Effect of Initial Full Feeding of Broiler Breeder Pullets on Carcass Development and Body Weight Variation

Broiler breeder pullets are fully fed for several weeks to give chicks a vigorous start, to establish an adequate frame size, and to build increased flock BW uniformity. This study was designed to determine whether reducing the length of the initial ad libitum feeding period of pullets would be detrimental to subsequent fleshing, skeletal development, and BW variation. A total of 720 Ross 308 pullets were placed in 8 pens on the day of hatch and provided ad libitum access to feed at 1 wk (1WK) or 3 wk (3WK) of age, at which time a 5:2 restriction program began. Individual BW and external fleshing scores, and flock BW variation (CV and uniformity) were monitored. At 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk, 60 randomly selected birds per treatment were dissected for assessment of breast muscle, fatness, and reproductive development. At 3 wk of age, BW of the 3WK pullets (471 g) was greater than that of the 1WK pullets (312 g), and the daily rate of gain was double. Although feed allocation was decreased markedly at 3 wk in 3WK birds, by 4 wk they weighed 30% more, and had a greater frame size and proportion of breast muscle than the 1WK birds. At 8 wk of age, the 3WK birds were still heavier (973 g for 3WK vs. 899 g for 1WK). Most carcass measures were similar between treatments at 12 wk of age, by which time BW profiles were similar. At 16 wk of age, frame size and proportion of breast muscle were not different between groups. The BW variation did not differ through the initial 12 wk, but was superior at 14 and 16 wk of age in 1WK birds, possibly because of greater feed allocation between 8 to 16 wk, which is the most intense feed restriction period. The reduced feed intake of 3WK birds at the onset of feed restriction reduced their ME requirement for maintenance, likely contributing to this result. Increasing the length of the ad libitum feed access period after hatch altered growth and conformation traits to 8 wk of age and did not affect frame size or proportion of breast muscle, but increased BW variability late in the rearing period.     

优化高效液相色谱法测定棉籽粕中游离棉酚的含量

本试验旨在建立一种测定棉籽粕中游离棉酚含量的高效液相色谱(hPLC)法的优化方法.试验采用丙酮提取棉籽粕样品,经超声、离心、抽滤、旋转蒸发处理,用乙腈-0.2％磷酸(体积比为85∶15)溶液溶解;色谱条件为:色谱柱Agilent TC-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2％磷酸(体积比为85∶15)溶液,流速1.0mL/min,紫外检测波长235nm,进样量20μL,柱温25℃.结果得出,游离棉酚的回归标准曲线为y=189347x+24969(r=0.99999),在游离棉酚含量为0.1224～78.336 μg/mL范围内线性良好,最低定量限为0.52mg/kg;棉籽粕样品36h内4℃稳定性的相对标准偏差在1.51％～3.43％;平均回收率在94.72％～99.49％,相对标准偏差在1.72％～3.13％.可知,本方法稳定性好,准确度、灵敏度和回收率高.     

饲料中使用棉仁粕、菜籽粕对种鸡生产性能的影响

对饲料中棉仁粕、菜籽粕不同用量对肉种鸡生产性能的影响进行了研究.结果表明:在8%以下使用量时对鸡群产蛋率、死淘率、孵化性能、后代生长发育、鸡体中毒反应等方面的影响不显著.     

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Determination of Free Gossypol in Cottonseed Meal

Gossypol is a toxic polyphenolic compound produced by the pigment glands of the cotton plant. The free gossypol content of cottonseed meal (CSM) is commonly determined by the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) wet chemistry method. The AOCS method, however, is laboratory-intensive, time-consuming, and therefore, not practical for quick field analyses. To determine if the free gossypol content of CSM could be predicted by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), CSM samples were collected from all over the world. All CSM samples were ground and a portion of each analyzed for free gossypol by the AOCS procedure (reference data) and by NIRS (reflectance data). Both reflectance and reference data were combined in a calibration. The coefficient of determination (r²) and standard error of prediction (SEP) were used to assess the calibration accuracy. The r² was 0.728, and the SEP was 0.034 for the initial calibration that included samples from all over the world. However, the r² and SEP improved to 0.921 and 0.014, respectively, if the calibration was made using CSM samples only from the United States. These results indicate that a general prediction equation can be developed to predict the free gossypol content of CSM by NIRS. From a practical standpoint, NIRS technology provides a method for quickly assessing whether a particular batch of CSM has a free gossypol content low enough to be suitable for use in poultry diets.     

