日粮镁对肉仔鸡腿肌中活性氧产量的影响

本试验目的是研究日粮镁水平对肉仔鸡腿肌中活性氧(reactive oxygen species , ROS)产量的影响。96只AA肉仔鸡随机分配到低镁日粮组和对照组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡,分别喂以镁含量1 .2 g/kg或2 .4 g/kg的日粮。与对照组相比,低镁组肉仔鸡腿肌中谷胱甘肽(glutathione , GSH)的含量降低了27 %(P<0 .01) ,丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)的含量提高了40 %(P<0 .01)。采食低镁日粮的肉仔鸡腿肌匀浆液的ROS信号峰的高度显著高于对照组(P<0 .01)。对照组腿肌镁的浓度(30 .27 mg/kg)显著高于低镁组腿肌镁的浓度(27 .40 mg/kg)。腿肌中铁、钙的含量在两组之间差异不显著(P>0 .05)。与对照组相比,低镁组腿肌线粒体复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的活性分别提高了28 %、23 %(P<0 .01)、35 %(P<0 .01)和30 %,线粒体复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的活性与ROS产量之间呈显著的负相关关系(P<0 .05)。除C18∶2的含量显著高于对照组外,其他多不饱和脂肪酸含量在两组之间没有差异。本试验结果表明低镁日粮实质性地提高肉仔鸡腿肌中ROS的产量,低镁日粮降低腿肌中镁的浓度,诱导了线粒体呼吸链酶活性升高,从而提高了ROS的产量。     

Effects of ammonium chloride-induced acidosis on oxidative metabolism in liver mitochondria of chicks

The present studies were undertaken to characterise oxidative metabolism with diverse substrates in hepatic mitochondria of acidotic chicks. Metabolic acidosis was experimentally induced by replacement of drinking water with ammonium chloride solution (15 g/l) for 5 d. State 3 oxidation rates in liver mitochondria were significantly reduced in acidotic chicks only for pyruvate and glutamate as substrates requiring complex I, III and IV of the electron transport chain, while they were not changed for either succinate-requiring complexes II, III and IV, ascorbate+TMPD-requiring complex IV, or alpha-ketoglutarate requiring complexes I, III and IV. It can be concluded that the impairment of oxidation rate was substrate-specific in liver mitochondria of acidotic animals and not associated with functional damage of the respiratory chain in mitochondria. Possible reasons for the reductions in oxidation rate with pyruvate and glutamate are discussed.     

Effect of magnesium on reactive oxygen species production in the thigh muscles of broiler chickens

1. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of magnesium (Mg) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the thigh muscles of broiler chickens. A total of 96 1-d-old male Arbor Acre broiler chickens were randomly allocated into two groups, fed either on low-Mg or control diets containing about 1.2 g/kg or 2.4 g Mg/kg dry matter. 2. The low-Mg diet significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and decreased glutathione (GSH) in the thigh muscles of broiler chickens. ROS production in the thigh muscle homogenate was significantly higher in the low-Mg group than in the control group. Compared with the control, muscle Mg concentration of broiler chickens from the low-Mg group decreased by 9.5%. 3. Complex II and III activities of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in broilers on low-Mg diet increased by 23 and 35%, respectively. Significant negative correlations between ROS production and the activities of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes were observed. 4. The low-Mg diet did not influence contents of iron (Fe) or calcium (Ca) in the thigh muscles of broiler chickens and did not influence unsaturated fatty acid composition (except C18:2) in the thigh muscles. 5. A low-Mg diet decreased Mg concentration in the thigh muscles of broiler chickens and then induced higher activities of mitochondrial ETC, consequently increasing ROS production. These results suggest that Mg modulates the oxidation-anti-oxidation system of the thigh muscles at least partly through affecting ROS production.     

