Effects of Feed Intake Restriction on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Beef Steers,

Crossbred steers (n = 264, 311 ± 1.6 kg initial BW) were blocked by BW, randomly assigned to one of four treatments (28 pens, 7 pens per treatment), and fed a common 90% concentrate diet to determine the effects of the severity of caloric restriction on animal performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments were 1) ad libitum access to feed for 151 d (AL100); 2) 75% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, 95% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, and ad libitum access to feed for 21 d (AL85); 3) 80% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, 100% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, and ad libitum access to feed for 21 d (AL90); and 4) 85% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, 105% of DMI by AL100 for 65 d, and ad libitum access to feed for 21 d (AL95). Feed was offered for AL85, AL90, and AL95 based on DMI by AL100 the previous week. All steers were fed a similar quantity of DM for 4 d prior to initial, interim, and final BW determinations to minimize gastrointestinal fill differences. Overall DMI was greater (P<0.01) for AL100 than for the average of the remaining treatments and decreased linearly (P<0.01) among AL95, AL90, and AL85. Overall ADG (carcass-adjusted) was less (P<0.01) for AL85, AL90, and AL95 than for AL100, whereas overall ADG:DMI (carcass-adjusted) did not differ (P>0.10) between AL100 and the average of the remaining treatments. Overall ADG and ADG:DMI (carcass-adjusted) responded quadratically (P<0.05) with increasing DMI restriction. Hot carcass weight, longissimus area, and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage were greater (P<0.05) for AL100 than for the remaining treatments and responded quadratically (P<0.10) among AL85, AL90, and AL95. Marbling score was greater (P<0.10) for AL100 than for the average of the remaining treatments, and the number of carcasses grading Prime + Choice tended to be higher (P<0.15) for AL100 and AL95. Restricting feed intake of finishing yearling steers to an average of 85 to 95% of ad libitum for 130 d of a 151-d feeding period generally resulted in slower ADG, lesser marbling scores, and carcasses that were lighter and leaner compared with yearling steers allowed ad libitum to feed and harvested after an equal number of days on feed.     

全棉籽对阉牛育肥性能、胴体性状及肉质的影响

本试验旨在探讨日粮中全棉籽替代棉籽饼和棉油对肥育阉牛肉用性能的影响.试验选取40头体况良好、平均初始体质量为(454.37±42.42)kg的利木赞杂交阉牛,随机分为4组,每组10头牛,分别饲喂4种不同全棉籽含量的精饲料(对照组0％,低全棉籽组7.1％,中全棉籽组13.5％,高全棉籽组22.0％),育肥期90 d.结果表明,日粮中全棉籽含量对肉牛干物质采食量、肉骨比、优质肉块百分比、pH、肌肉、肾脏、肺脏中棉酚残留量及血清生化指标无显著影响(P＞0.05);对肉牛日增体质量、胴体质量、屠宰率、净肉率、眼肌面积、背膘厚、饲料报酬、饲料成本、肝脏和心脏中棉酚残留量、剪切力、肉色等常规成分有显著影响(P＜0.05);日粮全棉籽含量为22.0％时,胴体质量、屠宰率、净肉率、肉骨比、眼肌面积、优质肉块质量、肌间脂肪在4个试验组中最低.结果表明,育肥阉牛日粮中用全棉籽替代棉籽饼和棉籽油会提高肉牛的生长速度,但会降低屠宰性能和胴体品质.     

