日粮中添加苜蓿草粉对蛋鸡蛋品品质及免疫功能的影响

为探讨日粮中添加苜蓿草粉对商品蛋鸡、蛋品品质及免疫功能的影响,试验选取健康的21周龄海兰褐商品蛋鸡300只,随机分成在基础日粮中添加3%、5%、7%的苜蓿草粉和空白对照共4组,每组设3个重复,每个重复25只,试验期为84 d,检测各组蛋品品质及免疫功能指标。结果表明:苜蓿草粉添加组鸡群的蛋黄色泽均高于对照组,鸡新城疫抗体下降幅度以7%添加组最大,5%对照组最小。本试验研究初步表明:蛋鸡日粮中添加苜蓿草粉能够提高蛋品质,促进免疫抗体水平的下降。添加比例以5%为最佳。     

日粮中添加苜蓿粉对蛋鸡血液指标的影响研究

选取30周龄海兰白蛋鸡240只,随机分为10组,每组24只,进行饲养试验。对照组饲喂玉米—豆粕型日粮,试验组日粮中添加3%、6%、9%的苜蓿草粉,6%、8%、10%的苜蓿叶粉。在试验期间测定不同比例的的苜蓿粉对蛋鸡生血液生化指标的影响。添加苜蓿叶粉还可以降低血液中的胆固醇和甘油三脂的含量,对肝、肾功能没有明显的影响(P>0.05)。     

养殖水体中添加芽孢杆菌对草鱼免疫和抗氧化功能的影响

选取体质量约45 g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)210尾,随机分为2组,每组设3个重复;对照组在水中不添加任何菌,处理组每隔7天分别向水中按照1×108cfu/m3添加芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)菌粉,二组均饲喂基础日粮。结果表明,与对照组相比,处理组血清球蛋白、白球比、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和补体C3分别提高了44.62%(P<0.05)、54.59%(P<0.05)、8.28%(P>0.05)和45.12%(P<0.01),而血清总蛋白、白蛋白以及溶菌酶(LZM)、血清髓过氧化物酶(MPO)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性无显著变化(P>0.05);与对照组相比,处理组草鱼肝脏、血清和肠黏膜中总抗氧化力(T-AOC),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和抗超氧阴离子自由基(ASAFR)显著升高(P<0.01),而肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著下降(P<0.01),肠黏膜MDA显著升高(P<0.01),血清中MDA无显著影响。由此可见,水体中添加芽孢杆菌制剂可以提高草鱼机体免疫力和抗氧化活性,但也使草鱼肠道受到一定程度的应激胁迫。     

不同中药组方对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的作用

目的 研究2种中药组方对蛋鸡的生产性能、蛋品质的影响。方法 选取420只300日龄白来航鸡，随机分为7组，每组3个重复，每个重复20只鸡。实验1组为空白对照组，只饲喂基础日粮；实验2组、3组、4组在基础日粮中分别添加0.2%、0.5%、1.0%的组方1药物；实验5组、6组、7组分别添加0.2%、0.5%、1.0%的组方2药物，饲喂28d。结果 与对照组相比，各实验组的产蛋率、平均蛋重和平均日采食量均显著增加(P<0.05),实验4组料蛋比显著下降(P<0.05);实验组的蛋白高度、蛋黄比均显著增加(P<0.05),蛋壳厚度变化不明显。结论 饲料中添加中药组方1和组方2对蛋鸡的生产性能、蛋品质有提升作用，最适浓度为1.0%。     

复合酶对雏鸡生长及其营养物质利用的影响

试验在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加蛋白酶和淀粉酶组成的复合酶以考察其对蛋鸡早期生长和营养物质利用的影响。结果表明:复合酶显著的降低了料重比(P<0.05),极显著的提高了日粮干物质、粗蛋白、钙和磷的利用率(P<0.01),其增加量分别等于或大于5.3%、15%、20%、15.2%。处理1和处理2分别是日粮的表观代谢能增加了0.76和0.78MJ/kg。在试验期内,处理组鸡只能量、钙和磷的沉积率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),蛋白沉积率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其增加量分别等于或大于2.99%、12.34%、9.30%、6.24%。     

饲料中添加乌贼骨对鸡产蛋性能及蛋品质的影响

选用315只14周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分组,研究日粮中添加不同水平乌贼骨对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加乌贼骨显著提高产蛋率、单枚蛋重、日均蛋重和蛋壳厚度(P<0.05),实验组平均分别比对照组高13.0%、5.7g、8.4g和0.05mm;实验组的破蛋率和料蛋比显著低于对照(P<0.05),分别降低31.2%和13.7%;添加乌贼骨对改变蛋壳重、蛋黄重和蛋白重效果不明显。综合分析表明,日粮中添加1.5～2.0g乌贼骨对改善蛋鸡(150只)综合产蛋性能效果最佳。     