Relationships of Body Weight,Feathering, and Footpad Condition with Reproductive and Carcass Morphology of End-of-Season Commercial Broiler Breeder Hens

Reproductive efficiency of broiler breeder hens declines with age. Whereas careful feed management can maximize BW uniformity at housing, there is variability in how rate of lay and flock behavioral dynamics will interact with subsequent growth during the breeder phase. This study characterized differences in carcass and reproductive morphology in end-of-cycle commercial broiler breeder hens based on BW, feather coverage, and footpad condition, and we discuss the potential implications of the findings. At 62 wk of age, 537 hens were studied from an original flock of 3,800. Birds were sorted into subgroups based on BW, feather score, footpad score, and whether they were in laying condition when dissected. The average flock BW was 3.56 kg, with means of 2.86, 3.56, and 4.20 kg for the low (LOW), standard (STD), and high (HIGH) BW groups, respectively. A higher proportion of birds from the STD (85%) and HIGH (81%) groups still had a fully formed reproductive tract compared with birds of the LOW (59%) group. The LOW birds in laying condition had a smaller ovary than the STD or HIGH birds. The ovary condition of birds in laying condition was not related to feather coverage. As feather coverage improved, final hen BW increased, demonstrating a potential role of feather coverage in growth efficiency or of BW in level of mating activity. Birds that received a feather score of 5 (complete back feather coverage) and had a normal reproductive tract made up 14.7% of this flock. It is likely that many of these birds were mating very infrequently or possibly not mating, which has implications for maintenance of flock fertility. Some may also have been returning from a molt. Footpad condition was not related to body size. External traits such as BW, feather score, and footpad score can provide insight into flock reproductive condition and male:female interaction.     

Effects of Cottonseed Cake-based Diets Supplemented with Blood Meal,alone or with lysine,on the Growth of Pigs

An experiment was carried out to establish the effect on the growth of pigs of including blood meal or lysine in diets containing gossypol from cottonseed cake. Forty Landrace x Large White pigs (20 of each sex) were randomly allocated to 5 treatments of 8 pigs each in a 2 x 2 factorial design with two levels of lysine or two levels of blood meal in the diets plus a control diet. The pigs were fed different diets and slaughtered at 75.0 +/- 2.0 kg live weight for carcase analysis. Supplementing the diets with blood meal resulted in higher live weight gains (p<0.001) and improved feed conversion ratios (p<0.001) than supplementing with lysine. Pigs fed the higher level of cottonseed cake showed a significant (p<0.001) depression in live weight gain and feed conversion ratio compared to those fed a low level of the cake. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in intake in the pigs fed diets with cottonseed cake including blood meal or synthetic lysine. The kidney and liver weights of the pigs fed the diets with a higher level of cottonseed cake were significantly greater (p<0.001) than in those fed the lower level, but when the diets containing cottonseed cake were supplemented with blood meal or lysine at the same level there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the weights of these organs. Lysine or other factors derived from blood meal appear to be more efficient than synthetic lysine in reducing the adverse effects of gossypol.     

棉籽粕化学脱除棉酚的试验研究

本试验旨在探讨棉籽粕化学脱毒的最佳方法。试验1,通过研究不同水分、温度和作用时间对棉酚脱毒率的影响,确定棉籽粕的脱毒作用最佳水热条件。结果发现,在60~100℃、水分8%~16%和时间20 min~8 h条件范围内,随着温度、水分添加量、作用时间增加,棉籽粕脱毒率越高。试验2,比较10种常见单一化学脱毒剂的脱毒效果。研究发现,硫酸亚铁(Fe SO_4)、硫酸铜(Cu SO_4)和双氧水(H_2O_2)脱毒效果较佳,脱毒率均达到40%以上,然而,Fe SO_4脱毒棉籽粕颜色发黑并带有铁锈味,故Cu SO_4和H_2O_2为较优的单一棉酚脱毒剂。试验3,将Cu SO_4和H_2O_2制成混合脱毒剂,研究其最佳反应条件,并验证其脱毒效果。结果发现,80℃、16%脱毒剂添加量和烘1 h为最佳脱毒条件,且此混合脱毒剂的游离棉酚和结合棉酚的脱毒率均在84%以上;虽然脱毒后脱毒棉籽粕粗蛋白质含量稍微降低(P0.05),但粗蛋白质消化率显著提高(P0.05)。因此,水分、温度、作用时间都是影响棉籽粕化学脱毒的重要因素,在控制好这3个条件的情况下(80℃、16%脱毒剂添加量和密闭烘1 h时间),选用H_2O_2、Cu SO_4配制成一种混合脱毒剂,能有效脱除棉籽粕棉酚并且提高棉籽粕粗蛋白质消化率和仿生消化能,为棉籽粕脱毒加工提供良好的理论和技术支持。     