Effects of Proportions of Steam-Flaked Corn and Grain Sorghum and Switching Grain Sources During the Finishing Period on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Beef Steers

Three studies were conducted to determine effects of proportions of steam-flaked corn (SFC) and steam-flaked grain sorghum (SFGS) in the finishing diet (Exp. 1), effects of switching grain sources on d 56 of the finishing period on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers (Exp. 2), and effects of these two dietary ingredients on in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD) (Exp. 3). For Exp. 1, 180 medium-framed beef steers (British × Continental) were used. Treatments included (DM basis) 100% SFC:0% SFGS, 75% SFC:25% SFGS, 50% SFC:50% SFGS, 25% SFC:75% SFGS, and 0% SFC:100% SFGS. Increasing the proportion of SFGS in the finishing diet increased (P<0.01) feed:gain for the overall experiment and resulted in a linear decrease (P<0.01) in calculated NE, NE, and ME values of the diet. No differences (P>0.10) were noted among treatments for carcass characteristics. In Exp. 2, 144 medium-framed beef steers (British × Continental) were used. Treatments were SFC fed from d 0 to end (Treatment 1), SFC fed from d 0 to 56 and SFGS fed from d 57 to end (Treatment 2), SFGS fed from d 0 to 56 and SFC fed from d 57 to end (Treatment 3), and SFGS fed from d 0 to end (Treatment 4). Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted concurrently, and steers on Treatments 1 and 4 were the same steers used in Exp. 1 and fed 100:0 and 0:100, respectively. Average daily gain was decreased (P<0.10), and feed:gain was increased (P<0.05) for the average of Treatments 2 and 3 vs Treatment 1 for the overall experiment. In vitro DM disapperance of diets used in Exp. 1 was similar (P>0.10) among treatments after 4, 12, 24, and 48 h of incubation. Results suggest no benefit from mixing SFC and SFGS in finishing diets, and switching grain sources during the finishing period may adversely affect performance.     

Effects of an Estradiol Implant on Locoweed Consumption,Toxicity, and Recovery in Growing Beef Steers

Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of an estradiol implant (Compudose®) on locoweed consumption and toxicity in growing steers. In Exp. 1, 16 crossbred steers (185.3 ± 6.1 kg) were randomly assigned to two replicated treatments and received either an estradiol implant or no implant. Steers were assigned to one of four pastures and were rotated through all pastures, which differed in locoweed distribution, to allow equal access. Bite counts were recorded twice daily at 0600 and 1700 h during a period when steers were likely to consume locoweed. For bite counts, steers were observed for 5 min each, starting at 0600 and at 1700 h, and the number of bites taken of cool- and warm-season grasses, forbs, and locoweed were recorded. Blood was collected on d 0, 7, 28, 35, 63, and 119, and individual BW was recorded on d 0, 35, 63, and 119. Proportion of bites of locoweed consumed by implanted vs nonimplanted steers did not differ (P>0.10). Likewise, ADG, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and thyroxine concentrations did not differ (P>0.10) between implanted and nonimplanted steers. In Exp. 2, 20 crossbred steers (212.3 ± 6.1 kg) were divided into four groups and individually fed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments included: 1) estradiol implant + locoweed, 2) implant, no locoweed, 3) no implant + locoweed, and 4) no implant, no locoweed. Steers were implanted at d 0 and fed either a ground forage diet containing 80% sudangrass hay and 20% locoweed, or a diet of 100% sudangrass hay. Implanted steers had improved ADG vs nonimplanted steers (P<0.10) through 63 d on trial, but no differences were observed in steers fed locoweed vs sudangrass hay diets (P>0.90; locoweed x implant, P>0.10). Alkaline phosphatase activity was greater (P<0.05) for steers fed locoweed vs those not receiving locoweed on d 7, 14, and 21, whereas, thyroxine concentration was lower (P<0.06) in steers fed locoweed than those not fed locoweed on d 14 and 21. Estradiol concentrations were greater in implanted steers vs those not implanted (P<0.05). These results suggest no effect of an estrogen implant on locoweed consumption or on severity of locoweed toxicity by beef steers.     

