Effects of Feed Intake Restriction on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Beef Steers,

Crossbred steers (n = 264, 311 ± 1.6 kg initial BW) were blocked by BW, randomly assigned to one of four treatments (28 pens, 7 pens per treatment), and fed a common 90% concentrate diet to determine the effects of the severity of caloric restriction on animal performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments were 1) ad libitum access to feed for 151 d (AL100); 2) 75% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, 95% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, and ad libitum access to feed for 21 d (AL85); 3) 80% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, 100% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, and ad libitum access to feed for 21 d (AL90); and 4) 85% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, 105% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, and ad libitum access to feed for 21 d (AL95). Feed was offered for AL85, AL90, and AL95 based on DMI by AL100 the previous week. All steers were fed a similar quantity of DM for 4 d prior to initial, interim, and final BW determinations to minimize gastrointestinal fill differences. Overall DMI was greater (P<0.01) for AL100 than for the average of the remaining treatments and decreased linearly (P<0.01) among AL95, AL90, and AL85. Overall ADG (carcass-adjusted) was less (P<0.01) for AL85, AL90, and AL95 than for AL100, whereas overall ADG:DMI (carcass-adjusted) did not differ (P>0.10) between AL100 and the average of the remaining treatments. Overall ADG and ADG:DMI (carcass-adjusted) responded quadratically (P<0.05) with increasing DMI restriction. Hot carcass weight, longissimus area, and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage were greater (P<0.05) for AL100 than for the remaining treatments and responded quadratically (P<0.10) among AL85, AL90, and AL95. Marbling score was greater (P<0.10) for AL100 than for the average of the remaining treatments, and the number of carcasses grading Prime + Choice tended to be higher (P<0.15) for AL100 and AL95. Restricting feed intake of finishing yearling steers to an average of 85 to 95% of ad libitum for 130 d of a 151-d feeding period generally resulted in slower ADG, lesser marbling scores, and carcasses that were lighter and leaner compared with yearling steers allowed ad libitum to feed and harvested after an equal number of days on feed.     

Use of Individual Feeding Behavior Patterns to Classify Beef Steers into Overall Finishing Performance and Carcass Characteristic Categories

Three hundred seventy beef steers were used to evaluate the possibility of using individual animal feeding behavior patterns early in the finishing period to classify overall finishing performance, carcass quality, or both. Feeding behavior variables included measures of time spent feeding (physically consuming feed at the bunk, i.e., head-down duration [HDD]), total feeding bout length (i.e., in-to-out duration [ITOD]), number of visits to the bunk per day (i.e., feeding frequency [FREQ]), and 2 ratios thought to reflect feeding intensity: 1) INT1 = HDD ÷ FREQ and 2) INT2 = HDD ÷ ITOD. Four comparison periods were used to describe individual animal feeding behaviors during different segments of the finishing program. Data were summarized by averaging each animal’s HDD, ITOD, FREQ, INT1, and INT2 for the comparison period. Individual animal performance records for the overall finishing period were sorted into classification groups including: 1) ADG quartiles, 2) hot carcass weight (HCW) quartiles, 3) quality grades (QG) groups of Choice + Prime or Select + Standard, 4) yield grade (YG) groups of YG 1 + YG 2 or YG 3 + YG 4, and 5) liver abscess groups of no abscesses or abscessed livers at the time of slaughter. Discriminant analysis was used to determine the ability of feeding behavior data to correctly sort cattle into performance and carcass characteristic classification groups. Initial discriminant analysis indicated that classification accuracy was relatively low (1.4 to 60%), but the addition of initial BW to the feeding behavior variables only slightly improved accuracies. Animals correctly classified into performance classification groups ranged from 1.4 to 60% for ADG quartiles; 23.2 to 62.9% for HCW quartiles; 63.5 and 58.3% for Select + Standard and Choice + Prime, respectively; and 62.1 and 55.7% for YG 1 + YG 2 and YG 3 + YG 4, respectively. Our results suggest that feeding behavior was not very useful for classifying cattle into performance and carcass outcome groups, but further research with data collected under a variety of experimental conditions is needed to more fully explore relationships between feeding behavior measurements and cattle performance.     

