Beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase: lack in ruminant liver mitochondria

The enizyme D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase has been reported to occur in all mitochondria isolated from mammalian tissues and is especially high in liver. By contrast only very low concentration of the enzyme is detectable in mitachondria from bovine and sheep liver. The amount of the enzyme in mitochondria from other ruminant tissues such as kidney and heart are comparable with those from mammalian sources. The verv low activity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is not referable to the iniability of substrates to penetrate milochondria or to decreased electron transfer activity but rather to a lack of the enzyne in ruminant liver mitochondria.     

Blowflies: Alteration of Adult Taste Responses by Chemicals Present during Development

The addition of certain sugars to the food consumed during larval development increases the taste sensitivity of adult blowflies to some sugars, decreases it to others, and is without effect on the sensitivity to still others. No correlation with metabolic phenomena is apparent. The hypothesis that repression of inductible enzyme synthesis by glucose is a relevant model is not supported.     

4种枸杞果实发育过程中糖积累与蔗糖代谢酶的关系

为了探讨枸杞Lycium果实糖积累差异及其品质形成的生理机制,以4种枸杞为试材,在枸杞果实发育期间,测定果实糖质量分数与蔗糖代谢酶活性变化。结果表明:宁夏枸杞Lycium barbarum果实中检测到10种糖,云南枸杞L.yunnanense和中国枸杞L.chinense果实中检测到7种糖,北方枸杞L.chinense var.potaninii果实中检测到6种糖;成熟期枸杞果实以果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖为主。在果实发育过程中4种枸杞果糖和葡萄糖质量分数整体呈现出逐渐升高趋势,果实发育的后期升高幅度高于初期;而蔗糖质量分数呈现出2种变化趋势,不同发育时期种间有差异。4种枸杞蔗糖代谢酶活性在枸杞果实发育过程中差异较大,其中,酸性转化酶（AI）在果实发育的初期活性较低,种间差别小,但在果实发育的后期活性高,种间差别大。在整个果实发育过程中供试种蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性始终高于磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）;云南枸杞维持着较低果糖和葡萄糖质量分数。3种枸杞果实中果糖质量分数与AI活性显著正相关（P<0.05）,转化酶在枸杞果实糖积累过程中发挥着重要作用。图3表2参23     

利用麦麸制备低聚糖阿魏酸酯的研究

利用木聚糖酶和Viscozyme L水解去淀粉和蛋白质后的小麦麸皮(DSPWB)制备低聚糖阿魏酸酯(FO)。结果表明,酶解制备FO的最佳条件为:料液比1∶20,酶添加量3 g/L(木聚糖酶和Viscozyme L添加量之比为2∶1),在pH4.5、60℃下酶解8 h。在该条件下,酶解产物的总固形物、还原糖、总糖含量分别为277、104、215 mg/g;FO中的阿魏酸含量为2.73 mg/g。     

Dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase: introduction into erythrocyte by the malaria parasite

Mature, circulating mammalian erythrocytes lack dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase activity. However, we have detected activity, which appears to reside in an enzyme, in malaria parasites purified from mammalian blood.     

Alleviating cancer drug toxicity by inhibiting a bacterial enzyme

The dose-limiting side effect of the common colon cancer chemotherapeutic CPT-11 is severe diarrhea caused by symbiotic bacterial β-glucuronidases that reactivate the drug in the gut. We sought to target these enzymes without killing the commensal bacteria essential for human health. Potent bacterial β-glucuronidase inhibitors were identified by high-throughput screening and shown to have no effect on the orthologous mammalian enzyme. Crystal structures established that selectivity was based on a loop unique to bacterial β-glucuronidases. Inhibitors were highly effective against the enzyme target in living aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, but did not kill the bacteria or harm mammalian cells. Finally, oral administration of an inhibitor protected mice from CPT-11-induced toxicity. Thus, drugs may be designed to inhibit undesirable enzyme activities in essential microbial symbiotes to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy.     

Cellulose to sugars: new path gives quantitative yield

Cellulosic residues that had been treated with a small amount of chemical solvent under room conditions were quantitatively saccharified on enzyme hydrolysis. This treatment can be used to obtain simple sugars for the production of alcohol and other chemicals.     

海参加工废弃液中多糖及其组分的分析与回收

以海参加工废弃液为原料,分析了经酶解处理和未经酶解处理的海参加工废弃液中多糖及其组分含量的变化;采用酸醇沉结合法沉淀回收多糖及其组分,并与醇沉法进行了比较。结果表明：在适宜的酶解处理条件下,即采用中性蛋白酶,加酶量为5%、酶解时间为6 h,经酶解处理后的海参加工废弃液中,多糖及其组分氨基糖、糖醛酸、岩藻糖和硫酸基含量较未经酶解处理的分别提高85.0%、37.2%、30.0%、65.4%和4.5%;采用等体积（乙醇体积为50%）醇沉法回收的多糖及其组分氨基糖、糖醛酸、岩藻糖和硫酸基的总回收率分别为28.9%、7.3%、19.6%、13.0%和38.8%;采用酸醇沉结合法（先酸沉再分级醇沉）,当乙醇体积为30%时,多糖及其组分氨基糖、糖醛酸、岩藻糖和硫酸基的总回收率分别为82.2%、92.1%、93.1%、96.0%和91.7%,当乙醇体积为50%时,多糖及其组分的总回收率分别为83.8%、93.2%、93.6%、96.4%和92.1%。可见,用酸醇沉结合法回收的多糖及其组分的总回收率远高于单一醇沉法,而且采用30%的乙醇醇沉回收多糖就能达到很好的效果。     

Pituitary gland: enzymic formation of methanol from S-adenosylmethionine

An enzyme has been found that can transform S-adenosylmethionine to methanol and S-adenosylhomocysteine. This enzyme is highly localized in the pituitary gland of several mammalian species.     