Use of Individual Feeding Behavior Patterns to Classify Beef Steers into Overall Finishing Performance and Carcass Characteristic Categories

Three hundred seventy beef steers were used to evaluate the possibility of using individual animal feeding behavior patterns early in the finishing period to classify overall finishing performance, carcass quality, or both. Feeding behavior variables included measures of time spent feeding (physically consuming feed at the bunk, i.e., head-down duration [HDD]), total feeding bout length (i.e., in-to-out duration [ITOD]), number of visits to the bunk per day (i.e., feeding frequency [FREQ]), and 2 ratios thought to reflect feeding intensity: 1) INT1 = HDD ÷ FREQ and 2) INT2 = HDD ÷ ITOD. Four comparison periods were used to describe individual animal feeding behaviors during different segments of the finishing program. Data were summarized by averaging each animal’s HDD, ITOD, FREQ, INT1, and INT2 for the comparison period. Individual animal performance records for the overall finishing period were sorted into classification groups including: 1) ADG quartiles, 2) hot carcass weight (HCW) quartiles, 3) quality grades (QG) groups of Choice + Prime or Select + Standard, 4) yield grade (YG) groups of YG 1 + YG 2 or YG 3 + YG 4, and 5) liver abscess groups of no abscesses or abscessed livers at the time of slaughter. Discriminant analysis was used to determine the ability of feeding behavior data to correctly sort cattle into performance and carcass characteristic classification groups. Initial discriminant analysis indicated that classification accuracy was relatively low (1.4 to 60%), but the addition of initial BW to the feeding behavior variables only slightly improved accuracies. Animals correctly classified into performance classification groups ranged from 1.4 to 60% for ADG quartiles; 23.2 to 62.9% for HCW quartiles; 63.5 and 58.3% for Select + Standard and Choice + Prime, respectively; and 62.1 and 55.7% for YG 1 + YG 2 and YG 3 + YG 4, respectively. Our results suggest that feeding behavior was not very useful for classifying cattle into performance and carcass outcome groups, but further research with data collected under a variety of experimental conditions is needed to more fully explore relationships between feeding behavior measurements and cattle performance.     

氨化麦秸对肉牛育肥及胴体渗出液的影响

秦杂一代公牛36头分3组进行90 d强度育肥,1、2组饲喂氨化麦秸与精料,3组饲喂未氨化麦秸与精料。结果表明:试验1、2组日增重840 g±90 g和820 g±76 g。对照组日增重520 g±120 g。试验组比对照组日增重提高310 g(P<0．01),屠宰率、净肉率分别提高8．305和4．945个百分点。试验组胴体渗出液平均每头507．75 mL,对照组无体液渗出。试验组每千克增重纯收入4．32元,比对照组(2．14元)高2．18元,效益显著。     

β-胡萝卜素对肉牛屠宰性能和胴体品质的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮β-胡萝卜素不同添加水平对肉牛屠宰性能和胴体品质的影响。选用120头体况良好、平均体重为(381.00±26.01)kg的西门塔尔牛与鲁西黄牛级进杂交2代阉牛,随机分为4组。预试期15d,正试期150d,正试期分为两个阶段:前90d为β-胡萝卜素添加阶段,各组β-胡萝卜素添加水平分别为每头牛0、600、1 200、1 800mg/d,停止添加后进行为期60d的后期跟踪测试,各组均饲喂基础日粮,此阶段又分为两个阶段,每阶段30d。各试验阶段结束时(90d,120d,150d),每组随机选取10头试验牛进行屠宰并对肝脏内β-胡萝卜素含量、屠宰性能、胴体品质各项指标进行测定。结果显示,日粮添加β-胡萝卜素可极显著提高肉牛肝脏内β-胡萝卜素水平(P0.01);对宰前活重、胴体重和肉骨比等屠宰性能指标无显著影响(P0.05),但屠宰率和净肉率随添加量增高显著升高(P0.05);对胴体品质各项指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。后期测试阶段,肝脏内β-胡萝卜素含量逐渐将至对照组水平;对屠宰率和净肉率等屠宰性能指标的影响消失;添加组内背膘厚度显著降低(P0.05),但对眼肌面积、高档肉块占活重比例等其它胴体品质指标无显著影响(P0.05)。综合结果数据,在本试验条件下,β-胡萝卜素添加量在1 200-1 800mg/d,停止添加后30d屠宰,对屠宰性能和胴体品质影响效果最佳。     