Effects of Proportions of Steam-Flaked Corn and Grain Sorghum and Switching Grain Sources During the Finishing Period on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Beef Steers

Three studies were conducted to determine effects of proportions of steam-flaked corn (SFC) and steam-flaked grain sorghum (SFGS) in the finishing diet (Exp. 1), effects of switching grain sources on d 56 of the finishing period on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers (Exp. 2), and effects of these two dietary ingredients on in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD) (Exp. 3). For Exp. 1, 180 medium-framed beef steers (British × Continental) were used. Treatments included (DM basis) 100% SFC:0% SFGS, 75% SFC:25% SFGS, 50% SFC:50% SFGS, 25% SFC:75% SFGS, and 0% SFC:100% SFGS. Increasing the proportion of SFGS in the finishing diet increased (P<0.01) feed:gain for the overall experiment and resulted in a linear decrease (P<0.01) in calculated NE, NE, and ME values of the diet. No differences (P>0.10) were noted among treatments for carcass characteristics. In Exp. 2, 144 medium-framed beef steers (British × Continental) were used. Treatments were SFC fed from d 0 to end (Treatment 1), SFC fed from d 0 to 56 and SFGS fed from d 57 to end (Treatment 2), SFGS fed from d 0 to 56 and SFC fed from d 57 to end (Treatment 3), and SFGS fed from d 0 to end (Treatment 4). Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted concurrently, and steers on Treatments 1 and 4 were the same steers used in Exp. 1 and fed 100:0 and 0:100, respectively. Average daily gain was decreased (P<0.10), and feed:gain was increased (P<0.05) for the average of Treatments 2 and 3 vs Treatment 1 for the overall experiment. In vitro DM disapperance of diets used in Exp. 1 was similar (P>0.10) among treatments after 4, 12, 24, and 48 h of incubation. Results suggest no benefit from mixing SFC and SFGS in finishing diets, and switching grain sources during the finishing period may adversely affect performance.     

体重对商品猪肥育性能及胴体肉品质的影响研究

选择体重35kg左右的杂交猪34头,采用饲养试验和屠宰试验,研究了育肥结束体重和屠宰体重对试验猪的肥育性能及胴体肉品质的影响。结果显示:育肥结束体重在85~110 kg阶段对试验猪的生长肥育性能没有显著的影响;屠宰体重除对屠宰率形成显著差异外,对试验猪的其它胴体性能及肉品质影响不明显;采用综合选择指数对试验猪肥育性能及胴体肉品质进行综合评定,结果显示,体重在95~100kg阶段结束育肥并屠宰的试验猪生长性能及胴体肉品质的综合选择指数最大。因此,在该试验日粮水平下杜莱商品猪的适宜育肥结束及屠宰体重为95~100kg。     

体重对商品猪肥育性能及胴体肉品质的影响研究

选择体重35kg左右的杂交猪34头,采用饲养试验和屠宰试验,研究了育肥结束体重和屠宰体重对试验猪的肥育性能及胴体肉品质的影响.结果显示:育肥结束体重在85～110 kg阶段对试验猪的生长肥育性能没有显著的影响;屠宰体重除对屠宰率形成显著差异外,对试验猪的其它胴体性能及肉品质影响不明显;采用综合选择指数对试验猪肥育性能及胴体肉品质进行综合评定,结果显示,体重在95～100kg阶段结束育肥并屠宰的试验猪生长性能及胴体肉品质的综合选择指数最大.因此,在该试验日粮水平下社莱商品猪的适宜育肥结束及屠宰体重为95～100kga.     

Feedlot and Carcass Performance of Angus-, Brangus-, Gelbvieh-, and Gelbray-Sired Crossbred Steers

Feedlot and carcass traits were evaluated for steers (n = 231) sired by Angus (A), Brangus (BA), Gelbvieh (G), and Gelbray (GB) bulls (n = 29) out of first cross (F₁) Brahman-Hereford cows. Steers were produced over 4 y and were born during spring and fall calving seasons. Brahman inheritance was 25% in A- and G-sired steers, and 44% in BA- and GB-sired steers. After weaning, steers were stockered before entering the feedlot. Steers produced in 1993 and 1994 were fed in Louisiana and individually harvested at a targeted backfat thickness of 10 mm. Steers born in 1995 and 1996 were fed in Oklahoma and group harvested at an average backfat thickness of 10 mm. Data were analyzed separately by feedlot location because of significant location and sire breed x location effects. Angus-sired steers had smaller (P<0.05) longissimus areas (LMA) and higher (P<0.01) marbling scores(MS) and quality grades than G-sired steers across both locations. Tenderness was more desirable (P<0.05) for A-sired steers compared with G-sired steers when fed in Louisiana. Angus- and G-sired steers had larger (P<0.01) LMA than BA- and GB-sired steers across both locations. Tenderness was similar (P>0.10) between steers with 25% and 44% Brahman inheritance. These data suggest that more desirable carcass quality and tenderness can be achieved with the use of A sires, relative to the other sire breeds, when mated to F₁ Brahman-Hereford dams. Improved carcass cutability resulted with the use of G sires, and in steers with 25% Brahman inheritance.     

