外源性脂肪乳化剂饲喂肉仔鸡的试验

选取360只21日龄的AA肉仔鸡,随机分为3组,每组设4个重复,每重复30只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组在基础饲粮中添加250mg/kg脂肪乳化剂,试验2组添加500mg/kg脂肪乳化剂。试验分2阶段进行,22～35日龄饲喂I期日粮,35～49日龄饲喂II期日粮,每期结束时进行生长性能统计,并于每期试验结束前2d收集鸡群粪便进行消化率测试。试验结果表明,外源性脂肪乳化剂能有效提高肉仔鸡生产性能和脂肪消化率,平均日增质量提高7.5%(P<0.05),料重比下降6.1%(P<0.05),脂肪利用率提高6.8%(P<0.05)。     

胆汁酸对肉鸡生产、屠宰和免疫功能的影响

将360只1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每重复30只鸡,21日龄后分别在各组日粮中添加0(对照组)和300mg/kg乳能(替代3、5和8 kg油脂,同时用玉米补充少添加的油脂量)进行试验,通过对成活率、平均日增质量、料肉比、屠宰率、半净膛率、腹脂率、血清溶茵酶含量、碳粒廓清指数和新城疫抗体水平来探讨胆汁酸对肉鸡生产、屠宰性能和免疫功能的影响.结果表明:日粮中添加300 mg/kg乳能代替5 kg油脂能显著提高肉鸡的生长和屠宰性能,并显著提高血清溶菌酶含量、碳粒廓清指数和新城疫抗体水平.     

不同油脂日粮中添加RRR-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯对肉鸡生产性能、抗氧化和免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同油脂日粮中添加RRR-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯(α-TOS)对肉鸡生产性能、抗氧化和免疫功能的影响.选用600只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为10个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡.试验采用2× 5因子设计,即2种油脂(新鲜油脂和氧化油脂)和5种α-生育酚类型,分别为30 mg/kg all-rac-α-生育酚醋酸酯(ToA1)、30 mg/kg RRR-α-生育酚醋酸酯(TOA2)及15、30、60 mg/kg α-TOS(TOS1、TOS2和TOS3).试验期为42 d.结果表明:1)α-TOS和氧化油脂显著影响1～21日龄肉鸡的料重比,对其他生产性能无显著影响(P>0.05);2)随着α-TOS添加量的增加,不同油脂日粮肉鸡血清中三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平均升高,皮质醇显著降低,血清的抗氧化能力不同程度提高(P<0.05或P<0.01),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低和新城疫抗体效价升高(P<0.05);3)氧化油脂日粮使肉鸡血清激素水平、抗氧化酶活性和新城疫抗体效价均下降,低于同水平添加α-TOS新鲜油脂组(P>0.05).结果提示,氧化油脂日粮能诱导肉鸡产生免疫应激,并导致生产性能和抗氧化功能下降;日粮中添加α-TOS能一定程度上提高肉鸡生产性能、血清抗氧化功能及机体免疫功能,且在不同油脂日粮中均以60 mg/kg α-TOS添加组的作用效果最佳.     

胆汁酸复合乳化剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响

选取432只l日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分为4组,每组设6个重复,每重复18只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加300g/t、550g/t和800g/t的胆汁酸复合乳化剂,试验期42d。结果表明,胆汁酸复合乳化剂能有效提高肉仔鸡生产性能。添加800g/t胆汁酸复合乳化剂对生产性能的提高作用最明显,平均日增重提高7.63%(P<0.01),料肉比下降8.04%(P<0.01),经济效益提高8.65%。     

乳化剂替代部分油脂对肉鸭生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究乳化剂替代部分油脂对肉鸭生长性能和屠宰性能的影响,试验期为25 d。试验采用完全随机设计,将540只18日龄樱桃谷肉鸭随机分为3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每重复30只鸭。3个试验组中,正对照组为正常油脂水平日粮,负对照组的日粮中油脂添加量降低0.2 MJ/kg,乳化剂组为负对照日粮中添加0.02%乳化剂。结果表明:(1)与正对照组相比,乳化剂组肉鸭的生长性能和屠宰性能均没有显著变化。(2)与负对照组相比,乳化剂组肉鸭的平均日增重提高5.49%(P0.05),料重比降低2.18%(P0.05),平均日采食量提高3.43%(P≥0.05);半净膛率、全净膛率和腹脂率都得到显著改善(P0.05),腿肌率和胸肌率无显著影响(P≥0.05)。结果显示在肉鸭低油脂日粮中添加乳化剂能显著提高日增重,降低料肉比、腹脂率,有效改善饲料利用率,减少能耗。     

仙人掌提取物对肉鸡生产性性能、营养物质利用和肠道微生物区系的影响

试验选择720只AA型肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只鸡.其中对照组(A组)饲喂基础日粮+抗生素(4%黄霉素125 mg/kg),试验B、C、D组分别饲喂基础日粮添加200、400 mg/kg和600 mg/kg仙人掌提取物.试验期为42 d.试验结果表明:仙人掌提取物添加组C与对照A组相比平均日增重提高7.96%,料重比下降2.62%;粗蛋白质利用率提高13.30%,干物质和能量利用率略有提高;直肠乳酸菌、双歧杆菌、肠球菌显著提高,大肠杆茵显著下降.     