Influence of Betaine on Pasture,Finishing, and Carcass Performance in Steers

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental betaine on steer performance, fat deposition, and carcass characteristics. In Exp. 1 (grazing phase), 80 steers (317 kg) were fed either 1.0 kg of a control supplement (30% CP) or 1.0 kg of the control supplement plus 20 g of betaine per head per day. Betaine supplementation had no effect on overall gain or fat deposition (P>0.10) but increased ADG (P<0.10) during d 46 to 90 (0.64 vs 0.72 kg; control vs betaine, respectively). The pasture groups remained intact and were moved to the feedlot for 141 d and fed a control diet or the control diet plus 20 g of betaine per head per day. Betaine had no overall effect on finishing gain (P>0.10); however, this response was variable by period. Betaine increased final fat thickness and fat thickness change (P<0.10), but did not affect marbling or longissimus area (P>0.10). Supplemental betaine on pasture increased feed intake, final BW, and hot carcass weight (P<0.05) and increased final fat thickness and fat thickness change (P<0.10) during the finishing phase. In Exp. 2, supplemental betaine (40 g/d) was fed to steers (averaging 584 kg) in 11 replications during the last week before harvest. The overall weighted average increase in dressing percentage when betaine was fed was +0.34% (P<0.05). There was no effect (P>0.10) on fat thickness or marbling. Season of year did not affect response.     

Feeder Cattle Health Management: Effects on Morbidity Rates,Feedlot Performance,Carcass Characteristics,and Beef Palatability

The effects of morbidity, defined as hospital visits per calf during the feeding period, on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef palatability traits were determined using 273 steer calves originating from one of two preconditioning programs or auction barns. Cattle treated more than once at the feedyard had a 12% lower ADG through reimplant (67 d; P<0.05), but ADG did not differ through harvest (185 d), compared with those cattle not treated at the feedyard. Cattle treated more than once also had lower hot carcass weights, lower marbling scores, and lower yield grades (P<0.05) than cattle not treated. Cattle that originated from the two preconditioning programs had a lower (P<0.05) average number of hospital visits compared with cattle that originated from the auction market. No differences (P>0.05) were noted in the effects of hospital visits or preconditioning treatments on beef tenderness and palatability measures. Overall, morbidity resulted in economic losses as a result of mortality and increased costs associated with hospital treatment. Morbidity also decreased (P<0.05) marbling deposition and USDA quality grade.     

Effect of Dietary Cottonseed Meal Concentration on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Cull Beef Cows

Cull beef cows (n = 232, initial BW = 450 + 6 kg) stratified by body condition score and number of permanent incisors were used in a randomized complete block design (8 pens/treatment, 9 to 11 cows/pen) to evaluate graded levels of supplemental cottonseed meal during a 57-d feeding period. Basal 92% concentrate diets were formulated to contain 0.9% urea and were based on unprocessed corn. Supplemental cottonseed meal and tallow replaced corn in isocaloric (NE_g) test diets formulated to contain dietary CP of 11.5, 13.0, or 14.5% of DM (0, 4, and 8% of diet DM; degradable intake protein = 7.01, 8.52, and 10.02% of diet DM). Cows were adapted to diets by offering a restricted amount of the 92% concentrate diet on d 1, and DMI was gradually increased until ad libitum access was achieved (by d 30). Overall DMI (9.2, 9.3, 9.5 + 0.15 kg/d) increased linearly (P=0.08) as dietary cottonseed meal increased. Live ADG (1.23, 1.24, and 1.36 + 0.07 kg/d) tended to increase linearly (P=0.14), whereas live ADG:DMI (133, 133, and 143 + 7 g/kg), carcass-adjusted ADG (1.27, 1.25, and 1.38 + 0.07 kg/d), and carcass-adjusted ADG:DMI (138, 134, and 145 + 7 g/kg) did not differ (P>0.22) among treatments. Hot carcass weight, fat thickness, longissimus area, internal fat percentage, average yield grade, lean and fat color, and carcass conformation did not differ (P>0.18) among treatments. Carcass maturity and quality-grade distributions were not statistically analyzed because of prior stratification of animals by chronological age. However, overall carcass maturity (includes lean and bone maturity) averaged across treatments was 2.63% A, 4.39% B, 40.79% C, 52.19% D, and 0% E. The distribution of carcass quality grades averaged across treatments was 0.44% Choice, 1.32% Select, 5.70% Standard, 5.70% Commercial, 78.07% Utility, and 8.77% Canner. The incidence of A-, A, or A+ liver abscesses responded quadratically (P=0.07; 13.7, 21.8, and 11.7% for 0, 4, and 8% cottonseed meal, respectively), but liver abscess severity was not analyzed because of limited observations in each category. The incidence of other hepatic defects (distoma, telangiectasis, cirrhosis) did not differ (P=0.24) among treatments. Increasing dietary CP using cottonseed meal increased feed intake and tended to increase live BW gain of feedlot cull beef cows.     

