甘肃棘豆对家兔血液生化指标的影响

将18只健康成年家兔随机分为3个组,每天分别按每千克体重1、5、10 g剂量饲喂甘肃棘豆,并在试验前及试验后每隔14 d测定血液生化指标,探索甘肃棘豆对实验家兔的毒性.结果表明,在试验第18天Ⅲ组1只怀孕母兔流产,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组试验家兔在第35天开始出现甘肃棘豆中毒症状,I组试验家兔在整个试验期间没有出现异常表现;3个试验组...     

甘肃棘豆对实验家兔血液学指标的影响

将18只健康成年家兔随机分为3个组,每天分别按每千克体质量1、5、10g剂量饲喂甘肃棘豆,并在试验前及试验后每隔14d称重和测定血液学指标。结果表明,在试验第18天Ⅲ组1只怀孕母免流产,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组试验家兔在第35天开始出现甘肃棘豆中毒症状,Ⅰ组试验家兔在整个试验期间没有出现异常表现;各试验组试验家兔血液红细胞（RBC）、...     

甘肃棘豆对SD大鼠组织损伤的病理学

为探讨不同剂量甘肃棘豆对大鼠不同组织的病理学损伤,试验将1 6只SD大鼠随机分为44组,每组4只,分别标记为对照组、试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组,分笼饲养,自由采食和饮水.对照组饲喂全价饲料,试验J～Ⅱ组分别饲喂含15％,30％,45％甘肃棘豆的混合日粮,期间记录各组大鼠体质量及临床症状,染毒结束后采集脑、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏,制作石蜡切片观察其病理组织学变化.结果显示,甘肃棘豆能引起SD大鼠脑组织部分神经细胞肿胀、树突变短或消失、胞浆空泡化、且HE染色变淡;小脑浦肯野细胞、脑干网状结构、肾脏、肝脏、脾脏等多种组织出现以空泡变性为特征的病理变化.结果表明,甘肃棘豆对SD大鼠生长发育具有明显抑制作用,且能引起机体各组织器官广泛性病理损伤.     

冰川棘豆对家兔的毒性研究

17只健康成年家兔,随机分为试验组(n=11)和对照组(n=6),试验组按每d10g/kg的剂量饲喂冰川棘豆草粉。试验前及试验后每隔7d采1次血,分离血清,测定生化指标。血清AKP、GOT活性和BUN含量从第7天起明显升高,与对照组比较差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。血清AMA活性从试验初期起迅速降低,并且一直呈降低趋势,整个试验期内与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01)。血清总蛋白、球蛋白、白蛋白均无明显变化,与对照组比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。血液中淋巴细胞从第4天起出现空泡变性,病理组织学检查中,心、肝、脾、肺、肾等组织器官普遍出现空泡变性。结果表明,冰川棘豆能引起家兔中毒,并对心、肝、肾等脏器有不同程度的损伤。     

绵羊实验性宽苞棘豆中毒的病理学观察

通过瘤胃瘘管给6只本地绵羊每天投服宽苞棘豆(10g/kg),全部试验绵羊在试验第17～18d出现轻度中毒症状,第25～30d出现严重的中毒症状。实验第35d的病理组织学变化为神经细胞广泛的空泡变性、卫星现象及嗜神经元现象,肝、肾、心肌等组织细胞颗粒变性和空泡变性。     

“棘防C”预防山羊甘肃棘豆中毒初探

经瘤胃瘘管每天给５只山羊投服甘萧棘豆粉末，同时饮用本课题组研制的“棘防Ｃ”溶液，以探索其对山羊甘萧棘豆中毒的预防作用。结果试验羊在第２６￣３１ｄ出现甘肃棘豆中毒的临床症状，对照组羊（不预防组）在第１５￣１８ｄ出现甘肃棘豆中毒的临床症状。     

绵羊实验性甘肃棘豆中毒的病理学研究

给５只绵羊每天饲喂甘肃棘豆草（Ｏｘｙｔｒｏｐｉｓｋａｎｓｕｏｎｉｓｉｓ）粉（１０ｇ／ｋｇ体重），试验绵羊于饲喂后５６～７０ｄ内死亡，其主要病理组织学变化为神经细胞广泛空泡变性及肝、肾、心肌等组织细胞的颗粒变性。     

山羊冰川棘豆中毒的病理学观察

8只杂种奶山羊，按每日每千克体重10g的剂量饲喂冰川棘豆（Oxytropis glacialis)草粉，第25天起，出现以中枢神经系统机能紊乱为特征的中毒症状。病理组织学检查，心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、卵巢等组织发生空泡变性，空泡变性普遍而且严重，并且观察到淋巴结和脾脏中巨噬细胞胞核空泡变性，淋巴细胞胞核淡染，呈空泡样。肝、肾脑组织电镜观察，病理变化以空泡变性为主，细胞中线粒体肿胀、空泡化，粗面内织网断裂，溶酶体增加。     

"疯草灵"解毒缓释丸预防绵羊黄花棘豆中毒试验

将8只绵羊随机分为试验组和对照组,每天按10 g/kg饲喂黄花棘豆Oxytropis ochrantha鲜草,同时试验组投服疯草灵解毒缓释丸3丸,对照组不投服,以探索疯草灵解毒缓释丸对绵羊黄花棘豆中毒的预防作用.结果表明:对照组在试验第16-21天出现黄花棘豆中毒症状,试验组在试验第50-72天出现黄花棘豆中毒症状;实验室结果为2组羊血清谷草转氨酶(SGOT)、血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、尿素氮(BUN)含量比试验前明显升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).表明投服3丸疯草灵解毒缓释丸对绵羊黄花棘豆中毒具有预防作用,但还不能完全防止黄花棘豆对绵羊肝脏和肾脏等组织器官的损害.     

牦牛实验性棘豆中毒病理学研究

健康牦牛６头，随机分为毒草全量组（全量饲喂黄花棘豆和甘肃棘豆干草）、毒草半量组（棘豆干草和燕麦干草各半）和对照组（全量饲喂燕麦干草）。试验期间，定期称量体重和进行临床检查，４个月后，剖杀进行病理剖检、病理组织学及超微结构检查。试验发现，两实验组牦牛心、肝、肾、脑、脾及肠系膜淋巴结均有程度不同的病变，其中，小脑蒲肯野氏细胞，肝、肾实质细胞的空泡变性具有明显特征。电镜观察，空泡变性的细胞线粒体肿胀，嵴减少或消失呈空泡样。牦牛发生棘豆中毒的主要临床表现是体重明显降低。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -