Adsorption of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Muscle, Kidney, Lung and Brain from Infant and Adult Mice

Adsorption of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus by minced and homogenized muscle, kidney, lung, and brain from infant and adult mice was compared under various experimental conditions to determine if there were differences in adsorption characteristics. The following factors were studied: relative ability to adsorb virus, sedimentation of the adsorbing components, heat lability of the components, virus elution, and recovery of cell-associated virus. The results indicated that the adsorbing components in brain were different from those in kidney and lung. Infant mouse muscle, the only tissue tested that was highly susceptible to FMD virus in vivo, had some adsorption characteristics similar to brain and others similar to kidney and lung. The possibility of a relationship of these characteristics to the susceptibility or resistance of the tissue donors was discussed.     

灰黄霉素在家兔组织中的分布及残留消除规律研究

研究灰黄霉素在家兔组织中的分布及消除规律,为灰黄霉素用于治疗家兔真菌病的安全性评价提供依据。选择42只新西兰白兔,于饲料中添加灰黄霉素（800g／1000kg）混饲,连续饲喂14d,分别于停药后1、3、5、7、9、14、21d,各处死6只,取其肝、肾、肌肉、皮肤及脑组织。以盐酸普萘洛尔为内标,二氯甲烷提取后用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪（HPLC—MS／MS）进行各种组织中灰黄霉素浓度分析。结果显示,连续用药14d后,灰黄霉素在家兔组织中的分布情况为：肝组织浓度最高（134．61μg／kg）,肾组织次之（54．09μg／kg）,脑组织浓度最低（未检出）;停药后,随着时间的延长,灰黄霉素在肌肉、肝、肾和皮肤组织中的浓度逐渐下降,且在肝脏中的消除速度最快,停药21d后,灰黄霉素在肾组织中浓度为3．39μg／kg,在肝组织中浓度为12．36μg／kg,其他组织低于定量限或未检出。建议家兔生产中慎用灰黄霉素。     

Characterisation of glucose transporter (GLUT) gene expression in broiler chickens

1. Glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins, one of which is the major insulin-responsive transporter GLUT4, play a crucial role in cellular glucose uptake and glucose homeostasis in mammals. The aim of this study was to identify the extent of mRNA expression of GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3 and GLUT8 in chickens intrinsically lacking GLUT4. 2. GLUT1 mRNA was detected in most tissues of 3-week-old broiler chickens, with the highest expression measured in brain and adipose tissue. GLUT2 was expressed only in the liver and kidney. GLUT3 was highly expressed in the brain. GLUT8 was expressed ubiquitously, with expression in kidney and adipose tissue relatively higher than that of other tissues. 3. Expression levels of GLUT isoforms 1, 3 and 8 in skeletal muscle tissue were very low compared to the other tissues tested. 4. [3H]Cytochalasin B binding assays on tissue from 3-week-old chickens showed that the number of cytochalasin B binding sites in skeletal muscle plasma membranes was higher than in liver plasma membranes. These results suggest that GLUT proteins and/or GLUT-like proteins that bind cytochalasin B are expressed in chicken skeletal muscles. 5. It is proposed that GLUT expression and glucose transport in chicken tissues are regulated in a manner different from that in mammals.     

Plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in experimentally infected chickens with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli

The plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in chickens experimentally infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli were studied. Marbofloxacin was given to 66 infected chickens by oral administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.w., once a day for three days. Plasma, brain, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and trachea were collected and marbofloxacin concentrations were analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography method. In the infected chickens, maximal marbofloxacin concentrations in plasma, brain, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and trachea were 1.84, 1.33, 7.35, 5.61, 3.12, 2.98, and 4.51 g/mL (g); the elimination half‐lives of marbofloxacin were 6.8, 2.74, 9.31, 8.45, 9.55, 11.53 and 5.46 h for plasma, brain, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and trachea, respectively. AUC were calculated to be 9.68, 8.04, 45.1, 27.03, 20.56, 19.47, and 32.68 μg/mL (g) ·h for plasma, brain, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and trachea, respectively. Marbofloxacin concentration in tissues except for brain exceeded marbofloxacin concentration in plasma, with AUC_tissue/AUC_plasma ranging from 2.01 to 4.66 and Peak_tissue/Peak_plasma ranging from 1.62 to 3.99. The results showed that a marbofloxacin dosage of 5 mg/kg administered orally at 24 h intervals may provide successful treatment of chicken with MG and E. coli infection.     

Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma gene in various chicken tissues

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are the members of superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. A great number of studies in rodent and human have shown that PPARs were involved in the lipids metabolism. The goal of the current study was to investigate the expression pattern of PPAR genes in various tissues of chicken. The tissue samples (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, breast muscle and adipose) were collected from six Arber Acres broilers (8 weeks old, male and female birds are half and half). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Northern blot were used to characterize the expression of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma genes in the above tissues. By semi-quantitative RT-PCR, the results showed the expression level of PPAR-alpha gene was higher in brain, lung, kidney, heart and intestine, medium in stomach, liver and adipose than in spleen, and it did not express in breast muscle. The expression level of PPAR-gamma gene was higher in adipose, medium in brain and kidney than in spleen, heart, lung, stomach and intestine, but it did not express in liver and breast muscle. Northern blot results showed that PPAR-alpha gene expressed in heart, liver, kidney and stomach, and the intensity of hybridization signal was the stronger in liver and kidney than in other tissues, however, PPAR-gamma gene only expressed in adipose and kidney tissues. The results of this study showed the profile of PPAR gene expression in the chicken was similar to that in rodent, human and pig. However the expression profile of chicken also have its own specific trait, i.e. compared with mammals, PPAR-alpha gene can not be detected in skeletal muscle and PPAR-gamma gene can be stronger expressed in kidney tissues. This work will provide some basic data for the PPAR genes expression and lipids metabolism of birds.     

J亚群白血病病理学观察及抗原定位

通过病理组织学和免疫组织化学技 术对1日龄感染鸡定期进行病理组织学观察 及gp85病毒糖蛋白检测,确定病理变化和J 亚群白血病的组织学嗜性及二者的关系。结 果在3周龄时出现第1只发病鸡,以后所有 鸡发病且病变随着日龄的增加而加重,主要 在骨髓、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、卵巢、心肌等组织 中出现瘤细胞增生,并有炎性反应;免疫组在 3周龄时,肝脏、心脏、肺脏、小肠、肾脏、卵巢、 骨骼肌开始出现阳性反应,抗原主要在胞浆 中出现,呈深蓝色颗粒。在10周龄～14周龄 时,骨髓呈中度的阳性反应,而其它组织的阳 性信号出现的程度未见大的变化;在23周龄 时,肝内肿瘤呈较强阳性反应,信号主要集中 在细胞核;整个实验过程中,法氏囊、脑始终 呈阴性反应。研究发现,骨髓及肿瘤的抗原 性较强,并且肿瘤的抗原性要强于骨髓;另外 还发现,在阳性反应强的组织中,病变较明 显,肿瘤细胞增生明显,即阳性反应的组织器 官易形成肿瘤转移灶。     

Influence of murine Toxocara canis infection on plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophil numbers and its correlation with cytokine levels

Toxocara canis is a nematode of the Ascaridae family that normally parasites the small intestine of canid species. Humans are accidentally infected upon ingestion of embryonated eggs, and can manifest several clinical alterations such as fever, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, respiratory symptoms, muscle pain and anorexia. In the present work, we investigated the kinetics of tissue distribution of L2 larva in lungs, liver, kidney, brain, skeletal muscle and myocardium. Also, we analyzed the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) for levels of IL-6, IFN-gamma, eotaxin and Regulated on Activation Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) in experimental murine T. canis infection. We observed liver, lung and kidney lesions correlated to larva migration as early as the first day of infection. After the seventh post-infection day, larva could also be detected in brain, skeletal muscle and heart, as an indicator of biphasic migration pattern. Increased inflammatory activity was detected in BAL and plasma of infected animals, as was an intense eosinophil migration associated with an increase in the levels of all the cytokines studied. In conclusion, our results establish a tight correlation between tissue lesions caused by larva migration and increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory and eosinophil chemotactic cytokines. Thus, murine T. canis infection may prove to be useful in understanding the role of cytokines in infection.     

