天津板栗五种主要病虫害防治技术

天津板栗产于蓟县北部山区长城沿线．中上元古界两翼的低山丘陵区。栽培历史悠久。其果皮红褐色、油光亮丽．果仁糯性强、口味香甜。富含淀粉、糖等多种营养物质,被称为“东方黑珍珠”,享誉海内外。是传统的出口创汇产品。目前,“天津板栗”栽培面积达2000公顷．年产量在5000吨以上。但红蜘蛛、栗瘿蜂、桃蛀螟、栗食蟓、     

日本竺波板栗引种试验初报

栗属于山毛榉科(Fagaceae)栗属(Castanea Mill)植物.现在的栗属植物有10多种,我国有3种,即板栗、茅栗和锥栗.在10多个种中作为经济栽培的主要有板栗、欧洲栗、日本栗和美洲栗4种.     

栗树常见病虫害的主要防治措施

板栗是河北燕山山区的主要干果树种 ,近些年来 ,外贸出口已成为板栗的主要销售渠道。随着我国加入世贸组织新形势的发展 ,燕山板栗作为我国干果出口的名牌产品 ,发展潜力将越来越大。但病虫的为害 ,却一直是板栗生产发展的障碍 ,对板栗的产量和质量有很大影响 ,所以做好病虫害的防治是目前板栗生产的重要任务。常见的主要病虫害有栗瘤蜂、栗剪枝象甲、栗实蛾、栗红蜘蛛、栗透翅蛾、栗仁斑点病、栗干枯病等 ,其防治措施分别介绍如下。1　栗瘤蜂1 1　为害症状　为害栗树新梢 ,当春季寄主芽萌发时 ,被害芽逐渐膨大形成虫瘿 ,对栗树开花发叶有严…     

处暑红板栗早期丰产优质栽培

板栗是我国广泛栽培的优质干果,其树体适应性强,耐干旱,耐瘠薄,经济效益高,近年来在许多山区,已成为重要的经济树种之一.但目前板栗生产上普遍存在结实晚、产量低、难以形成规模效益等问题.为提高板栗栽培经营水平,改变板栗粗放落后的生产方式,提高单位栗籽产量,我们于1998年春季在大连市甘井子区教委基地进行了板栗早期丰产栽培试验.     

金秋板栗健肾补脾

板栗，俗称栗子，又名瑰栗、毛栗是我国特产，素有“干果之王”的美誉，在国外它还被称为“人参果”。现代研究表明，栗子的营养丰富，果实中含糖和淀粉高达70．1％，蛋白质7％。此外，还含有脂肪、钙、磷、铁和多种维生素，特别是维生素C、B和胡萝卜素的含量较一般干果都高。栗子的药用价值亦颇高。     

京津冀地区主栽板栗品种及其配套栽培技术

正板栗坚果营养丰富,与枣、桃、李、杏同为中国古代五大名果,含有丰富的营养物质,如淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质及多种维生素和无机盐类,又可以多种方式制作食品。板栗味甘,性温,入脾、胃、肾经,是养胃健脾,补肾强筋,活血止血的佳品。中国板栗品质居世界食用栗之首,果实以甜、香、糯的独特性状享誉海内外,燕山板栗又是中国板栗中的佼佼者,分布于河北省、北京市及天津市辖区内,主产地有河北辖区的迁西、     

燕山板栗幼树抽条原因及防治措施

燕山板栗幼树抽条原因及防治措施￥河北青龙县果蚕局＠杨济民＠王春军燕山板栗幼树抽条原因及防治措施板栗幼树抽条群众称之为“损茬”、“萎窝子”，在燕山栗产区普遍发生，以４年生以下幼树发生严重。１抽条发生的原因一是燕山山区成土母岩多为片麻岩、花岗岩和石灰岩，土壤有...     

胶东半岛上的朝鲜栗

<正> 我国现有栗属(Castanea)资源中,有经济价值的有板栗、野板栗(矮生栗)、锥栗、茅栗以及日本栗等,有的食用,有的作砧木,有的可作育种材料.朝鲜栗,有时统称为日本栗,在以往分类时,多将其作为日本栗的一个变种(C·crenata Sieb.et Zucc,var.dulcisNakai)其中有不少品种类型,主要分布于我国辽东、辽南和胶东半岛东端.     