Feeder Cattle Health Management: Effects on Morbidity Rates,Feedlot Performance,Carcass Characteristics,and Beef Palatability,

The effects of morbidity, defined as hospital visits per calf during the feeding period, on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef palatability traits were determined using 273 steer calves originating from one of two preconditioning programs or auction barns. Cattle treated more than once at the feedyard had a 12% lower ADG through reimplant (67 d; P<0.05), but ADG did not differ through harvest (185 d), compared with those cattle not treated at the feedyard. Cattle treated more than once also had lower hot carcass weights, lower marbling scores, and lower yield grades (P<0.05) than cattle not treated. Cattle that originated from the two preconditioning programs had a lower (P<0.05) average number of hospital visits compared with cattle that originated from the auction market. No differences (P>0.05) were noted in the effects of hospital visits or preconditioning treatments on beef tenderness and palatability measures. Overall, morbidity resulted in economic losses as a result of mortality and increased costs associated with hospital treatment. Morbidity also decreased (P<0.05) marbling deposition and USDA quality grade.     

甜菜碱对生长猪的生长性能和胴体组成的影响

选用 96头杜长大生长猪 ,随机分成 4组 ,以研究日粮中添加不同水平甜菜碱 (10 0 0、15 0 0、2 0 0 0 mg/kg)对猪生长性能、胴体组成及肉质的作用效果。试验结果表明 ,与对照组相比 ,日粮中添加 10 0 0 mg/kg和 15 0 0 mg/kg甜菜碱组猪日增重分别提高 13.2 0 % (P<0 .0 1)、9.2 8% (P<0 .0 5 ) ,日均采食量分别增加 7.30 % (P<0 .0 5 )、7.33% (P<0 .0 1) ,料重比分别下降 7.93% (P<0 .0 1)、6 .5 5 % (P<0 .0 5 )。此外 ,10 0 0 mg/kg甜菜碱组猪的胴体瘦肉率和眼肌面积比对照组分别提高 7.15 % (P<0 .0 5 )、19.12 % (P<0 .0 5 ) ,胴体脂肪率与背膘厚分别减少 2 7.2 1% (P<0 .0 5 )、14 .86 % (P<0 .0 5 ) ;背最长肌中的肌红蛋白和肌内脂肪分别提高 34.2 1% (P<0 .0 1)、2 9.5 6 % (P<0 .0 1)     

Influence of Feed Intake Fluctuation,Feeding Frequency,Time of Feeding,and Rate of Gain on Performance by Limit-Fed Steers

