水产人有话说

我们的同行都在做年度特刊,我们也咸与一把。翻阅2009年的水产信息海洋,现金为王了、直营店开了、内销增长了、重视品牌了、真药假卖了、鱼价又跌了、原料上涨了、人才缺失了、海大上市了、……同往年一样,2009年依旧有悲有喜。2009年,有人在谋划、有人在思索、有人在总结、有人在谈论、有人在回顾、有人在展望……本期岁末特刊,除了将过去一年的片段分类集结外,还通过各个领域具有代表性或知名的人物描述他们的2009,他们眼中的2009。因版面有限,仅整理了部分。     

哲罗鱼与2种有胃鱼消化系统比较解剖的观察

对3种淡水有胃鱼的消化系统进行了比较解剖观察。描述了与摄食有关的齿、咽喉齿、舌和鳃耙的形态学特征;测量了体长、头长、吻长、口裂宽、口腔长。对几种鱼胃的形态、幽门盲囊、肝、胰脏、胆囊进行了描述;测量了食道长、胃长、胃直径、肠长、消化道长和腹腔长;并计算了有关比值。探讨了摄食习性与消化系统形态结构特点之间的关系。     

博采中外专家之长 探寻休闲渔业之道——中国(厦门)第二届国际休闲渔业论坛成功举办

<正>休闲渔业通过对渔业资源、环境资源和人力资源的科学规划和合理利用,把现代渔业和休闲、旅游观光及鱼文化的传承有机结合起来,实现了一、二、三产业的科学配置和转移,带动了各地的新农(渔)村建设,投融资、旅游、交通、餐饮、渔具、养殖、饵料等相关行业的全面发展,促进了渔区经济结构调整。渔业资源的合理利用和保护,增加了渔民收入,为渔区的经济发展做出了重要贡献。同时,休闲渔业以健康、低碳、和谐、时尚的生活理念和方式,改善了城乡生态环境,促进了人与社会、人与自然的和谐相处。     

我国海域使用管理中若干问题的初步探讨

《海域使用管理法》自2002年实施以来,为各级海洋行政主管部门依法管海、依法兴海提供了强有力的法律武器,对于促进我国海洋经济持续、快速、健康发展产生了巨大而深远的影响,有效维护了海域所有权和海域使用权人的合法权益,促进了海域的合理开发和可持续利用,有效提升了海域综合管控能力,基本结束了海域使用“无序、无度、无偿”的混乱状况,实现了规划用海、集约用海、生态用海、科技用海、依法用海的局面,对中国海洋法制建设具有重要意义。     

鲢、鳙对养殖水体的生态功能评析

分析了鲢、鳙的营养生态位,阐述了鲢、鳙的放养密度、放养规格、养殖周期、配比和最佳载鱼量.并对鲢、鳙在养殖水体中的氮磷利用、生物调控等生态功能进行了评析,阐明了鲢、鳙在淡水渔业中的作用和地位.     

河南省渔业协会成立

正2014年4月2日,河南省渔业协会成立大会暨第一届会员代表大会在郑州隆重召开了。河南省农业厅张惠民副厅长对协会成立作出重要指示,河南省农业厅水产局张西瑞局长发表了重要讲话,河南省水产技术推广站王飞站长就协会筹备成立和发展路径、方向作了详细阐述,河南省民政厅领导指导、监督了协会成立全部议程。与会代表听取了《协会筹备工作报告》,审议通过了《协会章程》和《会员管理办法》,选举产生了第一届理事会、常务理事会、会长、副会长、名誉会     

弧形筛在工厂化水产养殖系统中的应用及其净化效果

通过对养殖池排出污水经过弧形筛前后几个重要水质指标(溶解氧、pH、盐度、氨氮、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、化学需氧量、生化需氧量、悬浮物)的变化,评价了弧形筛对废水中固体废物的净化作用.结果表明,弧形筛有效去除了废水中的固体颗粒,筛除率高达90%,起到了很好的阻截固体污染物的作用,同时增加了水体的含氧量,提高了pH值,降低了化学需氧量(COD),为后续的水处理减轻了负荷.     

