An evaluation of the Porac River irrigation system

An irrigation water management research programme was implemented by Hydraulics Research in collaboration with the National Irrigation Administration of the Philippines on the Porac Area of Porac Gumain Rivers Irrigation System. The objectives of the study are to monitor the response of the main canal network to changes in water availability and assess its capability to deliver crop water requirements to sub-areas jointly managed by National Irrigation Administration staff and existing Irrigator Associations. This paper presents an analysis of the response of the main system to the varying irrigation demands, and assesses the conjunctive use of groundwater with surface water and the potential of computer models to assist management with the preparation of the annual irrigation schedules.     

Role of Groundwater in Irrigation Water Management in the Downstream Part of the Yellow River

Water scarcity in the Bojili irrigation District, which is located in the Shandong province in China, affects the management of the irrigation system and has led to the development of water storage functions inside the system. In particular, the irrigation and drainage scheme is used for short-term water storage whereas groundwater is used for long-term storage which is replenished during the monsoon season and drawn from when crop water requirements are not satisfied by surface irrigation.In this paper the storage functions are quantified. The role of groundwater, in relation to rainfall and irrigation depths, is analysed in detail. This analysis, which was carried out at the district and at sub-system scales, is based on data collected from fifty five observation wells between 1991 and 1996 at a 10-day time intervals. The sub-systems, called “divisions”, represent the areas for which irrigation-related information is available.Rainfall, groundwater levels and irrigation data are consistent. They demonstrate the inequity of water allocation between upstream and downstream water users. Accordingly strategies for water management differ between these users. These strategies only partially compensate the effects of scarcity demonstrated by decreasing cropping intensities from upstream to downstream parts of the District.     

过滤后黄河水对滴灌系统的影响

为探明黄河水经孔径为0.05 mm(300目)过滤器过滤后进行滴灌的可能性,模拟大田滴灌研究了黄河水滴灌条件下4种滴灌带(Nf0.72,Nf1.60,Nf2.20,Dy1.38)不同位置流量变化规律,滴灌系统平均相对流量Q_r与流量变异系数C_v、系统均匀度C_u变化规律及相关关系.结果表明:黄河水对滴头的堵塞早期呈快速发育状态,不同类型引黄滴灌系统平均相对流量随灌水次数的增加呈平缓下降—快速下降—平缓下降的规律,均在相对流量75%附近快速下降;滴头流量变异系数在系统运行初期线性增大,之后平缓变化,且与系统平均相对流量具有很好的线性关系(p<0.001);当系统平均相对流量Q_r大于75%时,滴灌系统克里斯琴森均匀度系数C_u与Ln Q_r呈线性关系(R²=0.790 9),因此,引黄滴灌系统可通过系统平均相对流量Q_r来判断系统均匀度C_u,以方便及时快速了解系统堵塞状况,以便对其运行管理进行决策.     

黄水河流域地表水地下水联合调度模型探讨

结合黄水河流域实际情况探讨并建立基于供水量准则的黄水河流域地表水地下水联合调度模型,并以1997年数据调算地表水地下水联合调度模型,从调算结果表明在黄水河流域进行地表水地下水联合调度充分利用了水资源并且可以防止地下水超采。     

地表水与地下水联合运用井灌开采强度的确定

在我国北方地区,开展地表水与地下水联合运用,对合理利用水资源和综合治理旱涝碱,保证农作物高产稳产,具有十分重要的意义。地下水的开采,过少则不能满足农田灌溉;过多则会引起地下水径降低而出现漏斗区。正确的开采方法是:根据不同类型区域和不同水文年条件,分别计算出地下水采补平衡时和允许超采地下水位下降不同深度时,可得到的井灌开采强度。用此数值指导地下水的开发,可避免盲目开采带来的不良后果。该文提供的一些数值,是在人民胜利渠灌区得到的,其假设条件为地下水径流微弱、地下水补给仅受降雨和灌溉入渗的影响。所得到的数值可供类似地区参考。     

The effects of irrigation methods with effluent and irrigation scheduling on water use efficiency and corn yields in an arid region