杜洛克、长白与大蒲猪杂交商品猪生长肥育性能、胴体品质及肉质研究

研究测定了杜大蒲猪和长大蒲猪的生长肥育性能、胴体品质和肉质特性。结果表明,杜大蒲猪生长速度较快,饲料报酬高,35～100 kg平均日增重比长大蒲猪提高8.69%（P〈0.01）,料重比降低5.78%（P〈0.01）。杜大蒲猪和长大蒲猪胴体性能和肉质性状差异不显著。长大蒲猪胴体瘦肉率和肉色评分较高,分别为61.86%和3.64,比杜大蒲猪提高4.79%（P〉0.05）和8.98%（P〉0.05）;杜大蒲猪大理石纹评分和肌内脂肪含量都较高,比长大蒲猪分别提高30.14%和28.40%,差异不显著。背最长肌17种氨基酸及4种脂肪酸含量杜大蒲猪与长大蒲猪间差异不显著,其中,亚油酸含量以长大蒲猪较高为10.40%,比杜大蒲猪提高27.76%（P〉0.05）。     

Measuring Improvements in Performance of Steers and Heifers During Finishing Phases

Changes in steer and heifer finishing performance impact the relative competitiveness of the beef industry. This study examined improvements in the finishing performance of steers and heifers from January 1990 to December 1998. Data were obtained from monthly issues of the Focus on Feedlots newsletter. Steer and heifer performance were measured using ADG, feed efficiency, the rate of technological change, and the rate of change in total feeding cost. The rate of technological change measured shifts in the production frontier for steers and heifers. The rate of change in total feeding cost measured shifts in the cost frontier. ADG improved 0.99% per year for steers and 0.96% per year for heifers. Feed efficiency improved 0.60% per year for steers and 0.72% per year for heifers. The rate of technological change averaged 0.58% per year for steers and 1.01% per year for heifers. The positive rates of technological change indicated that the rate of change in BW gain was greater than the rate of change in feed fed. Total feeding cost for heifers increased by 0.63% per year. For steers, the rate of change in total feeding costs was positive, but insignificant. The higher rate of cost increase for heifers was the result of relatively large increases in BW gain for heifers during the study.     

大蒲莲猪与大约克猪杂交商品猪肥育性能、胴体品质及肉质的研究

随着人们生活水平的提高和现代养猪生产的发展,猪肉品质日益引起广大消费者和猪育种学家的关注,肉质性状选育成为2l世纪猪育种工作的重点和难点之一,育种学家们期望在生长性能和胴体品质获得较大进展的同时进一步改良肉质。中国地方猪种肉质优良,肌内脂肪含量达3％以上,有的品种甚至达6％～7％;国外瘦肉型猪种生长速度快,但肉质欠佳。     

甜菜碱对生长猪的生长性能和胴体组成的影响

选用 96头杜长大生长猪 ,随机分成 4组 ,以研究日粮中添加不同水平甜菜碱 (10 0 0、15 0 0、2 0 0 0 mg/kg)对猪生长性能、胴体组成及肉质的作用效果。试验结果表明 ,与对照组相比 ,日粮中添加 10 0 0 mg/kg和 15 0 0 mg/kg甜菜碱组猪日增重分别提高 13.2 0 % (P<0 .0 1)、9.2 8% (P<0 .0 5 ) ,日均采食量分别增加 7.30 % (P<0 .0 5 )、7.33% (P<0 .0 1) ,料重比分别下降 7.93% (P<0 .0 1)、6 .5 5 % (P<0 .0 5 )。此外 ,10 0 0 mg/kg甜菜碱组猪的胴体瘦肉率和眼肌面积比对照组分别提高 7.15 % (P<0 .0 5 )、19.12 % (P<0 .0 5 ) ,胴体脂肪率与背膘厚分别减少 2 7.2 1% (P<0 .0 5 )、14 .86 % (P<0 .0 5 ) ;背最长肌中的肌红蛋白和肌内脂肪分别提高 34.2 1% (P<0 .0 1)、2 9.5 6 % (P<0 .0 1)     

Measuring Improvements in Performance of Steers and Heifers During Finishing Phases