秦皇岛市贝类产业发展状况调研报告

为了解秦皇岛市贝类产业的发展状况,从不同角度对秦皇岛市的贝类产业进行了调查研究。从微观的角度,考察了养殖、加工、销售、技术服务机构的经营状况;从宏观的角度,考察了产业化经营组织以及各级政府对贝类产业发展所提供的政策支撑及其效果。根据调研结果,总结了秦皇岛市贝类产业在发展规模、产业集群、出口营销、政策支撑等方面具有突出优势,也分析了政府监管不到位、人才短缺、产品层次低、产业链发展不协调等问题,并针对问题提出了对策和建议。     

鸡蛋蛋壳颜色变浅的原因及其对策

文章综述了蛋壳颜色形成的机理,并了分析了动物、环境、营养、饲养管理等四大导致蛋壳颜色变浅的主要影响因素,提出了相应的预防与调控措施,为蛋鸡养殖过程中预防蛋壳颜色变浅提供了参考。     

浅析扬州水产苗种体系建设的成效与思考

综述了近年来扬州市水产苗种体系建设的现状,尤其详述了水产苗种体系在品种、设施、规模、配套等方面的特点,论述了水产苗种体系建设在种质支撑、产业结构调整、水产品质量安全和渔民增收等方面的成效,并就水产苗种体系建设中存在的问题提出了针对性的建议。     

Modern technologies and integrated observing systems are “instrumental” to fisheries oceanography: A brief history of ocean data collection

Interdisciplinary data fuel fisheries oceanography research and the ecosystem-based approaches to management and sustainable development it informs. Underlying this is a distributed ocean observing framework that is integrated, interoperable, interactive, and accessible. In recognition of the 30th anniversary of Fisheries Oceanography the journal, this paper reviews the evolution of observing instruments and platforms used in contemporary fisheries oceanography the science. Illustrated with personal anecdotes, past efforts to create or adopt observing technologies, and examples of their use in research, this highlights the spectrum of instruments, systems, and programs used to survey and monitor ocean ecosystems. Modern ocean observing systems are complex and varied, reflecting the range and diversity of data required by fisheries oceanographers. These systems require a large and ongoing investment and an interdisciplinary community of scientists, engineers, and technicians to design, build, install, operate, and maintain them. Common themes emerge from a review of past successful instrument R&D and deployments. It is a highly collaborative, integrative, and iterative process. Most systems are the result of vision, planning, and perseverance, backed by careful calibration and intercomparison. Long-term support is essential; public–private partnerships that leverage funding, technology, and infrastructure are critical. Sustaining long time series for monitoring population and ecosystem change and to support fisheries oceanography research is a priority. Future areas of focus include continuously innovating and updating technologies, implementing a backbone of core observations, and maintaining a nimble infrastructure and R&D capacity to seize new opportunities and address emerging challenges.     

Bioaccumulation and distribution of trace elements in tissues of giant river prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</Emphasis> (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from South Vietnam

ABSTRACT:   Accumulation profiles of 22 trace elements in abdominal muscle, abdominal exoskeleton and the hepatopancreas of the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii were analyzed. The giant river prawn is an indigenous freshwater species from South Vietnam, and is cultured commercially and fished in the wild. Samples were collected from Ho Chi Minh City and the surrounding area (SKEZ, South Key Economic Zone), and from the Mekong River Delta between 2003 and 2005. Highest accumulations of essential (Cu, Se and Mo) and toxic (As, Ag, Cd and Hg) elements were observed in hepatopancreatic tissue, except for Mn, Sr, Sn, Ba and V in the exoskeleton and Rb and Cs in muscle tissue. Spatial differences showed concentrations of Cs and Pb in muscle and Sr in exoskeletons from the SKEZ were higher than those from the Mekong River Delta. The opposite trend was observed for Cr, Se and Sb in muscle, Mo, Sb and Tl in exoskeleton, and Se, Hg, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl and Bi in the hepatopancreas. These differences in trace element concentrations in prawns likely reflect differences in industrialization and human activities between the two regions of South Vietnam.     

中国产细纹狮子鱼的骨学和肌肉学研究

本研究解剖了中国产细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)标本,并详细描述了该物种的骨骼系统、骨骼肌系统及相关神经,包括围眶骨、脑颅、颌骨、悬器和鳃盖骨、舌弓、鳃弓、肩带、腰带、中轴骨架和奇鳍支鳍骨、尾部骨架的10个部分骨骼,以及颊肌、脑颅与悬器-鳃盖骨间肌肉、头部腹面肌肉、鳃弓肌肉、胸鳍肌肉、腹鳍肌肉、奇鳍相关肌...     

