this study, partial and total replacement of live diets (microalgae and Artemia nauplii) with microencapsulated diets (MED) are demonstrated for larval culture of P. indicus . Slower growth and lower survival rate of larvae fed experimental MED were significantly improved by a supplement of 15 cells/μL frozen mixed algae (1:2, Tetrtaselmis and Skeletonema ) during protod stages (PZ1–PZ3). This low level of algal supplement to MED resulted in survival (85–92%) equal to that obtained from control live diets (91%) during protod stages. These significant improvements in larval growth and survival are likely to be due to higher larval digestive enzyme activities and hence more efficient digestion of the artificial diet by the larvae. Like other penaeids, P. indicus larvae show high total and tissue trypsin activities during PZ stages, with a peak at mysis stage 1 (M1), and a decrease during subsequent stages when fed on conventional live diets of algae followed by Artemia during mysis stages. Larvae fed 15 ceUs/μL mixed frozen algae in addition to MED demonstrated a significantly higher trypsin activity throughout herbivorous larval stages in comparison to larvae fed solely on MED. A freeze dried alga Rhinomonas reticulata incorporated into a MED at 23Vo (v/v) induced larval trypsin activity equal to that produced by live algae. Hence, the algal substances, which trigger digestive enzyme production, may be retained within the microcapsules. At mysis stages, however, addition of live prey (one Artemia/ mL) to cultures fed with MED significantly improved growth and survival although it depressed trypsin activity. For mysis stages it appears that the use of predigested ingredients is necessary to improve the digestibility of formulated diets.