Association of growth rate with hormone levels and myogenic gene expression profile in broilers

Background: The growth rate often varies among individual broilers of the same breed under a common management condition. To investigate whether a variation in the growth rate is associated with a difference in hormone levels and myogenic gene expression profile in broilers, a feeding trial was conducted with 10,000 newly hatched Ross 308 chicks in a commercial production facility under standard management. At 38 d of age,30 fast-, 30 medium-, and 30 slow-growing broilers were selected among 600 healthy male individuals. The levels of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1), triiodothyronine(T3), thyroxine(T4), and growth hormone in the serum or breast muscle were assayed by ELISA or RIA kits, and the expression levels of several representative pro-and anti-myogenic genes in the breast muscle were also measured by real-time PCR.Results: Results showed that both absolute and relative weights of the breast muscle were in linear positive correlations with the body weight of broilers(P 0.001). Fast-growing broilers had higher concentrations of IGF-1 than slow-growing broilers(P 0.05) in both the serum and breast muscle. The serum concentration of T3 was significantly higher in fast-growing birds than in slow-growing birds(P 0.05). However, no difference was observed in growth hormone or T4 concentration among three groups of birds. Additionally, a decreased expression of an anti-myogenic gene(myostatin) and increased expressions of pro-myogenic genes such as myogenic differentiation factor 1, myogenin, muscle regulatory factor 4, myogenic factor 5, IGF-1, and myocyte enhancer factor 2B, C, and D were observed in fast-growing broilers(P 0.05), relative to slow-growing broilers.Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggested that the growth rate is linked to the hormone and myogenic gene expression levels in broiler chickens. Some of these parameters such as serum concentrations of IGF-1 and T3 could be employed to breed for enhanced growth.     

Increased collagen III in culled chicken meat after feeding dietary wood charcoal and vinegar contributes to palatability and tenderness

We comprehensively evaluated meat quality in chickens fed a diet consisting of wood charcoal and vinegar (WCV) using food scientific and histological approaches. In culled hens, lipid and fatty acid in Musculus semimembranosus, cooking loss and sensory tests of whole thigh meat, and meat texture of breast meat were observed. In male broilers, cross section of M. semimembranosus was used for observations on muscle area, perimysium, non‐collagen total protein and total collagen content, and anti‐collagen I and III reactions. In frozen male broilers, conventional morphology of M. semimembranosus as well as chicken anti‐collagen III reaction to selected muscles of thigh meat and breast meat were compared between the control and WCV‐fed birds. Increased lipid and fatty acids, decreased cooking loss, high score in total evaluation for sensory test of thigh meat, and decreased meat texture values were observed for culled hens fed WCV. The higher values of muscle area, total collagen and collagen III were observed for broilers fed WCV. No perimysium collapse for M. semitendinosus or increased collagen III reactions of M. tensor fasciae latae, the flexor muscle group and M. pectoralis superficialis were observed for frozen muscles in the WCV group. These total results suggest that WCV produces palatable and tender meat by increasing collagen III.     

鸡肌内脂肪沉积相关候选基因筛选

本研究对课题组前期在京星黄鸡转录组研究中筛选到的与肌内脂肪（IMF）差异沉积相关的14个候选基因进行验证，检测其在中外两个鸡种群体中与胸肌IMF沉积的关联性。以98日龄慢速型地方鸡京星黄鸡和42日龄快速型白羽科宝肉鸡胸肌组织为素材，通过胸肌甘油三酯（TG）含量区分高低表型组，并检测候选基因在组间的基因表达差异。结果表明，在京星黄鸡胸肌TG高、低组间ATP结合盒亚家族B成员8（ABCB8）、脂联素（ADIPOQ）、第6号染色体开放阅读框65（BEND6）、CD74分子（CD74）、核糖基5-磷酸转移酶（FKTN）、组蛋白乙酰转移酶1（HAT1）、硫酸乙酰肝素-氨基葡萄糖3-磺基转移酶5（HS3ST5）、介体复合物亚基4（MED4）、肿瘤坏死因子超家族成员8（TNFSF8）和TNFAIP3相互作用蛋白1（TNIP1）共10个基因表达差异显著（P<0.05）；在科宝肉鸡TG高、低组间ADIPOQ、BEND6、FKTN、HAT1、HS3ST5、MED4和TNIP1共7个基因表达差异显著（P<0.05）；ADIPOQ、FKTN、HAT1、HS3ST5、MED4和TNIP1共6个基因在两个品种中差异表达趋势一致（P<0.05）。本研究提供了鸡IMF沉积相关新候选基因，为IMF分子调控机理研究和相关分子标记筛选研究奠定了良好的基础。     