烤烟大田生长期烟叶中淀粉合成的酶活性变化

对K326、红花大金元(HD)2个烤烟品种在云南常规施肥情况下烟叶中ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶、Q酶活性的变化及可溶性总糖、还原糖和淀粉含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明：K326,HD的ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶活性在移栽后第40d开始升高,都在生理成熟期第90d达到高峰,以后迅速下降。2个品种的Q酶活性高峰在移栽后80d出现,但2个品种的Q酶活性变化规律不一致。K326的Q酶活性移栽后第60d开始先下降,65d以后迅速上升,移栽后80d达到高峰后又下降IHD的Q酶活性移栽后第柏d开始一直上升,移栽后第80d达到高峰后缓慢下降。2个品种可溶性总糖、还原糖含量都在移栽后第40d迅速升高,持续稳定20d以后下降,移栽后90d又迅速上升。2个品种淀粉含量都在移栽后60d上升,在生理成熟期达到最高(HD在移栽后90d,K326在移栽后110d)。     

碱性预处理对稻草秸秆酶解的影响

以稻草秸秆为原料,弱碱性预处理后进行酶解糖化,对预处理前后的稻草秸秆进行扫描电镜观察,研究预处理条件对稻草秸秆半纤维素、纤维素、木质素含量及损失率的影响,通过酶解还原糖的释放量来判断预处理的效果.结果表明:碱性预处理降低了稻草秸秆中木质素的含量,提高了纤维素的含量,增加了纤维素酶与底物的酶解可及度,促进了稻草秸秆酶解糖化.经2.0%NaOH、60 ℃、固液比1﹕12处理24 h后的稻草秸秆,在pH5.0、加酶量31.2 mg/g、45 ℃条件下酶解120 h的还原糖达到了790.3 mg/g,糖化率为81.01%.扫描电镜观察显示,经碱性预处理过的稻草秸秆孔隙度增大,机械组织暴露,酶解的有效比表面积增大,酶解速率加快.     

等渗的NaCl与PEG胁迫对番茄幼苗蔗糖代谢的影响

为探讨NaCl胁迫与水分胁迫对番茄蔗糖秘累影响的异同,以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)品种辽园多丽为试材,采用营养液水培法,以50 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl及等渗的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)为处理,研究了番茄幼曲叶片中糖含量和蔗谢代谢相关酶活性的变化.结果表明:等渗的NaCl和PEG处理均可提高番茄幼苗叶片中葡萄糖和果糖的含量,处理12d时果糖含量分别比CK提高了20.2%和32.2%;葡萄糖含量分别比CK提高了12.0%和18.9%;等渗的NaCl和PEG处理均提高了酸性转化酶活性,处理12d时分别比对照高12.34%和17.76%;PEG胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片中葡萄糖和果糖的含量及转化酶的活性高于NaCl胁迫.可见,盐胁迫和渗透胁迫下番茄叶片葡萄糖和果糖的积累主要是由于转化酶活性的提高引起的;与盐胁迫相比渗透胁迫下番茄叶片积累更多的可溶性糖,从而说明NaCl胁迫对番肺叶片糖代谢的影响主要是渗透胁迫.     

URF6, last unidentified reading frame of human mtDNA, codes for an NADH dehydrogenase subunit

The polypeptide encoded in URF6, the last unassigned reading frame of human mitochondrial DNA, has been identified with antibodies to peptides predicted from the DNA sequence. Antibodies prepared against highly purified respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase from beef heart or against the cytoplasmically synthesized 49-kilodalton iron-sulfur subunit isolated from this enzyme complex, when added to a deoxycholate or a Triton X-100 mitochondrial lysate of HeLa cells, specifically precipitated the URF6 product together with the six other URF products previously identified as subunits of NADH dehydrogenase. These results strongly point to the URF6 product as being another subunit of this enzyme complex. Thus, almost 60% of the protein coding capacity of mammalian mitochondrial DNA is utilized for the assembly of the first enzyme complex of the respiratory chain. The absence of such information in yeast mitochondrial DNA dramatizes the variability in gene content of different mitochondrial genomes.     