蛋鸡中发现J亚群白血病与网状内皮增生症自然混合感染

发病蛋鸡经组织学、免疫组化检测确诊为J亚群白血病与网状内皮增生症混合感染。与人工接种病例不同的是，在肿瘤组织内还发现一种特殊的细胞——淋巴-巨噬细胞；在骨髓和肿瘤组织中检测到部分髓细胞胞浆内有ALV—J抗原表达。从发病情况、各器官病变程度及免疫组化结果来看，2种病原存在明显的相互协同作用，脾可能是网状内皮增生症的原发器官。但其发病的时间可能不如J亚群白血病早。此次在蛋种鸡发现此混合感染提示，病毒在环境选择压及免疫选择压的作用下，其生物特性、致病作用以及宿主范围均可发生改变。应警惕J亚群白血病和网状内皮增生症混合感染在蛋鸡中的大面积暴发。     

Analysis of myostatin and its related factors in various porcine tissues

Myostatin is expressed in skeletal muscle tissue where it functions to suppress myoblast proliferation and myofiber hypertrophy. Recently, myostatin was detected in the tendon, mammary gland, and adipose tissue of mice. We sought to determine whether myostatin is expressed in the liver, spleen, lung, and kidney of pigs. Real-time PCR and Western blots demonstrated that myostatin, follistatin, decorin, and activin receptor IIB (ActRIIB) mRNA and proteins were expressed in skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and adipose tissue, and also in liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and cultured fibroblasts. The relative abundance of myostatin was closely related to follistatin and decorin in porcine tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated the presence of myostatin, follistatin, and decorin in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, heart muscle, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney of pigs. These results suggest that myostatin could be associated with certain functions of the internal organs, such as energy metabolism or fibrosis. We conclude that myostatin is a factor broadly expressed in the internal organs and muscle tissues of pigs.     

Radioimmunoassay of the anabolic agent zeranol. IV. The determination of zeranol concentrations in the edible tissues of cattle implanted with zeranol (Ralgro)

Rapid solvent extraction combined with a radioimmunoassay using a monoclonal antibody raised against a derivative of zeranol has been used to measure the residues of the anabolic agent zeranol in the edible tissues (muscle, liver, kidney and fat) of cattle treated with Ralgro. Calibration curves, both with and without, tissue extracts exhibit good parallelism. Regression analysis for the extraction of zeranol from tissues dosed with standard amounts of zeranol have correlation coefficients of 0.979, 0.991, 0.986 and 0.985 for muscle, liver, kidney and fat, respectively. The limits of decision defined as the mean value + 3 SD for the concentrations apparently observed (noise) in tissues from animals not treated with Ralgro were 278, 121, 373 and 110 ng/kg for muscle, fat, liver and kidney, respectively. In the tissues of 4 cows implanted with Ralgro (36 mg), and sampled 70 days after implanting, the highest concentration of zeranol in each tissue was 232 ng/kg (muscle), 391 ng/kg (liver), 287 ng/kg (kidney) and 293 ng/kg (fat), and residues were detected in all samples of fat (4), 3 kidney samples and 1 liver sample.     

贪食迈阿密虫(M.avidus)对4种海水养殖鱼类组织匀浆液的趋化性

通过对贪食迈阿密虫(M.avidus)对4种养殖鱼类组织匀浆液的趋化特性进行研究,以探讨贪食迈阿虫对养殖鱼类的侵染特点.试验结果显示,贪食迈阿密虫对大黄鱼、大菱鲆、黄姑鱼、鲈鱼的眼、脑、脑脊液匀浆液有强烈的趋化效果(P＜0.01),对皮肤黏液、鳃、肝、肌肉、肾组织匀浆液的趋化性较弱(P＞0.05);对不同鱼类组织匀浆液...     

Evaluation of cyclooxygenase protein expression in traumatized versus normal tissues from eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

This pilot study was designed to determine whether cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, or both are expressed in normal turtle tissues and whether level of expression changes when tissue becomes inflamed. Five eastern box turtles, Terrapene carolina carolina, that either died or were euthanatized due to disease or injuries were used for this work. Tissues were obtained from the five turtles. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate tissues for COX-1 and COX-2 proteins. Densiometric analysis was used to compare Western blot bands within each turtle. COX-1 and COX-2 were found in the liver, kidney, grossly normal muscle, and grossly traumatized (inflamed) muscle of all study turtles. In all cases, COX-1 and COX-2 proteins were increased in traumatized muscle over grossly normal nontraumatized muscle. The highest levels of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins were found in kidney and liver. There was no statistical difference between the amount of COX-1 protein in liver and kidney, but traumatized muscle compared with grossly normal muscle had significantly greater COX-1 but not COX 2 protein concentrations. There was no statistical difference between the amount of COX-2 protein in liver and kidney. Traumatized muscle expressed nonstatistically significant greater amounts of COX-2 compared with grossly normal muscle. COX-1 and COX-2 proteins are expressed in turtle tissues, and both isoforms are upregulated during inflammation of muscle tissue. Traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that block both COX isoforms might be more efficacious than COX-2-selective drugs. This work suggests that NSAIDs should be evaluated for potential liver and kidney toxicity in turtles.     