Potential application of Fe-methionine as a feed supplement on improving the quality of broilers breast meat

A total of 250 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were used to investigate the effects of Fe-methionine (Fe-met) and iron sulfate (FeSO₄.7H₂O) on performance, mineral concentration, meat quality, and oxidative stability of breast. The feeding experiment was performed with five dietary groups including group I (basal diet [BD] + 80 mg/kg FeSO₄), group II (BD + 60 mg/kg FeSO₄ + 20 mg/kg Fe-met), group III (BD + 40 mg/kg FeSO₄ + 40 mg/kg Fe-met), group IV (BD + 20 mg/kg FeSO₄ + 60 mg/kg Fe-met), and group V (BD + 80 mg/kg Fe-met). The results showed that Fe and Cu content in the breast muscle increased by dietary supplementation of organic and inorganic iron from II to V groups. Dietary groups of II, IV, and V increased L* value and b* value of breast meat. Additionally, redness of breast meat enhanced linearly and quadratically by dietary supplementation of 80 mg/kg Fe as FeSO₄. In addition, dietary supplementation Fe from II to V groups led to a significant increase in pHu at 24-h postmortem while it was negatively correlated with L* value of breast muscle. This study demonstrates that replacing FeSO₄ with Fe-Met could improve breast meat yield of broilers. Although 80 mg of Fe-Met improved the iron content of meat, it showed detrimental effects on the lipid oxidation of breast meat.     

复方中药“禽康散”对人工感染新城疫病毒肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白及新城疫抗体效价的影响

10日龄的健康艾维茵肉仔鸡250只,随机分为5组。21日龄时除阴性对照组（Ⅳ组）外均用新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease,virus,NDV）强毒株攻毒,各治疗组（Ⅰ～Ⅲ组）在22～25日龄饲料中分别添加0．5％、1.0％、2．0％的复方中药“禽康散”,第Ⅳ、Ⅴ组（阳性对照组）不用药。在攻毒前1d和攻毒后1、3（用药后2d）、7（停药后2d）、15（停药后10d）d观察血清免疫球蛋白及新城疫抗体效价的变化。结果显示：Ⅴ、Ⅱ组血清IgG在攻毒15d（停药10d）时与Ⅲ、Ⅳ、V组差异极显著（P〈O．01）;Ⅰ～Ⅲ组血清IgA浓度在攻毒后3、7d均明显高于第V组（P〈0．05或0．01）,以1％治疗组效果最佳;各组之间血清中IgM含量无显著差异（P〉0．05）。Ⅴ～Ⅲ组新城疫抗体效价在攻毒7d后各阶段均高于阳性对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）,以第Ⅲ组最佳。结果表明,日粮添加1．0％～2．0％质量分数的“禽康散”能明显增加血清中IgG、IgA含量和新城疫抗体效价,从而提高机体体液免疫功能,达到提高机体抗NDV的能力。     

Oxidative stress and redox regulation on in vitro development of mammalian embryos