A great challenge for the agricultural sector is to produce more food from less water, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions which suffer from water scarcity. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation methods, using effluent versus fresh water, on water savings, yields and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). The irrigation scheduling was based on soil moisture and rooting depth monitoring. The experimental design was a split plot with three main treatments, namely subsurface drip (SSD), surface drip (SD) and furrow irrigation (FI) and two sub-treatments effluent and fresh water, which were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted at the Marvdasht city (Southern Iran) wastewater treatment plant during 2005 and 2006. The experimental results indicated that the average water applied in the irrigation treatments with monitoring was much less than that using the conventional irrigation method (using furrows but based on a constant irrigation interval, without moisture monitoring). The maximum water saving was obtained using SSD with 5907 m³ ha⁻¹ water applied, and the minimum water saving was obtained using FI with 6822 m³ ha⁻¹. The predicted irrigation water requirements using the Penman-Monteith equation (considering 85% irrigation efficiency for the FI method) was 10,743 m³ ha⁻¹. The pressure irrigation systems (SSD and SD) led to a greater yield compared to the surface method (FI). The highest yield (12.11 × 10³ kg ha⁻¹) was obtained with SSD and the lowest was obtained with the FI method (9.75 × 10³ kg ha⁻¹). The irrigation methods indicated a highly significant difference in irrigation water use efficiency. The maximum IWUE was obtained with the SSD (2.12 kg m⁻³) and the minimum was obtained with the FI method (1.43 kg m⁻³). Irrigation with effluent led to a greater IWUE compared to fresh water, but the difference was not statistically significant.     

塔里木河流域国民经济内部产业水资源配置和利用的经济效应分析

基于流域GDP增长的水资源利用的经济效应模型,分析了塔河流域国民经济产业用水量、用水结构和用水经济效率对GDP的经济效应。结果表明,当前塔河流域的水资源利用对GDP增量的效应主要由产业用水结构和用水经济效率决定,第二三产业的用水结构和用水经济效率是其中的关键要素;塔河流域国民经济产业内部用水结构和用水经济效率结构的进一步优化有利于未来水资源利用对GDP增量的贡献。     

柴达木地区滴灌水-盐-肥综合调控对枸杞生长和水肥利用的影响

针对柴达木盆地枸杞生产对水-肥-盐综合管理的需求,布置了5个滴灌施肥灌溉比例(施肥量分别为当地枸杞施肥量的10%、30%、50%,70%、90%)的田间试验,试验通过控制滴头正下方20cm处的土壤基质势下限为-20kPa进行滴灌水盐调控和施肥灌溉。结果表明:在柴达木地区,当滴头正下方20cm深度土壤基质势控制在-20kPa以上时,滴灌施肥灌溉阶段土壤盐分会增加,但是土壤仍属于非盐渍土,低耐盐植物可以生长;冬灌盐分淋洗效果显著,冬灌后土壤盐分基本可以维持平衡;随着施肥比例的增加,枸杞的株高、茎粗、冠幅增长率及干鲜果产量先增加再降低,当施肥比例为70%时达到最大;滴灌高频施肥灌溉有利于提高枸杞的产量、灌溉水利用效率和肥料利用率,并且当施肥比例为当地枸杞施肥量的70%左右时,枸杞产量高、灌溉水利用效率高、肥料偏生产力高。     

多层次半结构性多目标模糊优选理论在章水水量分配中的应用

随着人口的增长和经济的发展,生活和生产需水日渐增多,水资源供需矛盾日益突出,而用水效率低、用水浪费现象也没有得到有效的控制,我国水资源当前所面临的严峻形势要求我们必须对水资源进行公平而合理的分配,提高水资源的利用效率,缓解供需矛盾。章水是赣江的一级支流,做好支流的水量分配工作是做好整个赣江流域水量分配工作的前提。本文首先构建了多层次半结构性多目标模糊优选模型,并以章水为例,用该模型对其水资源在各用水区域之间进行了分配,旨在对这种水量分配方法进行探讨的实践,以期为赣江流域水量分配工作提供一种可行的参考方法。     

不同灌溉条件对黄河下游引黄灌区作物水分关系的影响

在田间试验验证的基础上,利用SWAT2000模型对黄河下游引黄灌区冬小麦、夏玉米在不同灌溉条件下产量、耗水量以及水分利用效率等的时空变化进行了模拟,结果表明,冬小麦缺水情况比较严重,夏玉米生育期降水量基本能满足其耗水量的需求.灌溉对提高作物产量以及耗水量有很大的影响,然而随着灌水量的增加,作物产量以及耗水量增加的幅度并...