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feed intake fluctuation, feeding frequency, time of feeding, and rate of gain on performance by limit-fed steers. Mean initial BW for steers in Experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 378 ± 43, 225 ± 19, 227 ± 20, and 249 ± 17 kg, respectively. All experiments were complete random designs, and pen was the experimental unit. In Experiment 1, 10% daily variation in feed intake resulted in decreased (P<0.10) ADG and ratio of gain to feed (G/F) compared with steers fed either a constant amount or a 10% weekly variation in feed intake. In Experiment 2, steers fed once daily at 0800 h; once daily at 1700 h; twice daily at 0800 and 1700 h; or thrice daily at 0800, 1230, and 1700 h did not affect (P>0.10) ADG or G/F. Average daily gain and G/F by steers programed to gain 1.25 kg/d were not affected (P>0.10) by 10% fluctuation in feed intake or twice daily feeding in Experiment 3. Treatments used in Experiment 4 consisted of 1) steers fed to gain 0.9 kg/d, 2) steers fed to gain 0.9 kg/d with 10% daily feed intake fluctuation, 3) steers fed to gain 1.25 kg/d, and 4) steers fed to gain 1.25 kg/d with 10% daily feed intake fluctuation. Fluctuation in feed intake did not affect (P>0.10) ADG at either rate of gain. Results suggest that feed intake fluctuation in limit-fed cattle might decrease performance early in the feeding period; however, cattle seem to adapt to fluctuating feed intake as the feeding period progresses. Time and frequency of feeding did not affect performance by limit-fed steers.     

补充低水平硅酸盐对生长猪的生长与胴体性状的影响

补含2.0%镁硅酸盐不影响去势生长公猪的生长速度、饲料转化率或胴体品质.但是,饲喂硅酸镁饲粮,在68kg屠宰时降低(P＜0.01)了猪的肝脏重量,增加了(P＜0.01)背最长肌的横截面积.     

Feedlot and Carcass Performance of Angus-, Brangus-, Gelbvieh-, and Gelbray-Sired Crossbred Steers

Feedlot and carcass traits were evaluated for steers (n = 231) sired by Angus (A), Brangus (BA), Gelbvieh (G), and Gelbray (GB) bulls (n = 29) out of first cross (F₁) Brahman-Hereford cows. Steers were produced over 4 y and were born during spring and fall calving seasons. Brahman inheritance was 25% in A- and G-sired steers, and 44% in BA- and GB-sired steers. After weaning, steers were stockered before entering the feedlot. Steers produced in 1993 and 1994 were fed in Louisiana and individually harvested at a targeted backfat thickness of 10 mm. Steers born in 1995 and 1996 were fed in Oklahoma and group harvested at an average backfat thickness of 10 mm. Data were analyzed separately by feedlot location because of significant location and sire breed x location effects. Angus-sired steers had smaller (P<0.05) longissimus areas (LMA) and higher (P<0.01) marbling scores(MS) and quality grades than G-sired steers across both locations. Tenderness was more desirable (P<0.05) for A-sired steers compared with G-sired steers when fed in Louisiana. Angus- and G-sired steers had larger (P<0.01) LMA than BA- and GB-sired steers across both locations. Tenderness was similar (P>0.10) between steers with 25% and 44% Brahman inheritance. These data suggest that more desirable carcass quality and tenderness can be achieved with the use of A sires, relative to the other sire breeds, when mated to F₁ Brahman-Hereford dams. Improved carcass cutability resulted with the use of G sires, and in steers with 25% Brahman inheritance.     

日粮不同蛋白质水平对三元肥育猪生产性能和胴体品质的影响

本文旨在研究不同日粮蛋白质水平对三元肥育猪生产性能、血液参数、胴体性状和肉质性状的影响.试验选取36头杜长大三元杂交猪,体重约为(47±4.2)kg,随机分为3个处理,每个处理12个重复,各处理分别饲喂低(12.9%)、中(15.4%)、高(18.7%)3个蛋白质水平日粮.试验第46天后,分别检测血液生化指标、激素水平、胴体品质和肉质性状.结果显示,3个日粮蛋白质水平对日增重、采食量、料重比及胴体品质和肉质性状均无影响(P>0.05);血清碱性磷酸酶、低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯、胆固醇、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、血清尿素氮以及生长激素均以中蛋白质水平组最高;随着日粮蛋白质水平的增加,肥育猪血清胰高血糖素有降低的趋势(P=0.089).以上结果表明,日粮蛋白质水平降低到12.9%并不影响肥育猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质性状.     