双乙酸钠对肉鸭生产性能的影响

选用1日龄健康樱桃谷肉鸭750只,随机分为3组,每组设5个重复,每个重复50只肉鸭,试验采用单因子完全随机试验设计。A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;B组、C组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加0.2%、0.4%的双乙酸钠。试验结果表明:日粮中添加双乙酸钠对肉鸭日增重有显著影响(P<0.05);对肉鸭的饲料转化率有极显著影响(P<0.01);对肉鸭的成活率无显著影响(P>0.05)。B组日增重比A组提高了8.65%(P<0.05),比C组提高了5.45%(P>0.05);B组料肉比较A组降低了11.52%(P<0.01),较C组降低了3.29%(P<0.05);B组的成活率与A组、C组间差异不显著(P>0.05);B组每只肉鸭分别比A、C组多盈利1.04元、1.06元。     

双乙酸钠在肉鸭日粮中的添饲效果试验

选用1日龄健康樱桃谷肉鸭600只,随机分为3组,每组设4个重复,每个重复50只肉鸭,试验采用单因素完全随机试验设计。A组饲喂基础日粮,B组、C组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加0.2%、0.4%的双乙酸钠。试验结果表明:日粮中添加双乙酸钠对肉鸭日增重、瘦肉率有显著影响(P<0.05);对肉鸭的饲料转化率有极显著影响(P<0.01);对肉鸭的成活率和屠宰率、皮脂率无显著影响(P>0.05)。B组日增重比A组提高了8.65%(P<0.05),比C组提高了5.45%(P>0.05);B组料肉比较A组降低了11.52%(P<0.01),较C组降低了3.29%(P<0.05);B组的成活率与A组、C组间差异不显著(P>0.05);B组每只肉鸭分别比A、C组多盈利1.04元、1.06元。     

乳化剂对异育银鲫消化酶及血清指标的影响

选取8000尾异育银鲫,随机分为2个处理(对照组和试验组),每处理2重复,每重复2000尾,分别饲喂含乳化剂0%和0.05%的基础日粮,试验期为62 d。试验结果表明,饲养31 d后,添加乳化剂使异育银鲫的肝胰脏胰蛋白酶的活性显著提高(P<0.01),肠道胰蛋白酶活性也表现出升高的趋势(P=0.08);血清中总蛋白、球蛋白、葡萄糖和甘油三酯的含量也显著提高(P<0.01)。饲养62 d后,添加乳化剂使异育银鲫肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血清中葡萄糖和甘油三酯的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。试验结果表明,饲料中添加乳化剂能够提高异育银鲫的肠道和肝胰脏消化酶的活性,促进脂肪代谢和蛋白质沉积。     

不同蛋白质原料对金华土鸡产蛋性能的影响

试验旨在研究探讨不同蛋白质原料对金华土鸡产蛋性能的影响。选取36只30周龄的产蛋金华土鸡,分为3个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复4只鸡。3个处理组日粮中蛋白质原料分别为鱼粉、豆粕和血粉。各组日粮在能量和蛋白水平上相同,试验期30 d。试验结果表明,不同蛋白质原料对平均蛋重、蛋料比、日增重作用不显著(p0.05),但对产蛋率、采食量、死亡率、破损率作用显著(p0.05);不同蛋白质原料对蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋形指数、蛋黄相对重、蛋黄粘性、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和蛋壳相对重作用不明显(p0.05),但对蛋黄颜色、蛋清硬度作用明显(p0.05)。     

A study of the feeding of common carp larvae with artificial food

Common carp larvae were reared on artificial diets from hatching to 25 days old. The main components used in the diets were freeze-dried spleen, fish protein and chicken egg yolk. Free amino acids and bovine trypsin were added and the diet was made alkaline. All diets were gelatinized with agar to give a final dry matter content (15–20%) similar to that of zooplankton. Growth of larvae was negligible but survival was from 11 to 40%. Feeding on days 1, 2 and 3 with zooplankton and subsequently on an artificial diet (40% lyophilised egg yolk, 40% blood meal) showed some improvement both in growth and survival.     