Many factors affect development of mammalian preimplantation embryos in vitro. It is well known that in vitro development of bovine embryos is highly affected by culture condition including energy source, growth factors, pH or gas environment. Many efforts have been made towards the suitable environments which can successfully support embryo development in vitro. For a rapid growth and differentiation, embryo requires energy by utilizing ATP, NADPH with oxygen molecules. These energy substrates are produced from the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. In addition to energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also generated as by-product of such energy production system. ROS production is sensitively controlled by the balance of oxidizing and reducing status and affected by several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) or low molecular weight thiols such as glutathione (GSH). Imbalance of oxidation and reduction causes production of excess ROS, which causes the developmental arrest, physical DNA damage, apoptosis induction or lipid peroxidation. Environmental oxygen condition during embryo culture also highly affects embryo development as well as intracellular redox balance. Several studies have revealed that regulation of intra- and extra- cellular reducing environment by reducing excess ROS by using antioxidants, reducing oxygen concentration are effective for improving embryo development. Also, recent studies have demonstrated the difference in gene expression affected by oxidative stress. This review briefly summarizes the effects of ROS and the role of redox balance on preimplantation embryos for improving the efficiency of in vitro production of mammalian embryos.     

营养水平对肉鸡肌肉组织学的影响

试验设计了 9种能量或蛋白质水平不同的饲粮 ,研究了不同营养水平对肉鸡胸肌组织学的影响。结果表明 :饲粮能量或蛋白质水平增加 ,肉鸡胸肌纤维密度减小、直径增大 (P <0 0 1 )。所有处理中 ,高能中蛋白组试鸡胸肌纤维密度最小、直径最大 ,低能低蛋白组试鸡胸肌纤维密度最大 ,高能低蛋白组试鸡胸肌纤维直径最小。     

Developmental states of the collagen content, distribution and architecture in the pectoralis, iliotibialis lateralis and puboischiofemoralis muscles of male Red Cornish x New Hampshire and normal broilers

1. Developmental states of the collagen content, distribution and architecture in the pectoralis (PT), iliotibialis lateralis (ITL) and puboischiofemoralis (PIF) muscles of male Red Cornish x New Hampshire (RN, 80 d, body weight 2.9 kg) and normal (3.1 kg) broilers were evaluated. 2. In PT muscle the total amount of collagen was significantly greater in RN broilers (3.33 mg/g) than in normal ones (1.71 mg/g). This higher collagen content in RN broilers was based mainly on the closer mesh sizes of endomysial honeycomb. The collagen structures in the perimysia also differed between broiler types, when more collagen fibres were observed in RN broilers. 3. ITL muscle contained total collagen of 4.10 to 5.00 mg/g. Types I and III collagens were distributed on the perimysia at higher percentages in RN broilers (31.6%, 37.2%) than normal (15.6%, 30.8%), respectively. The thick bands of tough collagen fibres characteristic of ITL muscle perimysium in cockerels had not yet developed in these broilers. 4. Total collagen was 4.63 to 6.29 mg/g in PIF material with fascia. In PIF muscle the perimysial collagen fibres had not yet attained their full growth but consisted of densely packed fibrils. PIF muscle was characterised by the earlier maturing collagen structure. 5. These results show that a perimysial collagen structure in broilers is still in an undeveloped state. It is supposed that tenderness of broiler meat is attributed mainly to characteristics of the collagen distribution, in which the majority of types I and III collagens is distributed on the closer mesh of endomysial honeycomb.     

Effect of thymol on the broiler chicken antioxidative defence system after sustained dietary thyme oil application

ABSTRACT

1. The purpose of this study was to examine if the concentration of thymol as the main compound of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TEO) influenced the antioxidant defence system in broilers.

2. Twenty-four broiler chickens were randomly divided at the day of hatching into three dietary treatment groups (0%, 0.05% and 0.1%, w/w TEO) with eight birds in each and were fed until four weeks of age.

3. Thymol content in plasma, duodenal wall and breast muscle significantly increased when 0.1% of thyme oil was added to the diet (P < 0.05). Thymol concentration in plasma significantly correlated with levels measured in the duodenal wall and feed (r_s = 0.7857, P < 0.05; r_s = 0.7647, P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in blood from chickens fed 0.1% TEO supplementation. Although the thymol concentration did not significantly decrease MDA amounts in breast muscle, a declining trend was observed.