Changes in steer and heifer finishing performance impact the relative competitiveness of the beef industry. This study examined improvements in the finishing performance of steers and heifers from January 1990 to December 1998. Data were obtained from monthly issues of the Focus on Feedlots newsletter. Steer and heifer performance were measured using ADG, feed efficiency, the rate of technological change, and the rate of change in total feeding cost. The rate of technological change measured shifts in the production frontier for steers and heifers. The rate of change in total feeding cost measured shifts in the cost frontier. ADG improved 0.99% per year for steers and 0.96% per year for heifers. Feed efficiency improved 0.60% per year for steers and 0.72% per year for heifers. The rate of technological change averaged 0.58% per year for steers and 1.01% per year for heifers. The positive rates of technological change indicated that the rate of change in BW gain was greater than the rate of change in feed fed. Total feeding cost for heifers increased by 0.63% per year. For steers, the rate of change in total feeding costs was positive, but insignificant. The higher rate of cost increase for heifers was the result of relatively large increases in BW gain for heifers during the study.     

玉米不同加工方式对肉牛育肥性能的影响

本试验旨在探讨玉米加工利用的适宜方法,以提高玉米的利用效率。选用120头利木赞杂交阉牛(590 kg±10 kg),随机分为4组,分别饲喂蒸汽压片(A)、粉碎后过七目筛(B)、十目筛(C)和十四目筛(D)的玉米型日粮,研究日粮玉米不同加工方法对阉牛育肥性能的影响。结果表明,玉米不同加工方式对肉牛的生产性能和大多数胴体指标都没有显著影响(P＞0.05)。蒸汽压片玉米组的胴体产肉率高于十目筛组,骨重低于十目筛组(P<0.05)。十四目筛组的高档肉块比例和上脑重显著高于其它3个处理组,牛柳重显著低于其它处理组,七目筛组西冷重高于十目筛组(P<0.05)。养殖效益则以十目筛组阉牛最高。     

全棉籽对阉牛育肥性能、胴体性状及肉质的影响

本试验旨在探讨日粮中全棉籽替代棉籽饼和棉油对肥育阉牛肉用性能的影响.试验选取40头体况良好、平均初始体质量为(454.37±42.42)kg的利木赞杂交阉牛,随机分为4组,每组10头牛,分别饲喂4种不同全棉籽含量的精饲料(对照组0％,低全棉籽组7.1％,中全棉籽组13.5％,高全棉籽组22.0％),育肥期90 d.结果表明,日粮中全棉籽含量对肉牛干物质采食量、肉骨比、优质肉块百分比、pH、肌肉、肾脏、肺脏中棉酚残留量及血清生化指标无显著影响(P＞0.05);对肉牛日增体质量、胴体质量、屠宰率、净肉率、眼肌面积、背膘厚、饲料报酬、饲料成本、肝脏和心脏中棉酚残留量、剪切力、肉色等常规成分有显著影响(P＜0.05);日粮全棉籽含量为22.0％时,胴体质量、屠宰率、净肉率、肉骨比、眼肌面积、优质肉块质量、肌间脂肪在4个试验组中最低.结果表明,育肥阉牛日粮中用全棉籽替代棉籽饼和棉籽油会提高肉牛的生长速度,但会降低屠宰性能和胴体品质.     

N-甲基D,L-天冬氨酸对肥育猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响

本试验以杜长大肥育猪为试验对象 ,研究了N 甲基D ,L 天冬氨酸对其生长性能和胴体品质的影响。结果表明 ,在日粮中添加 50mg/kgN 甲基D ,L 天冬氨酸使肥育猪 ( 1 )日增重提高 9.31 % (P <0 .0 1 ) ,饲料转化率提高 7.1 6 % (P <0 .0 2 ) ;( 2 )胴体瘦肉率提高 6 .53% (P <0 .0 1 ) ,脂肪比率降低 1 1 .76 %(P <0 .0 1 ) ,背膘厚降低 1 9.72 % (P <0 .0 1 ) ,眼肌面积提高 2 1 .0 1 % (P <0 .0 4 ) ;( 3)背最长肌、股二头肌和半膜肌重量分别增加 1 1 .3% (P <0 .0 1 )、1 0 .0 9% (P <0 .0 1 )和 1 4 .4 4% (P <0 .0 1 )。     

大蒲莲猪与长白猪杂交商品猪肥育性能和胴体及肌肉品质研究

选择60头长白×大蒲莲猪杂种商品猪,研究其生长肥育性能、胴体品质和肉质特性。结果表明,60头试验猪35~100kg阶段平均日增重688.39g,料重比2.79。4头屠宰测定,宰前重95.25kg,胴体瘦肉率60.22%;肉质优良,肉色和大理石纹评分分别为3.45、3.33,pH为6.38,滴水损失较低为1.57%,剪切力较小为46.80N,肌内脂肪含量较高为3.78%。每100g背最长肌中氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量分别为22.09g、17.11g、9.14g,鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例和必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例分别为77.45%和41.35%,肌肉营养价值较高。背最长肌的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸含量分别为24.90%、12.53%、44.58%和8.18%。     