Effect of squid meal in dry pellets on the spawning performance of striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex

SUMMARY: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary squid meal or a combination of squid meal and krill meal as part of the protein source in dry pellets on the spawning of striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex . Five months prior to spawning, 7-year-old fish were divided into three groups of 10 fish each (male : female ratio, 5 : 5). The control group was fed a raw fish mix (RF) and the other two groups were fed either steam-dry pellets with squid meal replacing 50% of their fish meal (fs-DP) or steam-dry pellets containing equal proportions of fish, squid and krill meals (fsk-DP). Feeding was carried out once every other day in 5 × 5 × 5 m floating net cages and the fish were transferred to 65 m³ indoor tanks for spawning. Eggs and yolksac larvae produced were evaluated for their quality and those obtained during the first 2 weeks of spawning were sampled for chemical analysis. The fish had an average bodyweight of 3.5 ± 0.4 kg at spawning. Although egg production of the RF group was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) than that of the dry pellet groups, the fs-DP group produced the best quality eggs with higher fertilization and hatching rates. The fsk-DP group had the lowest egg production and quality. Lipid classes and fatty acid compositions of eggs and yolksac larvae were dependent on the broodstock diets. These results show that the combination of fish meal and squid meal in dry pellets for striped jack improved egg quality but not production whereas the combination of fish meal, squid meal and krill meal was not effective.     

Effect of feeding stimulants on growth performance,feed intake and appetite regulation of mandarin fish,Siniperca chuatsi

Mandarin fish is a typical carnivorous fish, it can accept artificial diet after domestication, which is significantly essential to optimize its artificial diet. Nevertheless, only few studies were conducted on artificial diet of mandarin fish. Therefore, an 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of feeding stimulants on growth performance, feed intake and appetite regulation of mandarin fish. In this trial, six diets were formulated, a basal diet contained 80% of Fish Meal without feeding stimulants, named as Control, 0.4% inosinic acid meal, 0.4% L‐Alanine meal, 3% Yeast meal, 3% a commercial squid extract meal and 0.4% betaine meal were added into the basal diet to make five experimental diets, which were named as IM, AM, YM, SVO and BM respectively. At the end of feeding trial, SVO group showed higher feed intake, up‐regulated mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and down‐regulated mRNA expression of pro‐opiomelanocorticoid (POMC) significantly as compared to control group, which suggested that squid extract improved feed acceptability and promoted appetite in mandarin fish. Similarly, compared to control group, SVO group showed low food conversion ratio, high weight gain and SGR, indicated that squid extract enhanced the growth performance. Our results suggested that the appropriate level of squid extract addition could contribute to optimize artificial diet in mandarin fish.     

Effect of pigment content in broodstock diet on subsequent fertilization rate,survival and growth rate of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) offspring

Rainbow trout were fed diets with 10% krill meal as source of pigmentation and diets without added pigments for an 8-month period until maturity. After stripping, egg batches of 3000–5000 eggs were incubated in darkness. Rainbow trout fry rich and poor in pigment ready for start-feeding were fed a carotenoid-free diet for 6 weeks. No statistically significant effects of pigmentation were found on rate of fertilization, survival of eggs and alevins or growth of fry during the start-feeding period. The mortality rates of eggs and alevins were positively correlated.     

Evaluation of 100% Fish Meal Substitution with Chicken Concentrate,Protein Poultry By‐Product Blend,and Chicken and Egg Concentrate on Growth and Disease Resistance of Juvenile Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss

The ability of poultry products to replace fish meal in diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, depends on their nutrient composition, cost, and consistency. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of three commercially available poultry products (chicken concentrate, CC, poultry by‐product blend, PBB; or chicken and egg concentrate, CE) to maintain growth and disease resistance when substituted for fish meal in a rainbow trout starter diet. A control diet was formulated to contain 48% crude protein and 18% crude lipid; 100% of the fish meal in test diets was replaced with CC, PBB, or CE. At stocking, fry were counted into groups (50 fish/tank) with six replicate tanks for each diet and fed their respective diets four times daily for 8 wk. All the poultry‐based diets supported growth (over 1600% increase over initial weight), nutrient retention, and feed conversion ratios of rainbow trout fry equal to or greater than those observed for fry fed with the fish meal‐based diet. No effect of diet on survival was observed following subcutaneous injection challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. These data suggest that the examined products can be used in place of fish meal for rainbow trout fry without lowering growth and disease resistance.     