罗非鱼低鱼粉饲料中脱酚棉籽蛋白替代鱼粉的研究

在实用饲料(含鱼粉6.0％,鱼粉粗蛋白质含量为64.5％)的基础上,用脱酚棉籽蛋白分别替代0、50％和100％的鱼粉,配制成3种等氮等能的试验饲料,以研究罗非鱼低鱼粉饲料中脱酚棉籽蛋白替代鱼粉的可行性.将270尾平均体重为50 g的雄性吉富罗非鱼随机分成3组(每组设3个重复,每个重复30尾),其中饲喂替代水平为0的试验...     

肉种鸡性成熟的调控

本文分析了体重、光照、饲养管理等因素对肉种鸡性成熟的影响,提出了根据生殖器官发育和第二性征调控性成熟的措施.     

Nutritional Evaluation of a High-Oil Sunflower Meal in Broiler Starter Diets

Two experiments were conducted with broiler chicks to determine the nutritive value of high-oil sunflower meal (HO-SFM), a sunflower oil extraction by-product obtained through screw-press extraction and expanding processes with a proximate composition of 32% CP, 12% crude fiber, and 19% ether extract. In Experiment 1, the effects of a high level (46.4%) of HO-SFM on chick performance and gastrointestinal organs were tested. The objective of Experiment 2 was to determine if pelleting the feed could overcome the bulkiness resulting from inclusion of HO-SFM at a high level. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that addition of 46.4% HO-SFM to broiler starter diets significantly (P < 0.05) depressed body weight, feed intake, and gain but not feed conversion. Fat pad and liver lipid were again significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the HO-SFM treatment. Impaired performance might have been due to the difference of the density of HO-SFM diet (608 g/L) compared with the soybean meal control (723 g/L). When bulkiness was overcome by pelleting in Experiment 2, it was found that pelleting the feed significantly enhanced growth of broiler chicks compared with SFM or soybean meal mash diets. Liver weights and lipid content were again decreased in HO-SFM diets. The results of this study suggest that HO-SFM can be used up to 28% without adverse effects on broiler chicks. Further improvement was observed with pelleting. Liver weight and lipid content were consistently reduced by feeding HO-SFM.     

肉种鸡养殖管理技术要点

相较于其他家禽养殖,肉种鸡养殖有着更严格的技术要求,要求养殖系统性、精细化。部分养殖户在发展肉种鸡养殖过程中不注重做好养殖管理工作,普遍存在技术空缺,很容易造成各种传染性疾病发生,影响肉种鸡正常生长,最终影响养殖户经济效益。该文在总结以往养殖经验的基础上,探讨肉种鸡饲养管理技术要点。     

两种游离棉酚检测方法对常规棉粕检测的比较

主要针对常规棉籽粕(游离棉酚含量200~1000mg/kg)中游离棉酚含量的检测,用美国油化学家学会官方方法AOCSBa7-58和国标GB13086方法作对比检测,以比较2种方法的差异和对结果的影响。参照AOCSBa7-58制定标准曲线,计算换算因子F1,AOCSBa7-58和GB13086的回收率检验,并选择3种游离棉酚含量梯度的常规棉粕测定游离棉酚含量。AOCSBa7-58标准曲线换算因子F1=0.370,R2=0.999,回收率101.14%,RSD=2.56;GB13086质量吸收系数,游离棉酚为62.5L/(cm·g),回收率104.98%,RSD=9.85。结果表明,AOCSBa7-58对棉酚及其衍生物的提取充分,检测结果稳定,重复性好;而GB13086对棉酚及其衍生物的提取不稳定,时高时低,造成检测结果的不稳定性,重复性差。建议饲料行业应由AOCSBa7-58代替GB13086检测棉粕及饲料中游离棉酚含量,更能体现棉粕及饲料中棉毒素的含量。     