盐度对花鲈幼鱼鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构的影响

为了探究不同盐度对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼组织结构的影响,用组织学方法对不同盐度条件下(0、10、15、20、30)花鲈幼鱼的鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构进行研究。结果显示,盐度为0时,花鲈幼鱼鳃丝排列紧密,顶端膨大呈棒状,鳃小片细胞饱满,有少量泌氯细胞。花鲈幼鱼鳃丝宽度随盐度的升高而缩小,鳃小片间距则逐渐增大,差异显著(P<0.05);盐度为20时,部分鳃小片变形脱落,鳃丝上的泌氯细胞明显增多增大;盐度为30时,鳃丝宽度较大,出现断裂脱落,鳃丝上细胞排列疏松,泌氯细胞明显膨大,有溶解现象。脾脏在淡水条件下(盐度为0),淋巴细胞数目较少,血细胞较多;在低盐环境中(盐度为10、15),淋巴细胞增大,数量增多,黑色素巨噬细胞中心数量增加;在高盐度下(盐度为30),脾细胞和部分淋巴细胞出现肿大、空泡化现象,细胞排列疏松。盐度为0时,花鲈幼鱼肌纤维排列较为疏松,多角形或长椭圆形,长径和短径较大、密度较小;盐度为15时,肌纤维短径变小、密度增大,与0、10盐度组均差异显著,盐度为30时,肌纤维长径增大、密度减小;随着盐度的增加,肌纤维长径和短径均有先减小后增加的趋势,单位面积肌纤维数量则先增加后减小,差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,花鲈幼鱼鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构变化特征与其所处的环境盐度有关。     

2013年中国典型对虾养殖区白斑综合征病毒流行株高变异区序列的分析比较

为了解中国不同地区白斑综合征病毒的流行变异情况,本研究取用2013年3—12月从7个省市发病地区采集到的64份WSSV阳性样本,以特异的引物扩增目的片段,通过测序分析不同样本的缺失及变异差异。结果显示,在开放阅读框ORF14/15的扩增中,分别有6530 bp、6533 bp和5138 bp的片段缺失,而在ORF23/24扩增中有12070bp大片段的缺失,不同地区样本中未能成功扩增ORF75,而ORF94的重复单元数目分别为0、3、4、12不等,ORF125的重复单元数目为0、7。SNP分析表明,含有3个重复单元的ORF94在48位的碱基为T、T、T,重复单元数为4的在48位的碱基为T、T、T、T,重复单元数为12的在48位的碱基分别为T及11个A。而ORF125所有重复单元数为7的情况在8、18、25、66、69位置的碱基均为G、G、G、G、A,在9、50、53、61位的碱基也普遍出现了变异。结果表明,WSSV在中国不同地区存在一定程度的变异,其在序列中的缺失、重复单元数目以及SNP的差异较为明显。     

湄洲湾海域甲壳动物群落多样性分析

根据2012年9月和2013年4月湄洲湾海域2个航次单拖网调查资料,分析了该海域甲壳动物种类组成、丰度与生物量、优势种及群落多样性。结果表明,2个航次共捕获甲壳动物35种,其中虾类17种、蟹类15种、虾蛄类3种,隶属于2目8科15属。2012年9月优势种为断脊口虾蛄(Oratosquillina interrupta)、黑斑口虾蛄(O.kempi)、锈斑■(Charybdis feriatus)、刀额仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis cultrirostris)和周氏新对虾(Metapenaeus joyneri);2013年4月优势种为断脊口虾蛄、双斑■(C.bimaculata)、刀额仿对虾和细巧仿对虾(P.tenella);而且断脊口虾蛄和刀额仿对虾为2个航次共有的优势种。2012年9月,甲壳动物平均丰度为1.50×10-2个·m~(-2)、平均生物量为1.47×10-1g·m~(-2),生物量优势度曲线位于丰度优势度曲线之上。2013年4月,甲壳动物平均丰度为3.73×10-3个·m~(-2)、平均生物量为1.57×10-2g·m~(-2),生物量优势度曲线位于丰度优势度曲线之下。2012年9月和2013年4月,甲壳动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')分别为1.30和1.31,Pielou均匀度指数(J')分别为0.62和0.68。     

Blood cleansing cells in head kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann), (Characidae: Teleostei)