4. The trial data confirmed the efficient absorption of thymol from the digestive tract into the systemic circulation, but only traces were found in breast muscle. Thymol content was sufficient for expressing its antioxidant properties in blood, but its low content in breast muscle was insufficient to significantly affect lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition.     

Effect of various levels of dissolved oxygen on reactive oxygen species and cryocapacitation‐like changes in bull sperm

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of various levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cryocapacitation‐like changes in bull sperm. Egg yolk–Tris–glycerol (EYTG) extender was split into four subextenders; viz., Extender I (control; no flushing with liquid nitrogen (LN₂)), Extender II, Extender III and Extender IV were flushed with LN₂ for 40, 16 and 8 min, respectively. The DO levels were standardized to 11.7, 2, 4 and 8 ppm, respectively, in control (Extender I), Extender II, Extender III and Extender IV. Ejaculates with mass motility of ≥ 3+ were divided into group I (diluted with Extender I), group II (diluted with Extender II), group III (diluted with Extender III) and group IV (diluted with Extender IV) up to 80 × 10⁶ sperm/ml. Extended semen samples were packed in French mini straws (0.25 ml), equilibrated and cryopreserved. Semen samples were evaluated at prefreeze and post‐thaw stage for various parameters (DO, progressive motility (PM), viability (VIB), acrosomal integrity (AI), hypo‐osmotic swelling (HOS) test, ROS, cholesterol (C) and phospholipid (P). The percentage of PM, VIB, AI, HOS test, cholesterol (C) and phospholipid (P) levels, and capacitated sperm were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in groups III and IV as compared to groups I and II. However, the acrosome‐reacted sperm (%; pattern AR) were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in group III as compared to all other groups. Besides the proportion of sperm displaying tyrosine‐phosphorylated pattern, EA (fluorescence at both equatorial and anterior acrosomal regions, i.e. high capacitation level) was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in group III compared to all other groups. In conclusion, varying DO levels in the extender significantly affect sperm quality, ROS production and capacitation‐like changes in bulls.     

肉鸡品种对胴体性状和肉质的影响

本研究将清远麻鸡的两个纯系（A和B）与快速生长型AA肉鸡（C）杂交,在3个月的生长时间中测定了杂交品对肉鸡胴体性状、肌肉成分及氨基酸组成的影响。结果：杂交品系肉鸡的体重、屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌和腹脂重量均显著高于纯种品系（P＜0.05）。杂交品系肉鸡的肌纤维密度和剪切力较纯种品系显著提高了6.94%和7.98%（P＜0.05）。肉鸡品系对胸肌粗脂肪、肌苷酸、干物质、水分和粗蛋白质含量的影响均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：杂交后代的大多数胴体性状高于纯种,各品系的剪切力、肌纤维密度和肉质性状均相似。     

大围山微型鸡与科宝肉鸡免疫球蛋白含量及CATH-2基因表达差异研究

试验以相同条件下饲养的4、8、12周龄的大围山微型鸡和科宝肉鸡为研究对象,分别测定其免疫球蛋白含量(IgA、IgG、IgM)及胸肌、肝脏、小肠中的CATH-2 mRNA表达量,比较二者之间的差异。结果显示:大围山微型鸡血液中免疫球蛋白含量总体上低于科宝肉鸡,两个鸡种随着日龄的增加IgA、IgG含量均呈现先下降后上升趋势,IgM含量呈现下降趋势,且两个试验鸡种在4周龄时IgA、IgM、IgG含量均不同程度的高于8、12周龄。CATH-2 mRNA表达量在两个鸡种间存在差异,大围山微型鸡胸肌和肝脏中CATH-2 mRNA表达量均低于科宝肉鸡,而小肠中CATH-2 mRNA表达量显著高于科宝肉鸡。结果表明:在相同饲养条件下,大围山微型鸡免疫机能强于科宝肉鸡,具有潜在的较强的抗感染能力。     