成熟度与挂烟棚次对烤后烟叶还原糖和烟碱的影响

[目的]为烟叶的适熟采收、合理挂烟和改进全炕烘烤工艺提供理论依据。[方法]研究成熟度与挂烟棚次对烤烟云烟85中上部叶烤后还原糖和烟碱含量的影响。[结果]结果表明:随着鲜烟成熟度的提高,烤后烟叶还原糖含量显著增加(P<0.05),烟碱含量下降,还原糖与烟碱的比值显著提高并趋于平衡协调(P<0.05);随着挂烟棚次的提高,还原糖含量下降,烟碱含量提高,还原糖与烟碱的比值下降。[结论]鲜烟成熟度因素对烤后烟叶还原糖的含量以及还原糖与烟碱的比值都具有很大的影响。     

木聚糖酶-甘露聚糖酶融合酶基因Linker优化及其在猪肾pK15细胞中共表达

【目的】构建木聚糖酶（XynB）与甘露聚糖酶（ManA）的融合酶基因,使其能在哺乳动物表达系统中表达并分泌兼有木聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶活性的双功能融合酶。【方法】利用基因融合技术（SOE-PCR）,把 11条Linker融合到木聚糖酶（XynB）和甘露聚糖酶（ManA）基因间,构建真核表达载体,经转染猪肾细胞（pK15）收集细胞培养液,用DNS法测定其酶活并进行酶学分析。【结果】经表达分析12条不同Linker构建的融合酶与亲本酶酶活,发现用Linker a3、pS3和具有“自我剪切”能力T2A构建的融合酶在木聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶活性都显著高于两亲本酶。融合酶XynB-a3-ManA的木聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶酶活比亲本酶XynB和ManA分别提高了54.06%和104.40%;该融合酶在酸性环境3.0—7.0起作用,对pH3.0~8.0具有一定的耐受力。【结论】首次获得可在哺乳动物系统表达分泌的增强型双功能XynB-ManA融合酶。     

Dietary regulation of galactose-metabolizing enzymes: adaptive changes in rat jejunum

The effects of dietary galactose, sucrose, fructose, glucose, casein, and fasting upon the activity of four galactose-metabolizing enzymes (galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase, and galactose dehydrogenase) were studied in the jejunum of rats. Galactose produced the greatest increase in enzyme activity, fructose and sucrose produced effects intermediate between galactose and glucose, and casein produced a greater activity increase than fasting, but less than the sugars.     

磷、钾对番茄可溶性碳水化合物分配的影响

以番茄苗为试验材料,研究了不同浓度磷、钾对番茄植株可溶性碳水化舍物分配的影响。结果表明：磷、钾亏缺处理45d后,与正常磷、钾处理相比,磷亏缺的植株冠根比下降,而钾亏缺的植株冠根比则上升。钾亏缺的植株叶片中,蔗糖、还原糖和总可溶性糖含量均表现为上升,根中则表现为下降。磷亏缺的植株叶片中,蔗糖、还原糖和总可溶性糖含量基本不变,而在根中则表现为不同程度的增加。在叶和根的总可溶性糖中,钾亏缺和磷亏缺的植株,根部总可溶性糖所占的比例分别为10．71％和45．65％,两者的对照分别为28．63％和33．11％。上述结果表明,钾和磷在光合产物的转运中所起的作用不同,植株中营养元素亏缺不同,干物质在不同部位的分配也不同。     

Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes: kinetic properties at high enzyme concentrations

The kinetic properties of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes have been determined at high enzyme concentrations. Spectrophotofluorometric assays revealed that the extent of substrate inhibition of LDH-1 and LDH-5 depends on enzyme concentration. At high enzyme concentrations, in the range of those that exist in most mammalian cells, no inhibition by pyruvate occurred. Pyruvate concentrations up to and including 20.0 millimoles per liter were used for each isozyme at 25 degrees and 40 degrees C at pH 7.0 and 7.4. These results suggest that substrate inhibition of LDH may not occur in vivo but only in vitro after appreciable dilution from physiologic enzyme concentrations. These experiments provide further evidence against the theory that substrate inhibition of LDH-1 in vivo accounts for the distribution of LDH isozymes within various tissues. They raise the possibility that, for other enzymes, kinetic properties determined at highly dilute concentrations in vitro may also be quite different from kinetic properties at the much higher concentrations that exist in vivo.     

小麦抗寒性研究现状与展望

综述小麦抗寒的生理生化指标变化及分子机制,主要包括氨基酸、可溶性糖、脂肪酸、膜保护酶、内源激素、抗寒基因及抗寒蛋白的变化;概括了提高小麦抗寒性的具体措施,如栽培方面进行抗寒锻炼并合理施肥、通过分子杂交培育抗寒新品种,引种驯化及外源化学物质处理;并对小麦抗寒育种方面进行了展望。     

Mammalian brain morphogenesis and midline axon guidance require heparan sulfate

Heparan sulfate (HS) is required for morphogen signaling during Drosophila pattern formation, but little is known about its physiological importance in mammalian development. To define the developmental role of HS in mammalian species, we conditionally disrupted the HS-polymerizing enzyme EXT1 in the embryonic mouse brain. The EXT1-null brain exhibited patterning defects that are composites of those caused by mutations of multiple HS-binding morphogens. Furthermore, the EXT1-null brain displayed severe guidance errors in major commissural tracts, revealing a pivotal role of HS in midline axon guidance. These findings demonstrate that HS is essential for mammalian brain development.