栗雪片象的发生与综合防治

栗雪片象又叫栗雪片象虫,是板栗上新发生的一种害虫,分布于陕西、河南等地的栗产区.寄主主要是栗属植物,板栗受害最重,油栗也可受害.主要以幼虫危害栗实.在陕西镇安、柞水等栗产区,坚果受害率一般为20％～30％,严重时达70％.其成虫可取食花序、栗苞、嫩枝及皮层、叶柄等.     

京东板栗炒食良种的选育

板栗抗旱,耐瘠薄,经济效益高,生态效益显著,已成为燕山山区调整产业结构和脱贫致富的主要树种。京东板栗产区包括河北省唐山的迁西县、遵化县、迁安市,秦皇岛的青龙县、抚宁区、海港区,承德的宽城县、兴隆县,板栗栽培面积236 933 hm^2,年产量18万t。京东板栗产区属炒食栗类型,栽培历史悠久,是我国板栗主产区之一、全国炒食栗最佳栽培区。通过40多年的实生选种,京东板栗产区已经选出40多个品种,但不同品种间的产量、品质、坚果大小及抗逆性等经济性状差异很大。     

Fruit growth,cuticle deposition,water uptake,and fruit cracking in jostaberry,gooseberry, and black currant

Fruit cracking after rain limits the production of a number of crops, including some Ribes species. To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in cracking, fruit growth, deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), water uptake and fruit cracking were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Zema), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L. cv. Rote Triumph), and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria B. cv. Jostine). Fruit surface area and fresh mass increased continuously throughout development, whereas deposition of the CM was biphasic. CM mass per fruit increased rapidly up to 42, 41, and 49 days after full bloom (DAFB) in black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry, respectively. Thereafter, CM mass per fruit remained constant in gooseberry and jostaberry or increased at a lower rate in black currant. The cessation of or reduced rate of CM deposition resulted in a decrease in CM mass per unit area in all berries. Elastic strain of the CM at maturity averaged 23.8% and 19.5% in gooseberry and jostaberry, respectively, and only 8.2% in black currant. Microcracks in the CM were observed first in gooseberry and jostaberry 64 DAFB, whereas there were no microcracks in black currant. Water uptake into mature detached berries was linear over 2 h of incubation. Rates of uptake were highest in gooseberry followed by black currant and jostaberry. Relative uptake was similar via the cut end of the pedicel (32.1%), the apex of the fruit (34.7%) and the fruit surface (33.2%). Rates of water uptake through the fruit surface were positively related to surface area. Average fruit water potential for black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry was −2.14 ± 0.17, −1.24 ± 0.03, and −1.89 ± 0.20 MPa, while the permeability for osmotic water uptake was 7.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁻⁸, 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. Incubating whole fruit in deionized water for 72 h resulted in more cracked jostaberries (94%) than black currants (74%) or gooseberries (50%). A comparison of our findings in Ribes berries with published data for the sweet cherry drupe revealed that the berries fitted the relationships established in sweet cherry among fruit growth, cuticle deposition, strain of the cuticle, microcracking, permeability for osmotic water uptake, frequency of stomata and cracking. The Ribes berries were less susceptible to cracking than sweet cherry.     

Similitude,similarity, and scaling

An exceptionally rich and colorful literature, drawn in almost equal parts from pure mathematics, from the sciences, and from the technologies, has grown up over the years, which bear in different ways on the topics under discussion. It is the intent of the present paper to survey this far-flung literature, point out some of the commonalities and interrelationships which underlie it, and briefly indicate how it has been and can be applied. To my knowledge, this kind of review has not been attempted before.     

Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA

Tree invasions have been documented throughout Northern Hemisphere high elevation meadows, as well as globally in many grass and forb-dominated ecosystems. Tree invasions are often associated with large-scale changes in climate or disturbance regimes, but are fundamentally driven by regeneration processes influenced by interactions between climatic, topographic, and biotic factors at multiple spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of meadow invasion; and how climate, larger landforms, topography, and overstory trees have interactively influenced tree invasion. We combined airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) characterizations of landforms, topography, and overstory vegetation with historical climate, field measurements of snow depth, tree abundance, and tree ages to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion over five decades in a subalpine meadow complex in the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Proportion of meadow occupied by trees increased from 8?% in 1950 to 35?% in 2007. Larger landforms, topography, and tree canopies interactively mediated regional climatic controls of tree invasion by modifying depth and persistence of snow pack, while tree canopies also influenced seed source availability. Landscape context played an important role mediating snow depth and tree invasion; on glacial landforms tree invasion was negatively associated with spring snowfall, but on debris flows tree invasion was not associated with snow fall. The importance of snow, uncertain climate change impacts on snow, and mediation of snow by interacting and context dependent factors in complex mountain terrain poses substantial hurdles for understanding how these ecotones may respond to future climate conditions.     

Wetlands, carbon, and climate change

Wetland ecosystems provide an optimum natural environment for the sequestration and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, yet are natural sources of greenhouse gases emissions, especially methane. We illustrate that most wetlands, when carbon sequestration is compared to methane emissions, do not have 25 times more CO₂ sequestration than methane emissions; therefore, to many landscape managers and non specialists, most wetlands would be considered by some to be sources of climate warming or net radiative forcing. We show by dynamic modeling of carbon flux results from seven detailed studies by us of temperate and tropical wetlands and from 14 other wetland studies by others that methane emissions become unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and radiative sinks. Furthermore, we estimate that the world’s wetlands, despite being only about 5–8 % of the terrestrial landscape, may currently be net carbon sinks of about 830 Tg/year of carbon with an average of 118 g-C m^?2 year^?1 of net carbon retention. Most of that carbon retention occurs in tropical/subtropical wetlands. We demonstrate that almost all wetlands are net radiative sinks when balancing carbon sequestration and methane emissions and conclude that wetlands can be created and restored to provide C sequestration and other ecosystem services without great concern of creating net radiative sources on the climate due to methane emissions.     

Up-regulation of mRNA expressions of fas,bcl-2, bim,bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and bcl2l12 in K562 treated with bortezomib

AIM: To detect the treatment of K562 leukemia cells with bortezomib altering the expression of genes fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3.METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the inhibition of proliferation. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V staining and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm). RT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expressions of fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9.RESULTS: Bortezomib caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and IC50 of 24 h and 48 h were 161.41 nmol/L and 96.33 nmol/L, respectively. At the concentration of 104 nmol/L, bortezomib induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, including increasing annexin-V positivity and decreasing the Δψm. RT-PCR showed that bortezomib up-regulated the mRNA expression of fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 and caspase-3, but mRNA expressions of bcl-2, bim and bax did not changed obviously.CONCLUSION: Bortezomib inhibits the proliferation of K562 and induces apoptosis, in which fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 or caspase-3 gene is one of the main genes taking part in.     

氮磷钾硼肥配施对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响

研究了不施肥处理,氮磷钾配施和增施硼肥对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,现蕾期至花球膨大期,青花菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量最大,整个生长期对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少。氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,现蕾后逐渐向花球转移,从现蕾到采收时,叶片中氮、磷、钾分配率分别降低了19.6%、10%和9.0%,花球中氮磷钾分配率分别提高了23.1%、15.9%和11.1%。不施氮、磷、钾肥显著降低了花球产量、维生素C含量和成品率,增施硼肥处理的花球成品率较氮磷钾肥处理提高了4.8%,不施氮肥和钾硫肥(K₂SO₄)显著降低了花球中的硫代葡萄糖苷含量。相关性分析表明,青花菜产量与植株内氮、钾积累量显著正相关,成品率与植株内磷营养显著正相关。     

Principles for forcing tulips,hyacinths, daffodils,Easter lilies and Dutch irises

Systematic investigations on the forcing of tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, Easter lilies and Dutch iris have produced a fairly complete set of scientific principles. In this review, these principles have been classified into a 3-phase concept of forcing. These are: production, programming, and greenhouse. The production phase is defined as all processes which occur during bulb production and it terminates with the harvesting of the bulbs. The programming phase comprises all handling of the bulbs from harvesting until they are placed under greenhouse conditions. The greenhouse phase is the accelerated development of the bulbs until anthesis or marketing of the plants. These phases have been discussed relative to floral and root development and the basic environmental requirements of the bulb species.