日粮硒水平对22~42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能及肉品质的影响

为研究日粮硒水平对22~42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能和肉品质的影响,试验选用380只1日龄Arbor Acres（AA）肉公雏,1~21日龄统一饲喂同种正常添加无机硒的玉米-豆粕型日粮（含硒0.47 mg/kg）,于22日龄从中选取体重接近的336只鸡,随机分成6个处理组,每组7个重复,每个重复8只鸡。分别饲喂不添加硒的玉米-豆粕型基础日粮（对照组,含硒0.015 mg/kg）和在基础日粮中分别添加0.10、0.20、0.30、0.40和0.50 mg/kg硒（以亚硒酸钠形式添加）的试验日粮,试验期21 d。结果表明,日粮中添加不同硒水平对22~42日龄肉仔鸡平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响（P>0.05）;对42日龄肉仔鸡屠宰率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率均无显著影响（P>0.05）;日粮中添加不同硒水平对42日龄肉仔鸡腿肌剪切力和胸肌肉色L^*值有显著影响（P<0.05）,其中添加0.50 mg/kg硒处理组肉鸡的腿肌剪切力最低,添加0.20和0.50 mg/kg硒处理组肉鸡的胸肌肉色L^*值最低,但其他肉质性状指标在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上所述,玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中添加不同水平硒对22~42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能与42日龄肉仔鸡胴体性状均无显著影响,但日粮中添加0.50 mg/kg硒降低了腿肌剪切力和胸肌L^*值,对肉品质有一定的改善作用。     

不同品种白羽肉鸡肌肉品质及营养成分的比较研究

为研究小型白羽肉鸡与快大型白羽肉鸡肌肉品质及营养成分差异,试验选取WOD168配套系为小型白羽肉鸡代表,选取科尼什与白洛克杂交后代为快大型肉鸡代表,于6周龄屠宰后进行肉品质及肌肉营养成分测定.结果显示:小型白羽肉鸡比快大型肉鸡有更高的剪切力,更小的肌纤维直径和更高的肌纤维密度;小型白羽肉鸡胸肌粗蛋白含量较快大型肉鸡高,...     

后期强限饲对肉仔鸡生产性能及血浆激素水平的影响

本试验采用单因子完全随机设计,将72只29日龄雄性AA肉仔鸡随机分为对照组(自由采食)和试验组(限饲量为自由采食量的50%),每个处理设6个重复,每重复6只鸡,饲养至49日龄,研究后期强限饲对肉仔鸡生长性能、胴体品质及血浆激素水平的影响。试验结果表明,试验组肉仔鸡49日龄活重、日增重降低,料肉比升高,胸肌率、腹脂率下降,血浆瘦素水平降低,且与对照组相比均呈显著差异(P<0.05);两处理间血浆胰岛素、神经肽Y(NPY)及皮质酮水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

杜仲对鸡肉品质的影响及作用机理探讨

本试验将1日龄爱拔益加肉鸡135只随机分成A、B、C组,每组3个重复,每个重复15只,A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;B组为药物组,在基础日粮中添加50 mg/kg洛克沙生和750 mg/kg 10%金霉素;C组为杜仲组,在基础日粮中添加1%杜仲皮粉,以此来研究杜仲对鸡肉品质的影响。结果表明,饲料中添加杜仲比不添加或使用洛克沙生或金霉素能显著改善肉色(P<0.01),降低滴水损失(P<0.01)和蒸煮损失(P<0.05),并使肌纤维变细(P<0.05),明显增强鸡肉的抗氧化性能(P<0.05)和血清中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P<0.05),显著降低胸肌和血清中甘油三酯(TG)含量以及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性。同时,杜仲有提高肌肉中肌苷酸(IMP)含量、血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性以及降低肌肉中胆固醇(CHOL)含量和血清中肌酸激酶(CK)活性的趋势。以上结果表明,杜仲具有提高鸡肉品质的作用,其作用机制可能与改变肌肉及血清中的一些酶活有关。