高效降解游离棉酚并改善棉籽粕营养品质的菌株筛选

本试验旨在利用枯草芽孢杆菌和植物乳酸菌发酵棉籽粕,研究其对棉籽粕中游离棉酚降解率的影响,并对发酵前后棉籽粕的营养品质指标如活菌数、中性蛋白酶活性、酸溶蛋白质含量、pH、游离棉酚含量等进行比较。结果发现:可高效降解棉籽粕中游离棉酚的枯草芽孢杆菌菌株为BLCC1-0039,可有效改善发酵风味的植物乳酸菌菌株为BLCC2-0092。综合上述2株益生菌的优点,筛选出最优复配发酵方式为植物乳酸菌BLCC2-0092与枯草芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0039按照1∶1比例接种,37℃需氧发酵24h再厌氧发酵。与空白对照组相比,最优复配发酵组各发酵阶段发酵棉籽粕的pH显著降低(P0.05),厌氧发酵72h时pH降至5.27;酸溶蛋白质含量显著提高(P0.05),厌氧发酵72h时酸溶蛋白质含量达到23.54%;游离棉酚含量显著降低(P0.05),需氧发酵24h时游离棉酚降解率达到52.12%,厌氧发酵72h时游离棉酚降解率达到61.58%。由此可知,植物乳酸菌BLCC2-0092与枯草芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0039复配发酵可有效降低发酵棉籽粕中的游离棉酚含量并改善其营养品质。     

蒸汽爆破技术对棉籽粕中游离棉酚脱毒效果研究

本试验旨在研究蒸汽爆破技术对棉籽粕中游离棉酚的脱毒效果。采用市售棉籽粕,对其进行7种不同的蒸汽爆破处理,蒸汽压强均固定为2.0 MPa,以水料比为0时进行维压30 s的蒸汽爆破处理为对照,水料比为30%、50%时分别进行维压10、20、30 s的爆破处理,每处理重复3次,以游离棉酚含量、蛋白质溶解度为指标,筛选出较佳的处理测定氨基酸含量和营养物质猪仿生消化率数据。结果表明:固定蒸汽压强时,游离棉酚的脱毒率与蛋白质溶解度随着蒸汽维压时间延长而增加,随着水料比的增加先增大后减少。以游离棉酚的脱毒效果与蛋白质溶解度为指标,筛选出的适宜蒸汽爆破处理为蒸汽压强2.0 MPa,水料比30%,维压时间30 s。此时棉籽粕中游离棉酚含量达85.0 mg/kg,脱毒率达87.0%,蛋白质溶解度为42.3%。与对照组相比,蒸汽爆破可极显著降低棉籽粕中赖氨酸含量和精氨酸含量(P0.01),对体外干物质消化率和总能消化率无显著影响(P0.05),极显著降低体外粗蛋白质消化率和赖氨酸消化率(P0.01)。由此可见,蒸汽爆破处理可降低棉籽粕游离棉酚含量、蛋白质溶解度、赖氨酸含量、精氨酸含量、体外粗蛋白质消化率和赖氨酸消化率。筛选出的适宜蒸汽爆破处理为蒸汽压强2.0 MPa,水料比30%,维压时间30 s。     

Metabolizable and Net Energy Values of Expanded Cottonseed Meal for Laying Hens and Broiler Chickens

Three experiments were conducted to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) values of expanded cottonseed meal (ECSM) for broilers aged 14–16 days (Experiment 1), broilers aged 28–30 days (Experiment 2), and 45-week-old Hy-Line Brown hens (Experiment 3). Reference diets based on corn-soybean meal were used to meet the nutritional needs of the birds. The test diets contained ECSM as basis, which was used to replace 18.5% of the gross energy-yielding ingredients from the reference diet. The birds were fed a commercial feed before the experimental period. After the dietary adaptation period, six birds per replicate (Experiment 1) and two birds per replicate (Experiments 2 and 3) for each treatment group were placed in an individual open-circuit respiratory calorimetry chamber for 3 days. Daily O₂ consumption and CO₂ production were recorded, and excreta samples were collected. The ME and NE values of ECSM were determined using the substitution method. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values of ECSM for experiments 1, 2, and 3 were 2605.85, 2178.31, and 2782.60 kcal/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. The NE values were 1655.23, 1196.64, and 1538.19 kcal/kg of DM, respectively. The NE:AME ratios of ECSM were 63.52%, 54.93%, and 55.29%, respectively. Our data showed that the ME and NE values of ECSM differed across various growth stages and types of chickens. These results demonstrate that the appropriate ME and NE should be used in the design of different feed formulas for specific growth stages and types of chickens.     