河北坝上地区羔羊肥育及屠宰试验

选用５月龄河北细毛羊和德美（德国肉毛兼用美利奴）与河北细毛羊杂交一代羔羊各２４只,按体重分成３组,研究不同肥育方式对其生长性能的影响。结果表明,在放牧条件下,断奶羔羊补饲适量混合精料,日增重提高显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）。同时能显著提高当年青年母羊的发情和配种率。试验结果后,选用４只８月龄河北细毛羊和德美杂交一代羊进行屠宰,比较不同肥育方式对羊胴体品质的影响。结果表明,补饲可显著地（Ｐ〈０．０１）提高胴     

北方地区夏季通风喷淋对肉牛增重、免疫及内分泌指标的影响

本研究从动物福利的角度出发,探索通风喷淋对肉牛增重、免疫功能和内分泌的影响。选择体重、月龄相近的健康荷斯坦公犊牛28头,随机分为两组,试验组进行通风喷淋,另一组为对照组,每组两个重复组,每个重复7头牛,进行为期28 d的饲养试验。结果表明,通风喷淋可明显改善畜舍环境,并使采食量显著提高(P＜0.05),日增重略有提高,料重比略有降低;极显著降低血清促肾上腺皮质素(ACTH)及皮质醇(CORT)含量(P＜0.01),且使血清生长激素(GH)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量在试验不同阶段都显著升高(P＜0.05)。可见,加强通风喷淋可提高肉牛增重和免疫功能,改善动物福利状况。     

日粮中添加亚麻籽对羔羊产肉性能和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中亚麻籽水平对羔羊产肉性能和肉品质的影响及其调控机理。本试验选取2月龄健康萨福克(♂)×小尾寒羊(♀)F1代羔羊32只随机分为4组,每组8只。日粮为试验处理,分别为含0%(对照组)、5%、10%和15%亚麻籽(干物质基础)的日粮,各组蛋白及能量水平相同,试验期60d。结果表明,羔羊日粮中添加5%和10%亚麻籽可以提高羔羊的生产性能和产肉能力,改善羔羊日增体质量(P<0.05)、胴体质量及料重比(P<0.01)。随着添加亚麻籽水平的提高,肌肉中水分含量下降(P<0.01),粗脂肪含量上升(P<0.01);血液中总胆固醇、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸的含量依次上升,但未达显著水平(P>0.05);脂肪酶活力随着亚麻籽添加量的增加而减小。添加5%～10%亚麻籽改善了羔羊肉品质,随着亚麻籽添加量的增加,熟肉率、肌内脂和肌小节片断化指数(MFI)均显著提高(P<0.01),提高了肉的嫩度,而肌肉的抗氧化能力降低,但对肌肉肉色无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮中亚麻籽的添加增加了肌肉中PUFA(P<0.01)、CLA(P<0.01)和亚麻酸(P<0.01)的含量,以及PUFA中n-3与n-6的比例(P<0.01)。结果提示,羔羊日粮中添加5%～10%亚麻籽能够提高生长性能,通过提高羊肉中不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是CLA含量,改善羊肉品质。     

利用荷斯坦阉牛生产大理石纹牛肉的研究

本文主要从荷斯坦牛肌内脂肪沉积相关基因的研究入手,主要阐述荷斯坦牛大理石纹的影响因素,去势对荷斯坦牛肉品质(大理石纹和牛肉嫩度)影响及营养(营养浓度和维生素A成分)调控对荷斯坦阉牛肌内脂肪沉积的影响展开综述,以期为利用荷斯坦阉牛生产大理石纹牛肉提供参考。