乳化剂与乳化油替代不同比例油脂对肉鸡养分利用率影响研究

试验选用体重相近的健康36日龄罗斯308肉仔鸡64只,分8个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复2只鸡。研究日粮中添加乳化剂以及添加乳化油替代不同比例油脂,对日粮中脂肪、能量、蛋白质和干物质代谢率的影响。处理1为对照组(不添加乳化剂或乳化油);处理2、3、4在对照组日粮基础上分别减少10%、20%、30%大豆油,并同时分别添加100、120、140 g/t乳化剂;处理5,6,7添加乳化油,乳化油中含油量分别与处理2、3、4中油脂含量相同,即对照组日粮中油脂的90%、80%、70%。结果表明,乳化剂及乳化油替代不同比例油脂可以提高日粮中脂肪、能量、蛋白质和干物质利用率,并且改善肉鸡脂肪利用率的效果优于能量、蛋白质和干物质。由此可见,以乳化剂及乳化油替代日粮中不同比例油脂可改善肉鸡饲料效率。     

RRR-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯对肉鸡生产性能和营养物质代谢的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加RRR-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯(α-TOS)对肉鸡生产性能和营养物质代谢的影响。选用600只1日龄肉鸡,随机分为10个处理,每处理6个重复。试验采用2×5因子设计,即两种油脂类型(新鲜油脂和氧化酸败油脂),以及5种α-生育酚的不同处理,分别为30mg/kgall-rac-α-生育酚醋酸酯(TOA1)、30mg/kgRRR-α-生育酚醋酸酯(TOA2)及15、30、60mg/kgRRR-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯(TOS1、TOS2和TOS3)。试验期为21d。结果表明,氧化酸败油脂造成肉鸡料重比显著升高(P0.05);日粮中添加α-TOS可降低新鲜油脂组肉鸡的料重比,提高营养物质的代谢利用率(P0.05),也可以改善因日粮中油脂氧化酸败造成的肠道食糜消化酶活性下降,导致营养物质代谢率下降,引起肉鸡生产性能降低的趋势。     

水溶性乳化剂对肉仔鸡饲喂效果的研究

试验研究水溶性乳化剂对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响,试验选用AA肉仔鸡10710只,随机分成7个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复510只,肉鸡分3个阶段饲养(0～21d、22～42d、43d～出栏)。处理A为对照组,肉鸡3个阶段的代谢能水平分别为12.2、12.7和13.0MJ/kg;粗蛋白质相应为21.5%、19.1%和17.2%;处理B在处理A的基础上添加125g/t乳化剂;处理C、D、E、F、G,分别在对照组B日粮的基础上减少5、6、7、8、9kg/t油脂,使其代谢能水平分别降低167.2、200.6、234.1、267.5、301.0kJ/kg。各处理组除代谢能以外的其它营养水平均一致。研究结果表明:肉鸡全价料中减少5～9kg/t油脂后添加水溶性乳化剂125g/t,对肉鸡ADF(I平均日采食量)、ADG(平均日增重)、料重比无显著影响(P>0.05);肉鸡全价料中不减少脂肪,添加水溶性乳化剂125g/t,可以降低料重比(P<0.05)。日粮中添加125g/t水溶性乳化剂能够提高167.2～292.6kJ/kg的代谢能,节约5～9kg/t油脂。     

乳化剂对肉鸡胴体品质和肌肉成分的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加乳化剂对AA肉鸡胴体品质和肌肉成分的影响。将640只1日龄AA肉鸡随机分为4个处理,每处理8个重复,每重复20只鸡。4个处理组分别为正对照组、负对照组、乳化剂1组和乳化剂2组。其中,正对照组日粮为正常油脂水平,负对照组日粮中的油脂添加量降低0.5%,乳化剂组为负对照组日粮中分别添加0.05%乳化剂1和乳化剂2。在试验42 d,称质量,屠宰试鸡,采集样品,用于检测试验指标。结果表明:2种乳化剂能显著提高宰前活质量、半净膛率和全净膛率(P0.05),但对胸肌率和腿肌率无显著影响(P≥0.05);2种乳化剂组提高肌间脂肪带宽9%~11%(P0.05),而腹脂率和皮脂厚差异不显著(P≥0.05);对胸肌熟肉率有显著影响(P0.05),但对剪切力值无影响(P≥0.05),同时还显著提高胸肌肌肉粗脂肪和粗蛋白质的含量(P0.05)。由此可知,在肉鸡低油脂日粮中添加乳化剂可以提高肉鸡胴体品质,改善肌肉成分。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.