An immunohistochemical study of the distribution of biotin in tissues of pigs and chickens

An optimised indirect peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique was used to detect endogenous biotin in frozen tissue sections from biotin-supplemented and biotin-depleted pigs and chickens. A monoclonal anti-biotin antibody was used as primary antibody in this technique. Immunoreactive biotin was detected in many tissues of both species including liver, kidney, pancreas, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, testis, brain, choroid plexus, cardiac and skeletal muscle, epithelium of the respiratory and digestive systems, skin and lymphoid tissues. The specificity of immunostaining for biotin was confirmed by the finding of reduced staining intensities in tissues of biotin-depleted animals compared to those of biotin-supplemented animals. The results of this study suggest that biotin has metabolic functions in a wider range of tissues than previously known. They also indicate that endogenous tissue biotin should be considered as a source of false-positive staining when immunohistochemical or histochemical techniques which use avidin or streptavidin reagents or anti-biotin antibodies as components of the detection system, are applied to tissue sections.     

Urea cycle metabolism: effects of supplemental ornithine or citrulline on performance, tissue amino acid concentrations and enzymatic activity in young pigs fed arginine-deficient diets

Two experiments were conducted with young pigs to determine the efficacy of ornithine (Orn) or citrulline (Cit) as precursors of arginine (Arg). In Exp. 1, pigs were individually fed an Arg-deficient, semipurified diet (.18% Arg) supplemented with .3% Arg or an equimolar quantity of Orn or Cit. Supplemental Arg or Cit increased rate and efficiency of weight gain, but Orn addition was without effect. Free Arg in plasma 3 h post-prandial was increased by addition of either Arg or Cit to the basal diet. Liver Arg was elevated by dietary addition of Arg, Orn or Cit; kidney Arg and Orn were elevated only in pigs receiving supplemental Cit. Arginine or Cit addition to the diet increased Arg concentration in muscle tissue, but muscle Orn was unresponsive to any of the supplements fed. In Exp. 2, pigs were again fed the Arg-deficient, semipurified diet supplemented with .3% Arg or four times an isomolar quantity of ornithine. Arginine addition to the diet increased weight gain and feed efficiency, while Orn supplementation was without effect. Plasma Orn was increased by excess Orn, while plasma Cit was unaffected by supplemental Arg or Orn. Moreover, excess Orn increased free Orn and proline (Pro) in liver, kidney and muscle. Free Cit, however, increased only in liver from feeding excess Orn. In addition, excess Orn decreased both plasma ammonia and free glutamine (Gln) concentration in brain. Arginase activity was roughly 10, 40 and 100 times greater in hepatic tissue than in renal cortex, renal medulla or intestinal mucosa, respectively, while hepatic ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) activity was about 15 times greater than the activity present in mucosa tissue. Renal OTC activity was too low to be accurately measured.     

Antigenic cross-reactions between Mycoplasma arthritidis and rat tissues

An antigenic relationship between Mycoplasma arthritidis and rat tissues could be demonstrated using the enzyme-immune assay and the agar gel double diffusion test. Cross-reactions were observed with joint homogenates as well as with muscle, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and brain tissue from rats. In addition, antibodies against joint homogenate were found in the sera of rats infected with M. arthritidis ISR 1 using the indirect hemagglutination test. The significance of common antigens between M. arthritidis and rat tissues for the pathogenesis of the M. arthritidis polyarthritis in rats is discussed.     

Distribution of tissue enzymes in three species of pinnipeds.