基于屠宰性能探讨不同生长阶段肉鸭饲粮棉籽粕的适宜水平

本试验先后进行2次试验研究饲粮棉籽粕水平对不同生长阶段肉鸭屠宰性能的影响,并进一步根据屠宰性能探讨肉鸭饲粮棉籽粕的适宜水平。试验1、2均采用单因素试验设计,试验1饲粮棉籽粕水平分别为0、8.28%、16.56%、24.83%、33.11%;试验2饲粮棉籽粕水平分别为0、5.83%、11.60%、17.50%、23.30%。试验1肉鸭1~21日龄采食试验饲粮,22~35日龄采食无棉籽粕的玉米-豆粕型饲粮;试验2肉鸭1~14日龄采食无棉籽粕饲粮,15~35日龄采食试验饲粮。35日龄时每个试验的每个重复屠宰1只肉鸭测定其屠宰性能。结果表明：1)在试验1中,随饲粮棉籽粕水平的增加,肉鸭半净膛率与全净膛率线性增加( P<0.05),16.56%棉籽粕组肉鸭腹脂重和腹脂率显著低于其他各组( P<0.05)。2)在试验2中,随饲粮棉籽粕水平的增加,饲粮棉籽粕水平线性或二次影响肉鸭活体重、半净膛重、全净膛重和胸肌重( P<0.05),二次影响肉鸭的屠体重( P<0.05),23.30%棉籽粕组肉鸭活体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌重及胸肌率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。3)基于不同的屠宰指标肉鸭饲粮棉籽粕适宜水平为7.51%~14.78%。以上结果提示,在以可消化氨基酸平衡模式配制饲粮时,1~21日龄肉鸭采食棉籽粕高达33.11%饲粮,22~35日龄采食玉米-豆粕型饲粮对35日龄屠宰性能无显著影响;结合35日龄屠宰性能来考虑,15~35日龄肉鸭饲粮棉籽粕水平不宜超过14.78%。     

富含棉籽肽发酵棉粕对AA肉鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究富含棉籽肽的发酵棉粕（枯草芽孢杆菌-1和扣囊复膜酵母Su 2019混菌发酵）对AA肉鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响。试验选取240羽1日龄健康的AA肉鸡母雏,根据体重相近原则分为4组,对照组（CK,添加6%棉粕）,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（分别添加4%、6%、8%富含棉籽肽发酵棉粕）,每组4个重复,每个重复15羽鸡。试验分为1~21和22~42日龄两个阶段,试验期42 d。每个阶段结束时,对肉鸡称重,采集血液样本,测定每个阶段肉鸡的生长性能和免疫功能指标。结果表明：①与CK相比,Ⅱ组肉鸡21 d 平均日增重（ADG）极显著提高（P<0.01）,且显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）;Ⅲ组肉鸡42 d平均日采食量（ADFI）显著提高（P<0.05）,且极显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.01）;②与CK相比,Ⅲ组肉鸡21 d胸腺指数显著增加（P<0.05）,且其42 d胸腺指数显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）;Ⅱ组42 d法氏囊指数极显著提高（P<0.01）;③Ⅲ组肉鸡21 d吞噬指数显著高于其他处理组（P<0.05）;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组42 d吞噬指数均显著高于CK（P<0.05）;④Ⅲ组肉鸡21 d的IL-2、IL-1β含量显著高于CK和Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,IL-6含量极显著高于CK（P<0.01）;与CK相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组42 d的IL-2含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,Ⅲ组IL-1β极显著提高,而IL-6含量极显著降低（P<0.01）,Ⅰ、Ⅲ组TNF-α含量极显著提高（P<0.01）;⑤与CK相比,试验Ⅲ组肉鸡21 d的IgM、IgA含量极显著提高（P<0.01）,Ⅰ组IgG含量极显著高于其他组（P<0.01）;Ⅱ组42 d的IgM和IgA含量均极显著提高（P<0.01）。综上所述,肉鸡日粮中添加一定比例的富含棉籽肽的发酵棉粕,可以提高肉鸡的生长性能和免疫功能。     