The Effects of Plant-protein-based Diets Supplemented with Yucca on Growth, Digestibility, and Chemical Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L) Fingerlings

Replacement of fish meal (FM) protein with dehulled and solvent‐extracted plant by‐products, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and linseed meal was tested in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish averaging (±SD) 14.2 ± 2.9 g were divided into 18 groups and fed for 6 mo on pelleted feed containing each of the plant protein meal supplemented with Yucca schidigera powder extract at 750 mg/kg. Methionine (1%) and lysine (0.5%) were added to each diet except the control diet (FMC), while diet FMC + Y was supplemented with yucca only. Three groups of fish were fed each of six isonitrogenous (25% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.3 kcal/g) diets replacing 100% of FM protein and performance compared against a nutritionally balanced control and a commercial tilapia feed. After 6 mo of feeding, the fish fed plant protein diets supplemented with yucca exhibited growth performance not differing significantly from that of fish fed FMC + Y, while differing significantly from the control FMC and diet linseed meal (LSM). The highest apparent protein digestibility coefficient was observed for diets treated with yucca, which was significantly higher than that observed for the control diet FMC. No significant differences were found in whole‐body moisture of fish fed different experimental diets. An increase in the whole‐body protein content was observed in fish fed diets supplemented with yucca, which was significantly different from that of the diet FMC. The whole‐body fat content of Nile tilapia was low and showed significant differences among treatments supplemented with yucca compared with the control diet FMC. The whole‐body energy content showed the same trend as whole‐body fat content.     

Examination of broodstock diet effects on egg production and egg quality in flame angelfish (Centropyge loriculus)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of broodstock diet on flame angelfish (Centropyge loriculus) reproduction and generate baseline spawning performance (mean fecundity, egg fertilization, egg viability) and egg biochemistry data for this species. Sixteen flame angelfish broodstock pairs were maintained on one of three formulated diets or a raw diet (consisting of squid, shrimp, fish eggs and algae) to determine the effect of diet composition on the fecundity, egg fertilization rates and egg viability over a 7‐month period. Although all the diets supported similar mean spawn frequency and fecundity over the duration of the experiment, the mean fertilization rates and egg viability were significantly greater among pairs receiving the raw diet. Egg fatty acid composition was generally reflective of the maternal diet and similar to the values reported for other tropical species. In particular, dietary factors such as n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid and ARA level (which were elevated in the raw diet and eggs from fish receiving that treatment) are correlated with egg quality and are therefore worthy of future investigation. Because of the ease of conditioning, adaptability to varied formulated diets and continuous, sustained reproductive output, flame angelfish are an excellent model for examining the factors affecting marine fish egg and larval quality.     

The effect of low inclusion levels of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) meal on growth performance,apparent digestibility and slaughter quality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Two trials with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were conducted to evaluate the potential of krill meal to improve feed intake. In the first experiment, after transfer to sea water, salmon smolts were fed diets added 75 or 150 g kg^?1 Antarctic krill meal in substitution for fish meal for 13 weeks. The apparent digestibility coefficient for crude protein and the majority of the amino acids was significantly lower in the feeds added krill meal (around 83.5%) than in the control diet (84.9%), whereas the digestibility of crude lipids, dry matter and energy was not significantly different among the three diets. Krill meal addition resulted in higher feed intake, which led to higher growth rates and final body weights. In the second experiment, large salmon were fed a diet containing 100 g kg^?1 krill meal for 6 weeks before slaughter. Their feed intake and growth performance were assessed, and fillet and visceral fat contents were measured. Salmon fed the 100 g kg^?1 krill meal diet tended to eat more, resulting in significantly increased growth rates, when compared to control fish. Fish fed krill meal also had a significantly lower condition factor.     

Spirulina as a natural carotenoid source on growth, pigmentation and reproductive performance of yellow tail cichlid Pseudotropheus acei

A feeding trial on yellow tail cichlid Pseudotropheus acei (Regan 1922) was undertaken to asses the effect of dietary Spirulina meal as a natural carotenoid source. Four experimental diets were formulated to progressively replace 0% (C), 2.5% (SP2.5), 5% (SP5) and 10% (SP10) of fish meal weight. Ten fish per tank (initial weight 3.75?±?0.02?g) were randomly distributed into twelve 80?l fiberglass tanks connected to a closed recirculation system (temperature 26.7?±?0.06°C). The diets were tested in triplicate for 12?weeks. The specific growth rate of fish fed all Spirulina diets were significantly higher compared to diet C. Feed intake (FI) tended to increase with dietary Spirulina level, and fish fed diet SP10 had significantly higher FI values compared to diet C. No significant differences in feed conversion ratio were observed among these groups. Although the protein efficiency ratio of fish fed diet C was lower than that of all Spirulina diets, no significant differences were observed among these groups (P?>?0.05). The total egg production and hatching rate (%) of eggs derived from all fish fed with Spirulina diets was significantly higher compared those from fish fed diet C. The yellow and blue coloration of yellow tail cichlid fed the diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced and inclusion of dietary Spirulina meal was elevated carotenoids in skin. Results of the present study indicated that Spirulina meal has the potential to enhance the growth, reproductive performance and coloration on yellow tail cichlid.