In domestic animal medicine, changes in serum enzyme levels are routinely used as diagnostic tools to detect liver disease. Hepatic disease occurs in pinnipeds, but limited data are available on the tissue distribution of serum enzymes in marine mammals. The objectives of this study were to determine the tissue distribution of seven serum enzymes in three pinniped species. Enzymes evaluated were alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in tissues from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) (n = 5), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) (n = 5), and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) (n = 5) that stranded and then died at a rehabilitation center. Samples were evaluated in duplicate from liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, kidney, adrenal, spleen, pancreas, lung, lymph node, and intestine. Patterns of tissue enzyme distribution were similar in all species, with SDH activity highest in liver and kidney, CK activity highest in skeletal and cardiac muscle, ALP activity highest in adrenal, and GGT activity highest in the kidney. Aspartate aminotransferase and LDH activities were less specific, with high activity in multiple tissues. Tissue ALT activity was high in the liver of all species, but was also high in cardiac muscle (California sea lions), skeletal muscle (harbor seals), and kidney (elephant seals). These results suggest that concurrent analysis of SDH, ALT, and CK would provide high specificity and sensitivity for the detection of hepatic lesions, and allow differentiation of liver from skeletal muscle lesions in pinniped species.     

Distribution of chloramphenicol in some tissues and extravascular fluids of dogs after oral administration.

Chloramphenicol concentrations were assayed chemically in tissue homogenates, blood, and certain extravascular fluids of Greyhounds killed 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 hours after they were orally given the drug (50 mg/kg). The concentrations of hemoglobin in blood and tissue homogenates were used to estimate "corrected values" to allow for differences in vascularity of the tissues sampled. The distribution of chloramphenicol in the body was not uniform. In all sampled tissues except brain, the initial corrected values were higher than the concentrations in blood. The tissues sampled, in diminishing order of initial corrected value, were lymph node, spleen, pancreas, liver, kidney, lung, muscle, and brain. The persistence of antibiotic in different tissues varied, and in some tissues it was detectable when blood concentrations reached zero. Penetration of chloramphenicol into brain and cerebrospinal fluid was slower than in other tissues and fluids. In aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid, concentrations were lower than those in blood, but high concentrations were present in urine. The findings indicated that during chloramphenicol therapy it may be advantageous to select dosage frequencies according to the site of infection.     

Pathogenic Effects of Cloned Genomic DNA of Porcine Circovirus-like Virus P1 on Neonatal Mice via Different Inoculation Routes

[Objective] The paper was to explore the pathogenicity of cloned genomic DNA of porcine circovirus-like virus P1 to neonatal mice via different inoculation routes(brain, liver and muscle). [Method] Cloned genomic DNA of P1 was inoculated to neonatal mice via different routes of brain, liver and muscle. Tissues of heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain were taken from neonatal mice at 7, 14 and 21 d post inoculation, re-spectively. P1 in various tissues were qualitatively and quantitatively detected by using ordinary PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. Meanwhile,histopathological changes were analyzed. [Result] P1 was detected in neonatal mice inoculated through three different routes. The viral load of tis-sues at 7 d post inoculation was significantly higher than those at 14 and 21 d post inoculation. Moreover, muscle inoculation led to the highest vi-ral load in all tissues of neonatal mice. [Conclusion] P1 infection caused different degrees of pathological damage to heart, liver, lung, kidney and brain in neonatal mice.     

猪PPARs基因组织表达特性的研究

以成年母猪为研究材料,采用RT-PCR半定量法对猪PPARα、β/δ和γ基因组织表达特点进行了研究。结果表明:在检测的18种组织中除胰腺组织外,3种PPAR亚型在其他17种组织中均有表达。表达量高低依次为PPARα,子宫绒毛膜>皮下脂肪>卵巢>大肠>脾脏>大脑>肾上腺>心脏>肺>小肠>脊髓>子宫蜕膜>胃>肝脏>背最长肌>膀胱>肾脏;PPARδ,子宫绒毛膜>卵巢>大肠>脾脏>肝脏>胃>皮下脂肪>大脑>肺>肾上腺>子宫蜕膜>脊髓>背最长肌>心脏>肾脏>小肠>膀胱;PPARγ,背最长肌>皮下脂肪>卵巢>脾脏>肺>大肠>膀胱>子宫绒毛膜>子宫蜕膜>心脏>胃>肝脏>肾脏>大脑>脊髓>肾上腺>小肠。3种亚型PPAR在卵巢和/或子宫绒毛膜中都有较高的表达,提示它们与猪的繁殖性能相关。