The general structure and cell types in kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi, family Characidae, are described. The capability and capacity of these organs to clean foreign ferritin from the blood stream are analysed and compared. Head kidney was mainly composed of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, whereas unmatured and matured red blood cells were few in number. Spleen often contained much red pulp, that is mainly matured red blood cells between splenic cords, often with some macrophages and neutrophils in the latter. Occasionally, this pulp contained large volumes of unmatured red blood cells, particularly in the periphery of the spleen. The splenic white pulp consisted of ellipsoids composed of an inner endothelial layer covered by a thick sheet of white blood cells, which in the periphery consisted mainly of macrophages. Erythrocytes occupied nearly the entire splenic volume in some specimens, whereas up to half of this volume was filled by ellipsoid macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells in other specimens. The macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells in kidney and spleen from ferritin-injected specimens were tightly packed by yellow-brown granules or Prussian blue precipitations, in tissue treated with Mallory stain or acid ferrocyanide, respectively, suggesting a large uptake of foreign ferritin. In the present tetra large amounts of white blood cells are developed in head kidney, where macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells play important roles in the cleansing of scavenger and foreign molecules and particles from the blood stream. The spleen seems primarily to be a site for iron recycling and production and storage of red blood cells. Sometimes, however, it was rich in macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, suggesting functions like blood cleansing and non-specific and specific defence in such specimens.     

条石鲷仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

在盐度29、水温22~24℃的条件下,进行了条石鲷仔鱼饥饿试验和不可逆点(PNR)的确定;观察了饥饿条件下条石鲷初孵仔鱼、3、6、9、12、15日龄的存活、生长、卵黄囊与油球利用和游泳行为的变化。结果表明:饥饿会延缓初孵仔鱼对油球的利用。随着饥饿时间的延长,仔鱼的生长与正常条件下仔鱼差异显著(P<0.05)。条石鲷仔鱼从初次摄食到PNR期为2.5~3 d,这个耐受饥饿的时间临界点在孵化后的5~5.5 d。在饥饿的条件下初孵仔鱼、3、6、9、12、15日龄仔鱼的全部死亡时间分别为6.5、6、5、4、65、d;后5个日龄仔鱼半数死亡时间分别为4、3.5、3.5、3.5、3.5 d。说明9日龄是条石鲷早期发育中最为敏感的阶段。饥饿仔鱼体长较短,头大且体瘦,长期饥饿后脑后部下陷。饥饿仔鱼表层集群游动觅食,缓慢游动反应迟钝,静伏底。     

Effects of ammonia exposure on stress and immune response in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ammonia exposure on stress and immune response in turbot. The species was exposed to five total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations: 0 (control), 1, 5, 20 and 40 mg L^?1 for 96 h. After 0, 24, 48 and 96 h of exposure, blood samples were collected to measure the levels of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), lysozyme (LZM), complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4) and immunoglobulinM (IgM); liver samples were taken to analyse oxidative stress parameters (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione, GSH; malondialdehyde, MDA), and gene expression of heat shock proteins (HSP 70 and HSP 90) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1). The results showed that exposure to higher concentrations of TAN (20 and/or 40 mg L^?1) enhanced the levels of CRH, ACTH and cortisol and attenuated the levels of GH, LZM, C3, C4 and IgM in plasma of turbot after 48 and 96 h. In liver, TAN (20 and/or 40 mg L^?1) apparently increased the activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD and CAT), mRNA levels of HSP (HSP 70 and 90) and formation of MDA, decreased the content of GSH and mRNA levels of IGF‐1 after 48 and 96 h of exposure. Overall, our results suggested that high ammonia exposure caused activation of hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal axis, inhibition of GH/IGF axis and immunity, and occurrence of oxidative stress.     

长江口雌性成体刀鲚不同组织的脂肪酸组成分析

刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是一种江海生殖洄游性鱼类,长江口是刀鲚重要的洄游通道。本研究首次关注洄游至长江口卵巢发育比较成熟的繁殖群体的营养状况,并比较分析了其不同组织总脂和脂肪酸组成,为探明长江口水域刀鲚繁殖群体的营养状况及繁殖性能提供参考信息。结果显示,肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中的水分含量依次降低,总脂含量依次增加。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量在肝脏中最高,肌肉中最低,3种组织间差异显著(P<0.05);单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)中C18:1n9c的含量最高,其在肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中的含量依次为(40.88±0.19)%、(35.06±1.84)%和(42.85±2.14)%,肝脏中含量显著低于其他2个组织(P<0.05);多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n3-PUFA及二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量在肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中依次升高,卵巢中的含量显著高于肝脏和肌肉(P<0.05),而后二者间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)/SFA的比值依次为2.35、1.67和4.49,n3-PUFA/n6-PUFA的比值依次为4.94、3.87和5.13...