肉鸡小麦型饲粮4种单酶复配效应的体外法评定

本试验旨在研究β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和植酸酶用于肉鸡小麦型饲粮的最佳复合酶谱。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,将不同水平的β-葡聚糖酶(30、60、90、120、150和180 U/g)、木聚糖酶(200、400、600、800、1 000和1 200 U/g)、纤维素酶(200、400、600、800、1 000和1 200 U/g)和植酸酶(500、1 000、1 500、2 000、2 500和3 000 U/kg)分别添加于肉鸡小麦型饲粮中,采用模拟胃肠液体外消化试验,研究单酶的最佳添加水平;据此,采用4因子3水平L9(34)正交设计和体外法研究4种单酶复配效应,每种酶各设计3个添加水平:β-葡聚糖酶为100、150和200 U/g,木聚糖酶为900、950和1 000 U/g,纤维素酶为900、950和1 000 U/g,植酸酶为1 500、2 000和2 500 U/kg,以还原糖生成量、植酸磷降解率、饲料残渣总能为判定指标,确定4种单酶的最佳复合酶谱。结果表明:1~3周龄肉鸡小麦型饲粮中,当β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶添加水平分别为150、960、950 U/g时,分别获得最大还原糖生成量0.918、1.161、0.927 mg/g,当植酸酶添加水平为2 010 U/kg时,获得最大植酸磷降解率92.35%;4~6周龄肉鸡小麦型饲粮中,当β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶添加水平分别为150、950、960 U/g时,分别获得最大还原糖生成量0.920、1.160、0.929 mg/g,当植酸酶添加水平为1 940 U/kg时,获得最大植酸磷降解率92.23%;当4种酶的复合酶谱为β-葡聚糖酶150 U/g、木聚糖酶950 U/g、纤维素酶900 U/g、植酸酶2 500 U/kg时,还原糖生成量、植酸磷降解率、饲料残渣总能均获得较优值。综上,肉鸡小麦型饲粮中β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和植酸酶的最佳添加水平,1~3周龄分别为150、960、950 U/g和2 010 U/kg,4~6周龄分别为150、950、960 U/g和1 940 U/kg,且2个阶段肉鸡小麦型饲粮中4种酶的最佳复合酶谱为β-葡聚糖酶150 U/g、木聚糖酶950 U/g、纤维素酶900 U/g、植酸酶2 500 U/kg。     

Application of the Sperm Mobility Assay to Primary Broiler Breeder Stock

A new quantitative trait affecting male fertility was discovered in the 1990s. The term sperm mobility denotes the net movement of a sperm cell population against resistance at body temperature. Even though sperm cells are self-propelled DNA delivery vehicles, their self-propulsive nature is neither uniform among sperm within an ejaculate nor among males within flocks. Such variation is evident when semen quality is evaluated by sperm penetration of an Accudenz solution, hence the term sperm mobility assay. It is noteworthy that populations showing modest variation with respect to semen volume or sperm concentration often show considerable variation with respect to sperm mobility. Likewise, it is noteworthy that broiler breeder fertility is a function of sperm mobility phenotype when hens are inseminated artificially. This article outlines the following: 1) a series of experiments in which the sensitivity of the commercial sperm mobility assay was improved using semen donors from lines of chickens selected for either low or high sperm mobility and 2) the application of the improved technique to pedigree broiler breeders. Male fertility is subject to genetic selection when sperm mobility is the selection criterion. Therefore, sperm mobility may be a useful trait for improving broiler breeder reproductive efficiency.     

棉籽粕、菜籽粕和葵花粕对1 ～2月龄肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

选择１ 月龄的艾维茵肉仔鸡２４７ 只, 随机分为１３ 组, 每组１９ 只, 进行３０ ｄ 的饲养试验。在不同处理组的日粮中分别添加不同剂量的棉籽粕、菜籽粕和葵花粕以替代部分豆粕。结果： 在１ ～２ 月龄肉仔鸡的日粮中, 葵花粕的添加量以４ ％ 为最佳, 其日增重比对照组提高１１ ％ （ Ｐ ＞００５） 。棉籽粕和菜籽粕添加量分别为１０ ％ ～１５ ％ 时, 肉鸡日增重和对照组无明显差异 （ Ｐ ＞ ００５） 。棉籽粕和菜籽粕同时添加时要优于单一添加,其日增重比对照组提高５ ％ （ Ｐ ＞ ００５） 。在开发和利用棉籽粕和菜籽粕时, 要注意日粮中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和动植物油的添加, 其日粮中赖氨酸含量要比推荐量提高８ ％ 左右为宜。