猪体重与胴体性能及肉质性状的相关性研究

研究测定了80～140 kg体重阶段100头育肥猪的胴体品质和肉质特性,以分析猪胴体性能、肉质性状随体重的变化规律及其相关程度,为确定适宜上市屠宰体重提供依据.结果表明,80～100 kg体重阶段,随体重增大,瘦肉率显著降低;100～140 kg体重阶段,胴体直长、胴体斜长和眼肌面积随屠宰体重升高而极显著升高.胴体和肉...     

专门化品系ZFY和ZFD的生长性能、胴体及肌肉品质研究

专门化品系ZFY和ZFD都是生长速度较快、饲料报酬较高的专门化新品系,日增重分别为842g和831g,料重比分别为2.58和2.55。屠宰测定表明,ZFY系和ZFD系眼肌面积较大,分别为39.84cm2和39.72cm2,胴体瘦肉率较高,分别为66.15%和69.5%。从肉质分析看,ZFY系的失水率较低,熟肉率、蛋白质和干物质含量较高;ZFD系肌内脂肪含量较高为2.95%,与ZFY系(2.05%)相比差异显著。     

不同类型肥育猪生长性能及胴体性状的研究

作者主要探讨不同类型猪在生长性能与肌肉品质的差异。挑选50 kg 左右的鄂西黑猪(脂肪型)、长大二元杂交猪(瘦肉型)、长♂×(野♂×鄂♀) ♀(中间型)三元杂交阉公猪各24头,饲养至100 kg左右屠宰,每个品种屠宰6头,进行生长性能、胴体性状与肉质性状的测定。研究结果表明,长大二元杂交猪的生长速度显著高于鄂西黑猪(P<0.05),而与长野鄂杂交猪差异不显著(P>0.05)。长大二元杂交猪的屠宰率、瘦肉率和眼肌面积显著高于鄂西黑猪和长野鄂杂交猪(P<0.05),而料重比、背膘厚显著低于鄂西黑猪(P<0.05)。长大二元杂交猪的肌肉pH2、滴水损失和剪切力显著高于鄂西黑猪,而肌肉评分显著低于鄂西黑猪(P<0.05),而长野鄂杂交猪的肉质与长大二元杂交猪和鄂西黑猪差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同体重商品猪胴体性能肉质性状及其相关程度研究

研究测定了92～109 kg体重阶段31头杂交商品猪的胴体品质和肉质特性，以分析商品猪胴体、肌肉品质随体重的变化规律及其相关程度，为确定适宜上市屠宰体重提供依据。结果表明，商品猪在92～95 kg阶段屠宰瘦肉率最高为61.17％，分别比其它3组提高4.83％（P>0.05）、11.83％（P<0.05）和8.84％（P<0.05）；在107～109 kg阶段屠宰肉品质〖JP2〗优良，肌肉pH 6.07，肉色和大理石纹评分较高分别为3.13和 3.33，肌内脂肪含量较高为3.89％，肌肉失水率较低为18.91％。胴体和肉质性状间相关程度有强有弱，相关系数有正有负。相同性状间有较强的正相关，相反性状间有较强的负相关。综合分析试验结果认为，注重产肉量强调胴体瘦肉率时可选择在92～95 kg阶段屠宰；注重肉品质时可选择107～109 kg阶段屠宰；若二者兼顾则选择95~98 kg阶段屠宰较为合适。     

生长激素对猪生长、胴体组成及肉质的影响

选用体重６４ ｋｇ 左右的大大二三元杂种猪１８ 头, 随机分为２ 组, 试验组和对照组各９ 头。试验组每头每天肌肉注射猪生长激素（ｐＳＴ）５ ｍｇ ,共１４ ｄ, 对照组肌注生理盐水。饲养结束时进行屠宰测定, 取背最长肌进行肉质分析。结果表明： ｐＳＴ 处理组平均日增重显著高于对照组（ Ｐ ＜ ０－０５） , 料重比下降２１－６８ ％ , 胴体重提高２－６２ ％ , 三点膘厚下降７－７８ ％ , 肝重提高１４－８６％ , 心重提高１８－０７ ％ , 肌肉失水率提高１２－６８ ％ ,切割力提高１－６８ ％ , 大理石纹提高１５－０９ ％ , 但差异均不显著（ Ｐ ＞ ０－０５） 。ｐＳＴ 对其它指标均无显著影响